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Coordinates: 34°00′N 69°12′E / 34.0°N 69.2°E / 34.0; 69.2
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'''Logar''' ({{lang-prs|لوگر}}, {{literal translation}} 'greater mountain') is one of the 34 [[provinces of Afghanistan]] located in the eastern section of the country. It is divided into 7 [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]] and contains hundreds of villages. [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]] [[Pashtuns]] are influential in this region. [[Puli Alam]] is the capital of the province. As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037.<ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> It is a [[Multiethnic society|multi-ethnic]] tribal society, with a 60% [[Tajik people|Tajik]] majority.<ref name="understandingwar"/>
'''Logar''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Dari]]: لوگر) is one of the 34 [[provinces of Afghanistan]], located in the eastern section of the country. It is divided into 7 [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]] and contains hundreds of villages. [[Puli Alam]] is the capital of the province. As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037 people,<ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> most of whom are ethnic [[Pashtuns]] and [[Tajiks]].<ref name="understandingwar">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/region/regional-command-east#Logar |title=Understanding War |publisher=Understanding War |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref>


The [[Logar River]] enters the province through the west and leaves to the north.
The [[Logar River]] enters the province through the west and leaves to the north.


== History ==
== History ==
{{Further|History of Afghanistan}}
{{Further|Ancient history of Afghanistan}}
⚫
A 2,600-year-old [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]] was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40&nbsp; kilometers southeast of Kabul). Several [[Buddhist]] [[stupas]] and more than 1,000 statues were also found. Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's [[copper]] was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], [[Sassanian]] and [[Indo-Parthian]] [[coins]] were also found at the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/06/saving-the-buddhas-of-mes-aynak-updated/|title=Saving the Buddhas of Mes Aynak|first=Jonathan|last=DeHart|website=thediplomat.com}}</ref>

=== Pre Islamic era ===

⚫
A 2,600-year-old a [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]] was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40&nbsp; kilometers southeast of Kabul). Several [[Buddhist]] [[stupas]] and more than 1,000 statues were also found. Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's [[copper]] was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of [[Kushan]], [[Sassanian]] and [[Indo-Parthian]] [[coins]] were also found at the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/06/saving-the-buddhas-of-mes-aynak-updated/|title=Saving the Buddhas of Mes Aynak|first=Jonathan|last=DeHart|website=thediplomat.com}}</ref>


=== Recent history ===
=== Recent history ===
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained [[mujahideen]] groups and the [[the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet-backed Afghan government troops]]. [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]] Suleman Khel Ghilzai [[Pashtuns]] is dominant in this region. Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan. Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the [[Ahmadzai tribe]] during the 1980s.<ref name="Kakar">{{cite book|last=Kakar|first=M. Hassan|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|year=1995|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20893-3 |chapter=Massacre in Logar |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=s1.14.1&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch014&brand=eschol}}</ref> Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves".<ref>{{Cite conference|title=International Afghanistan Hearing|last=Almqvist|first=Borge|editor=Committee for International Afghanistan Hearing|year=1984}}</ref> Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland. One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide.<ref name="Kakar" />
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained [[mujahideen]] groups and the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet-backed Afghan government troops]]. The [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]] [[Pashtuns]] is dominant in this region. Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan. Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the [[Ahmadzai tribe]] during the 1980s.<ref name="Kakar">{{cite book|last=Kakar|first=M. Hassan|title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|year=1995|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20893-3 |chapter=Massacre in Logar |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=s1.14.1&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch014&brand=eschol}}</ref> Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves".<ref>{{Cite conference|title=International Afghanistan Hearing|last=Almqvist|first=Borge|editor=Committee for International Afghanistan Hearing|year=1984}}</ref> Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland. One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide.<ref name="Kakar" />


By 1995, the province had fallen to the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]]. After the removal of the Taliban and the formation of the [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] in late 2001, the [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) and [[Afghan National Security Forces]] (ANSF) gradually took over security of the area. The [[Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar]] (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008. It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs.
By 1995, the province had fallen to the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]]. During the [[presidency of Hamid Karzai]], the [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) and [[Afghan National Security Forces]] (ANSF) gradually took over the security of the area. The [[Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar]] (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008. It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs.


