Quba Mosque: Difference between revisions

Quba Mosque
Quba Mosque
Masjid Qubāʾ (مَسْجِد قُبَاء)
Religion
Affiliation	Islam
Province	Medina
Region	Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
Location
Location	Medina, Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates	24°26′21″N 39°37′02″E / 24.43917°N 39.61722°E
Architecture
Type	Mosque
Style	Islamic
Date established	Around 622 C.E. / 1 A.H.
Groundbreaking	622 C.E. / 1 A.H.
Completed	1986 (current)
Specifications
Capacity	30,000+
Dome(s)	6
Minaret(s)	4 (current); 1 (original)

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The Quba Mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد قُبَاء, romanized: Masjid Qubāʾ, standard pronunciation: [mas.dʒid qu.baːʔ], Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [mas.dʒɪd ɡʊ.ba]) is a mosque located in Medina, in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, first built in the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century C.E.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is thought to be the first mosque in the world, established on the first day of Muhammad's emigration to Medina.^[4]^[5] Its first stone is said to have been laid by the prophet, and the structure completed by his companions.^[6] The mosque was subsequently modified across the centuries until the 1980s, when it was completely replaced by a new building that stands today.^[7]^[8]

History

Origins

According to historical Islamic texts, during the hijrah (migration) of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib), he stopped in the village of Quba' near Medina. Depending on the sources, he stayed there for 3 to 22 days.^[9] Two different accounts of the mosque's foundation exist in relation to this event. In one, Muhammad founded the mosque himself, though there are varying explanations for how the site was chosen: it was either a mirbad (place for drying dates that belonged to Muhammad's host, Kulthum, or it was the place where a woman named Labba had tethered her donkey. Another version, probably a later legend inspired by the foundation story of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, tells that Muhammad made Ali get on a camel and then built the mosque where the camel went. Muhammad is said to have laid the first stone himself, with the next ones laid by Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. He is also said to have visited the mosque every Saturday afterwards and conducted religious service there.^[9] In another account, the mosque had been built prior to Muhammad's arrival by the first Muslim emigrants from Mecca and some of the Anṣār of Medina. Muhammad then prayed in the mosque with them.^[9]

Some scholars have debated the historicity of the mosque's foundation story. Leone Caetani questioned whether Muhammad recognized other mosques in this way and argued that the story is likely later a invention, part of a trend by later Muslims to associate various mosques with Muhammad's life.^[9] Johannes Pedersen supported the story's plausibility, arguing that there are indications in the Qur'an and other traditional sources that other mosques indeed existed and were recognized in Muhammad's time.^[9]

Initially, the mosque was built 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Medina in the village of Quba', before Medina expanded to include this village.^[7] The first mosque would have been oriented towards Jerusalem and Muhammad most likely rebuilt it when the qibla (direction of prayer) was changed toward the Kaaba in Mecca.^[10]^[11]

Modifications

The mosque was repeatedly modified and expanded in later periods. It was expanded under Caliph Uthman (r. 644 – 656 CE).^[11] Another expansion occurred in 684 CE, during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.^[7] Under his successor, al-Walid I (r. 705–715), the mosque was rebuilt.^[12] Its first "minaret" was added under Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (r. 717–720).^[7]

Another renovation occurred in 1044, when a mihrab (niche symbolizing the qibla) was added by Sharif Abu Ya'la Ahmad ibn Hasan (or Abu Yali al-Husayni).^[7]^[10] Further additions were made around 80 years later.^[7] Later renovations were made by the Zengid vizier Jamal al-Din al-Isfahani in 1160.^[10] During the Mamluk era, Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun reconstructed the mosque in 1333, the ceiling was redone under al-Ashraf Barsbay in 1436, and Qaytbay made renovations in 1476.^[10]

During the Ottoman era, Sultan Suleiman sponsored the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque's ceiling in 1543. Sultan Mustafa II renovated these same elements again in 1699.^[10] Major renovations and modifications took place in 1829^[10] and in the following decade or so during the reigns of Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) and Abdülmecid I (r. 1839–1861).^[7]

