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{{Short description|Century}}
{{Short description|One hundred years, from 3200 BC to 3101 BC}}
{{Centurybox|-32}}
{{Centurybox|-32}}


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==Events==
==Events==
[[Image:Orkney Skara Brae.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae, Europe's most complete Neolithic village.]]
[[Image:Orkney Skara Brae.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae, Europe's most complete Neolithic village.]]
* c. 3190–3170 BC? reign of King [[Double Falcon]] of [[Lower Egypt]]. There is a strong possibility that he appears on the [[Palermo stone]], although half his name is chipped away.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* c. 3190–3170 BC?: Reign of King [[Double Falcon]] of [[Lower Egypt]]. There is a strong possibility that he appears on the [[Palermo stone]], although half his name is chipped away.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* c. 3195–3165 BC? King [[Iry-Hor]] reigns from [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] over most of Egypt.<ref name="talle">P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: ''Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene'', in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381-395, [https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_ available online]</ref>
* c. 3195–3165 BC?: King [[Iry-Hor]] reigns from [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] over most of Egypt.<ref name="talle">P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: ''Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene'', in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395, [https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_ available online]</ref>
* c. 3165–3141 BC reign of King [[Ka (pharaoh)|Ka]] in [[Ancient Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* c. 3165–3141 BC: Reign of King [[Ka (pharaoh)|Ka]] in [[Ancient Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* c. 3138 BC [[Ljubljana Marshes Wheel]] is a wooden [[wheel]] that was found in the [[Ljubljana Marsh]] in [[Slovenia]].<ref name="Slovenia">{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |date=March 2003 |publisher=Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia |author=Gasser, Aleksander |access-date=2015-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |archive-date=2016-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered.
* c. 3138 BC [[Ljubljana Marshes Wheel]] is a wooden [[wheel]] that was found in the [[Ljubljana Marsh]] in [[Slovenia]].<ref name="Slovenia">{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |date=March 2003 |publisher=Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia |author=Gasser, Aleksander |access-date=2015-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/ |archive-date=2016-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered.
* c. 3141–3121 BC reign of [[Scorpion II]] in [[Upper Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}.
* c. 3141–3121 BC: Reign of [[Scorpion II]] in [[Upper Egypt]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}.
* c. 3121 BC beginning of the reign of [[Narmer]], first pharaoh to unify [[Ancient Egypt]] and founder of the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]].
* c. 3121 BC?: Beginning of the reign of [[Narmer]], first pharaoh to unify [[Ancient Egypt]] and founder of the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* c. 3100 BC: The earliest phase of [[Stonehenge]] construction begins.
* c. 3100 BC: The earliest phase of [[Stonehenge]] construction begins.
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Malta]]: Construction of the [[Ħaġar Qim]] megalithic temples, featuring both solar and lunar alignments. "Tarxien period" of megalithic temple construction reaches its apex
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Malta]]: Construction of the [[Ħaġar Qim]] megalithic temples, featuring both solar and lunar alignments. "Tarxien period" of megalithic temple construction reaches its apex.
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Sumer]]ian [[cuneiform]] [[writing system]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Writing |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Sumer]]ian [[cuneiform]] [[writing system]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Writing |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
* c. 3100 BC?: Beginning of the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt]], [[Horus]] was the main god worshiped in [[Upper Egypt]], [[Neith]] was the main god worshiped in [[Lower Egypt]]
* c. 3100 BC?: Beginning of the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt]], [[Horus]] was the main god worshiped in [[Upper Egypt]], [[Neith]] was the main god worshiped in [[Lower Egypt]].
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Crete]]: Rise of [[Minoan civilization]]
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Crete]]: Rise of [[Minoan civilization]].
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Neolithic]] settlement built at [[Skara Brae]] in the [[Orkney Islands]], [[Scotland]] (pictured)
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Neolithic]] settlement built at [[Skara Brae]] in the [[Orkney Islands]], [[Scotland]] (pictured).
* c. 3100 BC?: Earliest buildings at the [[Ness of Brodgar]] in the [[Orkney Islands]] constructed.
* c. 3100 BC?: Earliest buildings at the [[Ness of Brodgar]] in the [[Orkney Islands]] constructed.
* c. 3100 BC?: [[New Stone Age]] people in [[Ireland]] build the 250,000-ton (230,000-tonne) [[Newgrange]] solar-oriented passage tomb
* c. 3100 BC?: [[Neolithic Ireland|Neolithic people in Ireland]] build the 250,000-ton (230,000-tonne) [[Newgrange]] solar-oriented passage tomb.