In the meantime, [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] are often causing major disturbances in the area. This includes major attacks on key projects, suicide bombings in civilian areas, and assassinations of Afghan government employees. On 19 August 2014, a major [[Taliban]] offensive took place with 700 militants aiming to take control of the province,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/logar-afghanistan-attacked-more-700-taliban-fighters-1662402|title=Logar In Afghanistan Attacked By More Than 700 Taliban Fighters|date=19 August 2014|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> while the [[NATO]]-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nato force kills three Afghan civilians in airstrike, mistaking them for insurgents|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-asia/story/nato-force-kills-three-afghan-civilians-air-strike-mistaking-them-insurge|access-date=27 December 2014|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings Ltd}}</ref>
On 19 August 2014, a major Taliban offensive took place with 700 insurgents aiming to take control of the province,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/logar-afghanistan-attacked-more-700-taliban-fighters-1662402|title=Logar In Afghanistan Attacked By More Than 700 Taliban Fighters|date=19 August 2014|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> while the [[NATO]]-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nato force kills three Afghan civilians in airstrike, mistaking them for insurgents|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-asia/story/nato-force-kills-three-afghan-civilians-air-strike-mistaking-them-insurge|access-date=27 December 2014|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings Ltd}}</ref>


On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a [[car bomb]] attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul. The governor and the provincial head of the [[National Directorate of Security]] were uninjured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack/car-bomb-attack-kills-eight-security-force-members-in-afghanistans-south-idUSKCN1PE08K|title=Car bomb attack kills eight security force members in Afghanistan's south|last=Sediqi|first=Abdul Qadir|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a [[car bomb]] attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul. The governor and the provincial head of the [[National Directorate of Security]] were uninjured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack/car-bomb-attack-kills-eight-security-force-members-in-afghanistans-south-idUSKCN1PE08K|title=Car bomb attack kills eight security force members in Afghanistan's south|last=Sediqi|first=Abdul Qadir|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-01-20|language=en-US}}</ref>


On 14 August 2021, the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban offensive]] reached [[Puli Alam]] (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights to [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Kabul]] the following day.
On 14 August 2021, the [[2021 Taliban offensive|Taliban offensive]] reached [[Puli Alam]] (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights on [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Kabul]] the following day.


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
{{Further|Geography of Afghanistan}}
{{Further|Geography of Afghanistan}}
⚫
[[File:Puli Alam.jpg|thumb|[[Puli Alam]], the capital of Logar province.]]
⚫
[[File:Khoshi valley.jpg|thumb|The main river valley in the [[Khoshi District]] of Logar province. Extensive irrigation and canal works, known as [[karez]], provide water for the majority of the agriculture in southeastern Afghanistan.]]


Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest. The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the [[Tera Pass]], a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District.
Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest. The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the [[Tera Pass]], a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District.
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The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province.
The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province.


== Capital city==
=== Capital city===
Puli Alam, which is located in the district of Puli Alam, serves as the capital of Logar province. It is connected by a highway to [[Kabul]] in the north and [[Gardez]] to the southeast.
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
{{main article|Puli Alam}}
⚫
[[File:Puli Alam.jpg|thumb|[[Puli Alam]], the capital of Logar province.]]

Puli Alam is the capital city of Logar province, located in the district of Puli Alam. It's on the main road running south and southeast from Kabul to [[Khost]].


⚫
The highway to Kabul was completed in 2006. Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city.
Rebuilding of the city is going on. There is a lot of room for infrastructure and investment.
⚫
Puli Alam has seen reconstruction since the fall of the Taliban. The main road to Kabul was completed in 2006, significantly reducing travel time to the national capital. Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city.
The city is open for investment.


Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services.
Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services.
During the tenure of President [[Ashraf Ghani]] the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities.
During the tenure of President [[Ashraf Ghani]] the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities.