Modern reconstruction

The present-day mosque is the result of a complete reconstruction that began in 1984 under Saudi king Fahd bin Abdulaziz.^[7] It expanded the mosque's size The Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil was commissioned to conceive a larger mosque. He initially intended to incorporate the old structure into his design, but it was eventually decided to tear down the old mosque and replace it entirely with the new one.^[8]

Religious significance

Performing Wuḍūʾ ('ablution') in one's home, then offering two Rakaʿāt of Nafl (optional) prayers in the Quba Mosque, is considered to be equal to performing one ʿUmrah. Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two rakaʿāt prayer. He advised others to do the same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah."^[13] This ḥadīth was reported by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Nasa'i, Ibn Majah and Hakim al-Nishaburi.^{[citation needed]}

Mention in the Qur'an

The mosque is believed to be the one which the Quran mentions as being founded on piety and devoutness (Masjid al-Taqwa):^[14]

There are also those ˹hypocrites˺ who set up a mosque ˹only˺ to cause harm, promote disbelief, divide the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will definitely swear, "We intended nothing but good," but Allah bears witness that they are surely liars. Do not ˹O Prophet˺ ever pray in it. Certainly, a mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy of your prayers. In it are men who love to be purified. And Allah loves those who purify themselves.
— Surah At-Tawbah 9:108

Mentions in hadiths

The merits of the mosque are mentioned in nineteen Sahih al-Bukhari hadiths; thirteen Sahih Muslim hadiths; two Sunan Abi Dawud hadiths; six Al-Muwatta hadiths.^[15]^{[better source needed]}

Muhammad frequented the mosque and prayed there. This is referred to in a number of hadith:

Narrated 'Abdullah bin Dinar: Ibn 'Umar said, "The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba every Saturday (sometimes) walking and (sometimes) riding." 'Abdullah (Ibn 'Umar) used to do the same
— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 2, Book 21, Number 284^[16]

Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba (sometimes) walking and sometimes riding. Added Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar (in another narration), "He then would offer two Rakat (in the Mosque of Quba)."
— Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 2, Book 21, Number 285^[17]

Architecture

Early form

The original mosque is said to have been a square or rectangular walled enclosure with an open court inside it. In Muhammad's time, a roofed area supported by columns was added on the qibla side. Other historical descriptions of the mosque mostly date from periods after it had already been expanded by others.^[10] For much of its history prior to the 1980s reconstruction, it maintained its generally Umayyad form, with a covered prayer hall and an internal courtyard surrounded by galleries with rows of arches.^[11]^[7]

The Umayyad structure at the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's renovations (early 8th century) was made from cut stone and lime, with a ceiling made of valuable timber. It was also decorated with mosaics, probably created with the help of Byzantine craftsmen who also worked on a renovation of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina around the same time.^[10] According to descriptions in the Abbasid period, such as those of Ibn Shabba [ar], the mosque measured approximately 32 by 32 metres (105 by 105 ft) and contained an interior courtyard measuring around 24 by 12.5 metres (79 by 41 ft), while Its walls were around 9 metres (30 ft) high and its minaret was roughly 24 metres (79 ft).^[10]

The early 19th-century renovations initated by Mahmud II replaced the originally flat ceiling of the mosque with a new ceiling of shallow domes supported by arches and columns. Prior to its modern reconstruction, the mosque's western entrance was also fronted by a façade with Ottoman tughras (calligraphic signatures) and an inscription recording Mahmud II's works.^[10] In the late 19th century, the writer Ibrahim Rifat Pasha reported that the mosque measured some 40 by 40 metres (130 by 130 ft) with a ceiling around 6 metres (20 ft) high.^[10]

Present-day mosque

The new mosque consists of a rectangular prayer hall raised on a second story platform. The prayer hall connects to a cluster containing residential areas, offices, ablution facilities, shops and a library.^{[citation needed]}

The recent new construction of the Quba Mosque that happened in 1984 include many new additions, such as 7 main entrances, 4 parallel minarets, and the 56 mini domes that surround the perimeter of the mosque from an overhead point of view.^[7] The courtyard of this mosque is composed of black, red, and white marble,^[18] and majority of the structure and interior structures such as the minbar and mihrab are all composed of white marble. Originally, there was one minaret, the new renovations included the addition of the other three minarets, they rest on square bases, have octagonal shafts which take on a circular shape as they reach the top.^{[citation needed]}

The prayer hall is arranged around a central courtyard, characterised by six large domes resting on clustered columns. A portico, which is two bays in depth, borders the courtyard on the east and west, while a one-bayed portico borders it on the north, and separates it from the women's prayer area.