==Calendar epochs==
==Calendar epochs==
*3114 BC: According to the most widely accepted correlations between the Western calendar and the calendar systems of [[pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]], the mythical starting point of the [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar]] cycle occurs in this year.<ref>See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp.49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp.50–52), Schele and Freidel (1990, pp.430 ''et seq.''), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp.281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), and Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.</ref> The Long Count calendar, used and refined most notably by the [[Maya civilization]] but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. The system originated sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic period of [[Mesoamerican chronology]], during the latter half of the 1st millennium BC.<ref>Miller and Taube (1993, p.50), Schele and Freidel (1990)</ref> The starting point of the most commonly used highest-order cycle<ref>Most commonly used in the Classic period [[Maya script|Maya inscriptions]]; some other [[Maya calendar]] inscriptions of this period note even longer cycles, while later Postclassic-era inscriptions in Maya cities of northern [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]] generally used an abbreviated form known as the Short Count. See Miller and Taube (1993, p.50); Voss (2006, p.138).</ref>—the ''[[b'ak'tun]]''-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in the [[proleptic Gregorian calendar]] (or 6 September in the [[proleptic Julian calendar]]), using the correlation known as the "Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation". The GMT-correlation is worked out with the Long Count starting date equivalent to the [[Julian Day Number]] (JDN) equal to 584283, and is accepted by most [[Mayanist]] scholars as providing the best fit with the ethnohistorical data.<ref name="autogenerated1">See survey by Finley (2002).</ref> Two succeeding dates, the 12th and 13 August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with the 13th (JDN = 584285, the "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.<ref>After a modified proposal championed by [[Floyd Lounsbury]]; sources that have used this 584285 correlation include Houston (1989, p.51), and in particular Schele and Freidel (1990, pp.430 ''et seq.''). See also commentary by Finley (2002), who although making an assessment that the "[584285 correlation] is now more popular with Mayanists", expresses a personal preference for the 584283 correlation.</ref> Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms the actual starting base of the Long Count, the correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The end of the thirteenth baktun was either on December 21 or 23 of 2012 ([[2012 phenomenon|supposed end of the world]]).
*3114 BC: According to the most widely accepted correlations between the Western calendar and the calendar systems of [[pre-Columbian]] [[Mesoamerica]], the mythical starting point of the [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar]] cycle occurs in this year.<ref>See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp. 49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp. 50–52), Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 ''et seq.''), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp. 281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), and Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.</ref> The Long Count calendar, used and refined most notably by the [[Maya civilization]] but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. The system originated sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic period of [[Mesoamerican chronology]], during the latter half of the 1st millennium BC.<ref>Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50), Schele and Freidel (1990)</ref> The starting point of the most commonly used highest-order cycle<ref>Most commonly used in the Classic period [[Maya script|Maya inscriptions]]; some other [[Maya calendar]] inscriptions of this period note even longer cycles, while later Postclassic-era inscriptions in Maya cities of northern [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]] generally used an abbreviated form known as the Short Count. See Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50); Voss (2006, p. 138).</ref>—the ''[[b'ak'tun]]''-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in the [[proleptic Gregorian calendar]] (or 6 September in the [[proleptic Julian calendar]]), using the correlation known as the "Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation". The GMT-correlation is worked out with the Long Count starting date equivalent to the [[Julian Day Number]] (JDN) equal to 584283, and is accepted by most [[Mayanist]] scholars as providing the best fit with the ethnohistorical data.<ref name="autogenerated1">See survey by Finley (2002).</ref> Two succeeding dates, the 12th and 13 August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with the 13th (JDN = 584285, the "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.<ref>After a modified proposal championed by [[Floyd Lounsbury]]; sources that have used this 584285 correlation include Houston (1989, p. 51), and in particular Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 ''et seq.''). See also commentary by Finley (2002), who although making an assessment that the "[584285 correlation] is now more popular with Mayanists", expresses a personal preference for the 584283 correlation.</ref> Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms the actual starting base of the Long Count, the correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The end of the thirteenth baktun was either on December 21 or 23 of 2012 ([[2012 phenomenon|supposed end of the world]]).