== Economics ==
== Economy ==
{{Further|Economy of Afghanistan}}
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Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite. In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory. Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations. Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households. However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households. Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops. The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry. Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements. Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land. Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops. Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=107}}</ref>
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[[File:Khoshi valley.jpg|thumb|The main river valley in the [[Khoshi District]] of Logar province. Extensive irrigation and canal works, known as [[karez]], provide water for the majority of the agriculture in southeastern Afghanistan.]]
⚫
Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite. Many residents of the province are engaged in the agriculture and transport business. In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory. Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations. Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households. However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households. Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops. The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry. Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements. Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land. Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops. Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=107}}</ref>


== Healthcare ==
== Healthcare ==
{{Further|Health in Afghanistan}}
{{Further|Health in Afghanistan}}
The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org">Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, {{cite web |url=https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Logar.aspx |title=Pages - Logar |access-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105655/https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Logar.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org">Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, {{cite web |url=https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Logar.aspx |title=Pages - Logar |access-date=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105655/https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Logar.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref> The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>


In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital. According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province. There are 156 pharmacies in the province. The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker. To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=106}}</ref>
In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital. According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province. There are 156 pharmacies in the province. The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker. To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=106}}</ref>
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The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>
The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011.<ref name="cimicweb.org"/>


The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women. There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students. There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province.<ref name="mrrd">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/243/Logar%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf |title=Logar provincial profile |publisher=Mrrd.gov.af |date=2013-07-27 |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref> There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam. Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education.<ref name="CCS">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Farah/Farah_Provincial_Overview.pdf |title=Province: Farah |work=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies |publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]] (NPS) |year=2008 |access-date=2014-10-19}}</ref> As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17%.<ref name="CCS"/>
The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women. There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students. There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province.<ref name="mrrd">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/243/Logar%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824055132/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/243/Logar%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 24, 2015 |title=Logar provincial profile |publisher=Mrrd.gov.af |date=2013-07-27 |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref> There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam. Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education.<ref name="CCS">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Farah/Farah_Provincial_Overview.pdf |title=Province: Farah |work=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies |publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]] (NPS) |year=2008 |access-date=2014-10-19}}</ref> As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17%.<ref name="CCS"/>


There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas.<ref name="LogarProvinceProfile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/background-profile-logar |title=Background Profile of Logar &#124; Pajhwok Election site |access-date=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027155731/http://elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/background-profile-logar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas.<ref name="LogarProvinceProfile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/background-profile-logar |title=Background Profile of Logar &#124; Pajhwok Election site |access-date=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027155731/http://elections.pajhwok.com/en/content/background-profile-logar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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[[File:Lowgar districts.png|thumb|Districts of Logar province. This image does not include Azra district, located to the east of Khoshi and Mohammad Agha districts.]]
[[File:Lowgar districts.png|thumb|Districts of Logar province. This image does not include Azra district, located to the east of Khoshi and Mohammad Agha districts.]]


⚫
In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people. The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home. Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population. [[Dari]] is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas [[Pashto]] is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people. The [[Kochi people]] (nomads) also live in Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons. In the winter, 96,280 or 4% of them stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=108}}</ref> During the summer, the Kochi's population increases to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of Kochi people after neighboring [[Kabul province]].
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As of 2021, the total population of Logar province is about 442,037.<ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> Logar is dominantly Sunni, multi-ethnic and a tribal society. [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] and [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] make up the majority population of Logar province, while minority.<ref name="understandingwar">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/region/regional-command-east#Logar |title=Understanding War |publisher=Understanding War |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref><ref name="CCS"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/PDF+Maps/NewTribal/Logar.pdf|title=Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School|website=Nps.edu|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>

7.2 percent of the population lived below the national [[poverty line]], the lowest of all of Afghanistan's provinces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nynR_73lsuYC&pg=PA255|title = Decoding the New Taliban: Insights from the Afghan Field|isbn = 9781849042260|last1 = Giustozzi|first1 = Antonio|date = August 2012}}</ref>


⚫
As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037. It is a multi-ethnic tribal society, while about 60% of its residents are made up by Pashtuns, whereas the remainder are Tajiks and Hazaras. The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north. name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> [[Pashtuns]] (Ahmadzai Pashtuns are influential in the region) <ref name="understandingwar">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/region/regional-command-east#Logar |title=Understanding War |publisher=Understanding War |access-date=2013-08-17}}</ref><ref name="CCS"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/PDF+Maps/NewTribal/Logar.pdf|title=Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School|website=Nps.edu|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
⚫
In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people. The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home. Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population. Farsi/Dari is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas Pashto is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people. [[Kochi people]](nomads) live in the province of Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons. In the winter, 96,280 people, or 4% of the [[Kochi people]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook |pages=108}}</ref> population, stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements. During the summer, the [[Kochi people]] population swells to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of [[Kochi people]] after Kabul province.