The women's prayer area, which is surrounded by a screen, is divided into two parts as a passageway connects the northern entrance with the courtyard.^{[citation needed]} When Quba Mosque was rebuilt in 1986, the Medina architecture was retained – ribbed white domes, and basalt facing and modest exterior – qualities that recalls Madina's simplicity. The courtyard, is flagged with black, red and white marble. It is screened overhead by day from the scorching heat with shades. Arabesque latticework filters the light of the palm groves outside. Elements of the new building include work by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Pakistani architect Hassan Khan Sayyid and the Stuttgart tensile architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch,^[19] a student of Frei Otto.

The present-day mosque
Exterior of the mosque
Interior courtyard
Interior of the prayer hall
The mihrab

References

^ Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 0-918720-58-3.
^ Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.
^ Dyrness, W. A. (2013-05-29). Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities. Vol. 7. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-62032-136-2.
^ Macca, A. A.; Aryanti, T. (16–18 November 2016). "The Domes: El Wakil's Traditionalist Architecture of Quba Mosque". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 180: 012092. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012092. S2CID 131955391.
^ Alahmadi, M.; Mansour, S.; Dasgupta, N.; Abulibdeh, A.; Atkinson, P. M.; Martin, D. J. (2021). "Using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: The case of Saudi Arabia". Remote Sensing. 13 (22): 4633. Bibcode:2021RemS...13.4633A. doi:10.3390/rs13224633. hdl:10576/55732.
^ "Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history". Masjid Quba'. The Ministry of Hajj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Salo, Edward (2017). "Masjid al-Quba". In Çakmak, Cenap (ed.). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1010–1011. ISBN 978-1-61069-217-5. OCLC 962409918.
^ ^a ^b "Qubbah Mosque". ArchNet. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pedersen, J. (1991). "Masd̲j̲id; I. In the central Islamic lands". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 646–647. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Algul, Huseyin; Bozkurt, Nebi (2004). "Mescid-i Kubâ". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-09-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Medina". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 472–473. ISBN 9780195309911.
^ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture. Brill. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-04-11638-2.
^ "Quba — the first mosque in the history of Islam". Arab News. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir 9:108
^ Enter Quba Mosque in the "Search the Hadith" box and check off all hadith collections. Archived October 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:21:284
^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:21:285
^ "Masjid al-Quba – 3D Virtual Tour". www.3dmekanlar.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
^ Dr. Rasch (6 November 2002), "Alles muss von innen kommen", Gespräch mit dem Stuttgarter Architekten, Islamische Zeitung

External links

Virtues of Masjid Quba, Madina – Taken from Tafsir Ibn Kathir and other Saheeh Hadith

[Michigan_C_1986-1] Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 0-918720-58-3.

[Abu_Sway_2011-2] Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.

[Dyrness2013-3] Dyrness, W. A. (2013-05-29). Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities. Vol. 7. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-62032-136-2.

[MaccaAryanti_11-2016-4] Macca, A. A.; Aryanti, T. (16–18 November 2016). "The Domes: El Wakil's Traditionalist Architecture of Quba Mosque". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 180: 012092. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012092. S2CID 131955391.

[5] Alahmadi, M.; Mansour, S.; Dasgupta, N.; Abulibdeh, A.; Atkinson, P. M.; Martin, D. J. (2021). "Using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: The case of Saudi Arabia". Remote Sensing. 13 (22): 4633. Bibcode:2021RemS...13.4633A. doi:10.3390/rs13224633. hdl:10576/55732.

[HajiInformation-6] "Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history". Masjid Quba'. The Ministry of Hajj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 2010-10-19.