*3102 BC: According to [[Purana|Puranic sources]],{{efn|The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (1.18.6),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6 |title=Bhagavata Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/page/n141/mode/1up |volume=Part I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited]] |year=1950 |page=137 |quote=On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.}}</ref> ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (5.38.8),<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Wilson |author-first=H. H. |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |year=1895 |chapter=Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8 |title=The Vishnu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47536/page/n73/mode/1up |publisher=S.P.C.K. Press |page=61 |quote=The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.}}</ref> ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' (2.3.74.241),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241 |title=The Brahmanda Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12922/page/n238/mode/1up |volume=Part III |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1958 |page=950 |quote=Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.}}</ref> ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' (2.37.422),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422 |title=The Vayu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/824/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1988 |page=824 | isbn=81-208-0455-4 |quote=Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.}}</ref> and ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' (2.103.8)<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8 |title=Brahma Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98294/page/n285/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1955 |page=515 |quote=It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.}}</ref> state that the day [[Krishna]] left the earth was the day that the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' ended and the ''Kali Yuga'' began.}} [[Krishna#Death and ascension|Krishna's death]] marked the start of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', which is dated to 17/18 February 3102&nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism" >{{cite book |author-last1=Matchett |author-first1=Freda |author-last2=Yano |author-first2=Michio |year=2003 |chapter=Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&q=yuga&pg=PA139 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=139–140, 390 |isbn=0631215352}}</ref>{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=19|ps=: The instant at which the [kali yuga] Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C. [4713 BCE = 0 [[Julian day#Julian Period|JP]]; 4713 BCE - 1612 + 1 (no [[year zero]]) = 3102 BCE.]}} Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), ''Kali Yuga'' began {{formatnum:{{NEXTYEAR|3101}}}} years ago and has {{formatnum:{{sum|432000|-{{NEXTYEAR|3101}}}}}} years left as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Godwin 2011">{{cite book |author-last=Godwin |author-first=Joscelyn |author-link=Joscelyn Godwin |year=2011 |title=Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H14oDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=9781594778575 |pages=300–301}}</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Merriam-Webster |year=1999 |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/445/mode/1up 445 (Hinduism)], [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1159/mode/1up 1159 (Yuga)] |isbn=0877790442 |quote=<br>* HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity:{{nbsp}}... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years{{nbsp}}... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.<br>* YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called{{nbsp}}... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga"){{nbsp}}... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.}}</ref><ref name="Springer measurements">{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=6–8 |isbn=9783642007378 |quote=Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.}}</ref> ''Kali Yuga'' will end in the year 428,899 CE.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}{{efn|Calculations exclude [[year zero]]. 1{{nbsp}}BCE to 1{{nbsp}}CE is one year, not two.}}
*3102 BC: According to [[Purana|Puranic sources]],{{efn|The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (1.18.6),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6 |title=Bhagavata Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/page/n141/mode/1up |volume=Part I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited]] |year=1950 |page=137 |quote=On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.}}</ref> ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (5.38.8),<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Wilson |author-first=H. H. |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |year=1895 |chapter=Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8 |title=The Vishnu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47536/page/n73/mode/1up |publisher=S.P.C.K. Press |page=61 |quote=The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.}}</ref> ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' (2.3.74.241),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241 |title=The Brahmanda Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12922/page/n238/mode/1up |volume=Part III |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1958 |page=950 |quote=Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.}}</ref> ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' (2.37.422),<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422 |title=The Vayu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/824/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1988 |page=824 | isbn=81-208-0455-4 |quote=Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.}}</ref> and ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' (2.103.8)<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8 |title=Brahma Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98294/page/n285/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1955 |page=515 |quote=It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.}}</ref> state that the day [[Krishna]] left the earth was the day that the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' ended and the ''Kali Yuga'' began.}} [[Death of Krishna|Krishna's death]] marked the start of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', which is dated to 17/18 February 3102&nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism" >{{cite book |author-last1=Matchett |author-first1=Freda |author-last2=Yano |author-first2=Michio |year=2003 |chapter=Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&q=yuga&pg=PA139 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=139–140, 390 |isbn=0631215352}}</ref>{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=19|ps=: The instant at which the [kali yuga] Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C. [4713 BCE = 0 [[Julian day#Julian Period|JP]]; 4713 BCE - 1612 + 1 (no [[year zero]]) = 3102 BCE.]}} Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), ''Kali Yuga'' began {{formatnum:{{NEXTYEAR|3101}}}} years ago and has {{formatnum:{{sum|432000|-{{NEXTYEAR|3101}}}}}} years left as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Godwin 2011">{{cite book |author-last=Godwin |author-first=Joscelyn |author-link=Joscelyn Godwin |year=2011 |title=Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H14oDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=9781594778575 |pages=300–301}}</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Merriam-Webster |year=1999 |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/445/mode/1up 445 (Hinduism)], [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1159/mode/1up 1159 (Yuga)] |isbn=0877790442 |quote=<br>* HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity:{{nbsp}}... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years{{nbsp}}... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.<br>* YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called{{nbsp}}... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga"){{nbsp}}... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.}}</ref><ref name="Springer measurements">{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=6–8 |isbn=9783642007378 |quote=Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.}}</ref> ''Kali Yuga'' will end in the year 428,899 CE.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}{{efn|Calculations exclude [[year zero]]. 1{{nbsp}}BCE to 1{{nbsp}}CE is one year, not two.}}


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 19:30, 15 December 2024

Millennium
4th millennium BC
Centuries
Timelines
State leaders
  • 33rd century BC
  • 32nd century BC
  • 31st century BC
Decades
  • 3190s BC
  • 3180s BC
  • 3170s BC
  • 3160s BC
  • 3150s BC
  • 3140s BC
  • 3130s BC
  • 3120s BC
  • 3110s BC
  • 3100s BC
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments

The 32nd century BC was a century lasting from the year 3200 BC to 3101 BC.