== Districts ==
== Districts ==
{{Further|Districts of Afghanistan}}
Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts. In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar.
Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts. In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar.


Line 156: Line 147:
!Capital
!Capital
!Population (2021) <ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
!Population (2021) <ref name=nsia>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf |title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 2021 |website= |publisher=National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA)|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf|url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
!Area
!Pop.<br />density
!Ethnicity
!Ethnicity
!Notes
!Notes
|-
|-
|[[Azra District|Azra]] || || 23,387 || [[Pashtuns]] || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
|[[Azra District|Azra]] || || 22,985 || 777 || 30 || 100% Pashtuns.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172955/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/south_east/azra/azra.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
|-
|-
|[[Baraki Barak District|Baraki Barak]] || || 100,975 || 90% [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and 10% [[Pashtun]] || Includes the road linking Puli Alam with Highway 1 to the west. Recognised as a vital commerce district.
|[[Baraki Barak District|Baraki Barak]] || || 99,210 || 239 || 416 ||100% Tajik. || Includes the road linking Puli Alam with Highway 1 to the west. Recognised as a vital commerce district.
|-
|-
|[[Charkh District|Charkh]] || || 51,098 || 65% [[Pashtuns]] and 35% [[Tajiks]] || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
|[[Charkh District|Charkh]] || || 50,220 || 304 || 165 || Predominately Tajiks. || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
|-
|-
|[[Kharwar District|Kharwar]] || || 30,145 || [[Pashtuns]] || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
|[[Kharwar District|Kharwar]] || || 29,628 || 469 || 63 || Predominately Pashtun .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172356/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/kharwar.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> || Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province. Used to belong to [[Charkh District]]
|-
|-
|[[Khoshi District|Khoshi]] || || 27,712 || 65% [[Tajiks]], 1% [[Hazaras]] and 34% [[Pashtuns]] || Home to the minority [[Shiite]] of Logar.
|[[Khoshi District|Khoshi]] || || 27,236 || 398 || 69 || Predominately Tajiks .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20051027171625/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/khoshi.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> || Home to the minority [[Shiite]] of Logar.
|-
|-
|[[Mohammad Agha District|Mohammad Agha]] || || 86,785 || 40% [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and 60% [[Pashtun]] || The northern portion of Mohammad Agha is contiguous with the southern 'suburbs' of Kabul.
|[[Mohammad Agha District|Mohammad Agha]] || || 85,295 || 1,076 || 79 || 60% Pashtuns and 40% Tajik.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20051027183843/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/mohammad_agha.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> || The northern portion of Mohammad Agha is contiguous with the southern 'suburbs' of Kabul.
|-
|-
|[[Puli Alam District|Puli Alam]] || [[Puli Alam]] || 121,935 || 76% [[Tajiks]] and 24% [[Pashtuns]] || The Capital
|[[Puli Alam District|Puli Alam]] || [[Puli Alam]] || 119,800 || 1,131 || 106 || Mix of Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Hazaras.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20051027174732/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/puli_alam.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> || The Capital
|- bgcolor="#d3d3d3"
|'''[[Logar Province|Logar]]'''
|
|'''434,374'''
|'''4,568'''
|'''95'''
|Majority [[Tajiks|Tajik]], minority of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] and [[Hazaras|Hazara]]
|
|}
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}


== Sport ==
== Sport ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Logar Province}}
{{Commons category|Logar Province}}
*{{YouTube|gnTE9-WQ-14|Logar Province Beauties}}
⚫
*[http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Logar.html Logar Province] - [[Naval Postgraduate School]]
*{{YouTube|40AuAZIq7wA|Beauties of Logar province}}
*[http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/PDF%20Maps/NewTribal/Logar.pdf Tribal Map of Logar province on nps.edu]
*{{YouTube|w87YiDSdmoI|هی میدان طی میدان - دیدار باسط ایرج از ولایت لوگر}} ([[TOLO (TV channel)|TOLO TV]], Sept. 15, 2022)
*[http://www.logar.se/ Logar Province ولایت لوگر ]
⚫
*[https://nps.edu/web/ccs/logar Logar Province] - [[Naval Postgraduate School]]