[:02-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Salo, Edward (2017). "Masjid al-Quba". In Çakmak, Cenap (ed.). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1010–1011. ISBN 978-1-61069-217-5. OCLC 962409918.

[:1-8] "Qubbah Mosque". ArchNet. Retrieved 2024-09-18.

[:2-9] Pedersen, J. (1991). "Masd̲j̲id; I. In the central Islamic lands". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 646–647. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.

[:0-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Algul, Huseyin; Bozkurt, Nebi (2004). "Mescid-i Kubâ". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-09-18.

[:24-11] Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Medina". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 472–473. ISBN 9780195309911.

[12] Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture. Brill. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-04-11638-2.

[13] "Quba — the first mosque in the history of Islam". Arab News. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2021.

[14] Tafsir Ibn Kathir 9:108

[15] Enter Quba Mosque in the "Search the Hadith" box and check off all hadith collections. Archived October 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

[16] Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:21:284

[17] Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:21:285

[18] "Masjid al-Quba – 3D Virtual Tour". www.3dmekanlar.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.

[19] Dr. Rasch (6 November 2002), "Alles muss von innen kommen", Gespräch mit dem Stuttgarter Architekten, Islamische Zeitung

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Other uses|Kuba (disambiguation){{!}}Kuba}}
 {{Infobox mosque
-| image                 = Qubaorig.jpg
+| image                 = Masjid Quba (Umroh Ramadhan 2023)-1.jpg
-| caption               = The mosque prior to 1900
+| caption               =
 | building_name         = Quba Mosque
 | native_name           = {{transliteration|ar|Masjid Qubāʾ}} ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد قُبَاء}})
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | website               =
 | architecture_type     = Mosque
-| architecture_style    = [[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]] <br/> [[New Classical architecture|New Classical]]
+| architecture_style    = [[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]]
 | established           = Around 622 [[Common Era|C.E.]] / 1 [[Hijri year|A.H.]]
 | groundbreaking        = 622 C.E. / 1 A.H.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 }}
-The '''Quba Mosque''' ({{lang-ar|مَسْجِد قُبَاء|translit=Masjid Qubāʾ}}) is a mosque located in [[Medina]], in the [[Hejaz]] region of [[Saudi Arabia]], built in the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in the 7th century [[Common Era|C.E.]]<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |editor1=Goss, V. P. |editor2=Bornstein, C. V. |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |volume=21 |page=208 |isbn=0-918720-58-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ |year=1986}}</ref><ref name="Abu Sway 2011">{{cite news |author=Mustafa Abu Sway |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |publisher=[[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref><ref name="Dyrness2013">{{cite book |author=Dyrness, W. A. |title=Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers |volume=7 |page=25 |isbn=978-1-62032-136-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ |date=2013-05-29}}</ref> It is thought to be the [[list of the oldest mosques|first mosque in the world]], built on the first day of Muhammad's [[Hijrah|emigration]] to Medina.<ref name="MaccaAryanti_11-2016">{{cite journal |first1=A. A. |last1=Macca |first2=T. |last2=Aryanti |title=The Domes: El Wakil's Traditionalist Architecture of Quba Mosque |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |date=16–18 November 2016 |volume=180 |page=012092 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012092|s2cid=131955391 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alahmadi, M. |author2=Mansour, S. |author3=Dasgupta, N. |author4=Abulibdeh, A. |author5=Atkinson, P. M. |author6=Martin, D. J. |date=2021 |title=Using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: The case of Saudi Arabia. |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=13 |issue=22 |page=4633 |doi=10.3390/rs13224633 |bibcode=2021RemS...13.4633A |doi-access=free |hdl=10576/55732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Its first stone is said to have been laid by the prophet, and the structure completed by [[Companions of the Prophet|his companions]].<ref name="HajiInformation">{{cite web |publisher=The [[Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs|Ministry of Hajj]], Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] |work=Masjid Quba' |url=http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm |title=Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history |access-date=2010-10-19}}</ref>