Events

[edit]
Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae, Europe's most complete Neolithic village.

Calendar epochs

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  • 3114 BC: According to the most widely accepted correlations between the Western calendar and the calendar systems of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, the mythical starting point of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar cycle occurs in this year.[4] The Long Count calendar, used and refined most notably by the Maya civilization but also attested in some other (earlier) Mesoamerican cultures, consisted of a series of interlocked cycles or periods of day-counts, which mapped out a linear sequence of days from a notional starting point. The system originated sometime in the Mid- to Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, during the latter half of the 1st millennium BC.[5] The starting point of the most commonly used highest-order cycle[6]—the b'ak'tun-cycle consisting of thirteen b'ak'tuns of 144,000 days each—was projected back to an earlier, mythical date. This date is equivalent to 11 August 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar (or 6 September in the proleptic Julian calendar), using the correlation known as the "Goodman-Martínez-Thompson (GMT) correlation". The GMT-correlation is worked out with the Long Count starting date equivalent to the Julian Day Number (JDN) equal to 584283, and is accepted by most Mayanist scholars as providing the best fit with the ethnohistorical data.[7] Two succeeding dates, the 12th and 13 August (Gregorian) have also been supported, with the 13th (JDN = 584285, the "astronomical" or "Lounsbury" correlation) attracting significant support as according better with astronomical observational data.[8] Although it is still contended which of these three dates forms the actual starting base of the Long Count, the correlation to one of this triad of dates is definitively accepted by almost all contemporary Mayanists. All other earlier or later correlation proposals are now discounted.[7] The end of the thirteenth baktun was either on December 21 or 23 of 2012 (supposed end of the world).

Notes

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  1. ^ The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6),[9] Vishnu Purana (5.38.8),[10] Brahmanda Purana (2.3.74.241),[11] Vayu Purana (2.37.422),[12] and Brahma Purana (2.103.8)[13] state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began.
  2. ^ Calculations exclude year zero. 1 BCE to 1 CE is one year, not two.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395, available online
  2. ^ Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003). "World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  3. ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Writing". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  4. ^ See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp. 49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp. 50–52), Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 et seq.), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp. 281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly writes "3113 BC" (when "-3113" is meant), and Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.
  5. ^ Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50), Schele and Freidel (1990)
  6. ^ Most commonly used in the Classic period Maya inscriptions; some other Maya calendar inscriptions of this period note even longer cycles, while later Postclassic-era inscriptions in Maya cities of northern Yucatán generally used an abbreviated form known as the Short Count. See Miller and Taube (1993, p. 50); Voss (2006, p. 138).
  7. ^ a b See survey by Finley (2002).
  8. ^ After a modified proposal championed by Floyd Lounsbury; sources that have used this 584285 correlation include Houston (1989, p. 51), and in particular Schele and Freidel (1990, pp. 430 et seq.). See also commentary by Finley (2002), who although making an assessment that the "[584285 correlation] is now more popular with Mayanists", expresses a personal preference for the 584283 correlation.
  9. ^ "Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6". Bhagavata Purana. Vol. Part I. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. 1950. p. 137. On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.
  10. ^ Wilson, H. H. (1895). "Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8". The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61. The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.
  11. ^ "Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241". The Brahmanda Purana. Vol. Part III. Motilal Banarsidass. 1958. p. 950. Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.
  12. ^ "Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422". The Vayu Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1988. p. 824. ISBN 81-208-0455-4. Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.
  13. ^ "Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8". Brahma Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515. It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.
  14. ^ Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003). "Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 139–140, 390. ISBN 0631215352.
  15. ^ Burgess 1935, p. 19: The instant at which the [kali yuga] Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 J.P., or 3102 B.C. [4713 BCE = 0 JP; 4713 BCE - 1612 + 1 (no year zero) = 3102 BCE.]
  16. ^ Godwin, Joscelyn (2011). Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations. Inner Traditions. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9781594778575.
  17. ^ Merriam-Webster (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". In Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.). Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. pp. 445 (Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga). ISBN 0877790442.
    * HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.
    * YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called ... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.
  18. ^ Gupta, S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Robert; Osgood, Richard M. Jr.; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. Springer. pp. 6–8. ISBN 9783642007378. Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
  19. ^ Godwin 2011, p. 301: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.

References

[edit]
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