{{Geographic location
{{Geographic location

Latest revision as of 00:16, 14 December 2024

Logar
لوگر
Province
Aerial view of Mohammad Agha District in Logar province
Aerial view of Mohammad Agha District in Logar province
Map of Afghanistan with Logar highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Logar highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 34°00′N 69°12′E / 34.0°N 69.2°E / 34.0; 69.2
Country Afghanistan
CapitalPuli Alam
Government
 • GovernorMaulvi Inayatullah[1]
 • Deputy GovernorMaulvi Inamullah Salahuddin[2]
 • Police ChiefMohammaduddin Shah Mukhtab[2]
Area
 • Total
4,568 km2 (1,764 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[3]
 • Total
442,037
 • Density97/km2 (250/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (AFT)
Postal code
14xx
ISO 3166 codeAF-LOG
Main languagesDari
Pashto

Logar (Pashto/Dari: لوگر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern section of the country. It is divided into 7 districts and contains hundreds of villages. Puli Alam is the capital of the province. As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037 people,[3] most of whom are ethnic Pashtuns and Tajiks.[4]

The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north.

History

[edit]
Further information: Ancient history of Afghanistan

A 2,600-year-old Zoroastrian fire temple was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40  kilometers southeast of Kabul). Several Buddhist stupas and more than 1,000 statues were also found. Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's copper was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of Kushan, Sassanian and Indo-Parthian coins were also found at the site.[5]

Recent history

[edit]

During the Soviet–Afghan War, Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained mujahideen groups and the Soviet-backed Afghan government troops. The Ahmadzai Pashtuns is dominant in this region. Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan. Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the Ahmadzai tribe during the 1980s.[6] Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves".[7] Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland. One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide.[6]

By 1995, the province had fallen to the Taliban government. During the presidency of Hamid Karzai, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually took over the security of the area. The Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008. It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs.

On 19 August 2014, a major Taliban offensive took place with 700 insurgents aiming to take control of the province,[8] while the NATO-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014.[9]

On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul. The governor and the provincial head of the National Directorate of Security were uninjured.[10]

On 14 August 2021, the Taliban offensive reached Puli Alam (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights on Kabul the following day.

Geography

[edit]
Further information: Geography of Afghanistan
Puli Alam, the capital of Logar province.

Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest. The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the Tera Pass, a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District.

The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province.

Capital city

[edit]

Puli Alam, which is located in the district of Puli Alam, serves as the capital of Logar province. It is connected by a highway to Kabul in the north and Gardez to the southeast.

The highway to Kabul was completed in 2006. Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city.

Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services. During the tenure of President Ashraf Ghani the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities.

Economy

[edit]
Further information: Economy of Afghanistan
The main river valley in the Khoshi District of Logar province. Extensive irrigation and canal works, known as karez, provide water for the majority of the agriculture in southeastern Afghanistan.

Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite. Many residents of the province are engaged in the agriculture and transport business. In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory. Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations. Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households. However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households. Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops. The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry. Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements. Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land. Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops. Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock.[11]

Healthcare

[edit]
Further information: Health in Afghanistan

The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011.[12] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.[12]

In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital. According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province. There are 156 pharmacies in the province. The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker. To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers.[13]

Education

[edit]
Further information: Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 21% in 2005 to 30% in 2011.[12] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011.[12]

The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women. There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students. There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province.[14] There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam. Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education.[15] As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17%.[15]

There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas.[16]

Three technical and vocational high schools and two private high schools function in Logar Province.[16]

Demographics

[edit]
Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan
Districts of Logar province. This image does not include Azra district, located to the east of Khoshi and Mohammad Agha districts.

In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people. The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home. Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population. Dari is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas Pashto is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people. The Kochi people (nomads) also live in Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons. In the winter, 96,280 or 4% of them stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements.[17] During the summer, the Kochi's population increases to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of Kochi people after neighboring Kabul province. 

As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037. It is a multi-ethnic tribal society, while about 60% of its residents are made up by Pashtuns, whereas the remainder are Tajiks and Hazaras. The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north.  name=nsia>"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.</ref> Pashtuns (Ahmadzai Pashtuns are influential in the region) [4][15][18]

Districts

[edit]
Further information: Districts of Afghanistan

Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts. In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar.

Districts of Logar province
District Capital Population (2021) [3] Area Pop.
density 		Ethnicity Notes
Azra 22,985 777 30 100% Pashtuns.[19] Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
Baraki Barak 99,210 239 416 100% Tajik. Includes the road linking Puli Alam with Highway 1 to the west. Recognised as a vital commerce district.
Charkh 50,220 304 165 Predominately Tajiks. Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province.
Kharwar 29,628 469 63 Predominately Pashtun .[20] Officially recognized by the Afghan government as a district of Logar province. Used to belong to Charkh District
Khoshi 27,236 398 69 Predominately Tajiks .[21] Home to the minority Shiite of Logar.
Mohammad Agha 85,295 1,076 79 60% Pashtuns and 40% Tajik.[22] The northern portion of Mohammad Agha is contiguous with the southern 'suburbs' of Kabul.
Puli Alam Puli Alam 119,800 1,131 106 Mix of Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Hazaras.[23] The Capital
Logar 434,374 4,568 95 Majority Tajik, minority of Pashtun and Hazara

Sport

[edit]
Further information: Sport in Afghanistan

Cricket is the most popular sport in the province[citation needed]. Logar has been a major supplier of players for the Afghanistan national cricket team. Former players include Dawlat Ahmadzai, Ahmad Shah Pakteen and former national team captain Raees Ahmadzai. Among the active national players hailing from Logar are: Mohammad Nabi (captain of the national team), Shahpoor Zadran, Hashmatullah Shahidi, Nasir Jamal Ahmadzai and Gulbadin Naib Ahmadzai.

Football is the second most popular sport in the province. De Abasin Sape (meaning "Waves of Abasin") plays in the Afghanistan Premier League. Abasin means "father of the rivers" in Pashto and refers to the Indus River. The team represents the provinces of Khost, Paktia, Logar, and Paktika.

Other popular sports are volleyball, boxing, taekwondo, Washoe[clarification needed], kick boxing and wrestling.[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ کاکړ, جاويد هميم (14 March 2022). "سرپرست حکومت په وزارتونو، ولایتونو او قول اردو ګانو کې نوې ټاکنې وکړې" [The caretaker government held new elections in ministries, provinces and corps] (in Pashto).
  2. ^ a b "د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول" [New governors and police chiefs were elected for nearly twenty provinces] (in Pashto). 7 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Understanding War". Understanding War. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
  5. ^ DeHart, Jonathan. "Saving the Buddhas of Mes Aynak". thediplomat.com.
  6. ^ a b Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). "Massacre in Logar". Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20893-3.
  7. ^ Almqvist, Borge (1984). Committee for International Afghanistan Hearing (ed.). International Afghanistan Hearing.
  8. ^ "Logar In Afghanistan Attacked By More Than 700 Taliban Fighters". Ibtimes.com. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  9. ^ "Nato force kills three Afghan civilians in airstrike, mistaking them for insurgents". Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  10. ^ Sediqi, Abdul Qadir. "Car bomb attack kills eight security force members in Afghanistan's south". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  11. ^ Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook. p. 107.
  12. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, "Pages - Logar". Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
  13. ^ Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook. p. 106.
  14. ^ "Logar provincial profile" (PDF). Mrrd.gov.af. 2013-07-27. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved 2013-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^ a b c "Province: Farah" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). 2008. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
  16. ^ a b c "Background Profile of Logar | Pajhwok Election site". Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  17. ^ Afghanistan Provincial Reconstruction Handbook. p. 108.
  18. ^ "Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School" (PDF). Nps.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  19. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172955/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/south_east/azra/azra.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  20. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172356/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/kharwar.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  21. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027171625/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/khoshi.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  22. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027183843/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/mohammad_agha.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  23. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027174732/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/logar/puli_alam.pdf [bare URL PDF]
[edit]
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