+The '''Quba Mosque''' ({{langx|ar|مَسْجِد قُبَاء|translit=Masjid Qubāʾ}}, {{IPA|ar|mas.dʒid qu.baːʔ|label=[[Modern Standard Arabic|standard]] pronunciation:}}, {{IPA|acw|mas.dʒɪd ɡʊ.ba}}) is a mosque located in [[Medina]], in the [[Hejaz]] region of [[Saudi Arabia]], first built in the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in the 7th century [[Common Era|C.E.]]<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |editor1=Goss, V. P. |editor2=Bornstein, C. V. |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |volume=21 |page=208 |isbn=0-918720-58-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ |year=1986}}</ref><ref name="Abu Sway 2011">{{cite news |author=Mustafa Abu Sway |title=The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source |publisher=[[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}</ref><ref name="Dyrness2013">{{cite book |author=Dyrness, W. A. |title=Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers |volume=7 |page=25 |isbn=978-1-62032-136-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ |date=2013-05-29}}</ref> It is thought to be the [[list of the oldest mosques|first mosque in the world]], established on the first day of Muhammad's [[Hijrah|emigration]] to Medina.<ref name="MaccaAryanti_11-2016">{{cite journal |first1=A. A. |last1=Macca |first2=T. |last2=Aryanti |title=The Domes: El Wakil's Traditionalist Architecture of Quba Mosque |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |date=16–18 November 2016 |volume=180 |page=012092 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012092|s2cid=131955391 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alahmadi, M. |author2=Mansour, S. |author3=Dasgupta, N. |author4=Abulibdeh, A. |author5=Atkinson, P. M. |author6=Martin, D. J. |date=2021 |title=Using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: The case of Saudi Arabia. |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=13 |issue=22 |page=4633 |doi=10.3390/rs13224633 |bibcode=2021RemS...13.4633A |doi-access=free |hdl=10576/55732 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Its first stone is said to have been laid by the prophet, and the structure completed by [[Companions of the Prophet|his companions]].<ref name="HajiInformation">{{cite web |publisher=The [[Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs|Ministry of Hajj]], Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] |work=Masjid Quba' |url=http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm |title=Masjid Quba is the first mosque in Islam's history |access-date=2010-10-19}}</ref> The mosque was subsequently modified across the centuries until the 1980s, when it was completely replaced by a new building that stands today.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" />
-== Origins ==
+== History ==
-According to historical Islamic texts, Muhammad migrated alongside [[Abu Bakr]] and spent 14 days in this mosque praying ''qaṣr'' ({{lang-ar|قَصْر}}, a short prayer) while waiting for [[Ali]] to arrive in Medina, after [[Laylat al-Mabit|he stayed behind]] in Mecca to safeguard Muhammad's life and escape, by sleeping in Muhammad's bed in his place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali in the Quran |url=http://balaghah.net/old/nahj-htm/eng/id/imam-ali/9107/007.htm |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=Balaghah.net |language=en}}</ref> Performing ''[[Wudu|Wuḍūʾ]]'' ('Ablution') in one's home, then offering two ''[[Rakat|Rakaʿāt]]'' of ''[[Nafl prayer|Nafl]]'' (Optional) prayers in the Quba Mosque, is considered to be equal to performing one ''ʿ[[Umrah]]''. Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two ''rakaʿāt'' prayer. He advised others to do the same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah."<ref>{{cite news |title=Quba — the first mosque in the history of Islam |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/600996 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=Arab News |date=12 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref> This ''[[hadith|ḥadīth]]'' was reported by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Al-Nasa'i]], [[Ibn Majah]] and [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Initially, the mosque was built {{convert|6|km|mile|abbr=off}} off Medina in the village of Quba, before Medina expanded to include this village.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Islam: a worldwide encyclopedia |author=Çakmak, Cenap |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5 |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]], the US |oclc=962409918 |date=2017-05-18}}</ref>
+=== Origins ===
-==Present-day mosque==
+According to historical Islamic texts, during the ''[[hijrah]]'' (migration) of [[Muhammad]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] (Yathrib), he stopped in the village of Quba' near Medina. Depending on the sources, he stayed there for 3 to 22 days.<ref name=":2">{{EI2|last=Pedersen|first=J.|title=Masd̲j̲id; I. In the central Islamic lands|volume=6|pages=646–647|url=https://archive.org/details/volume-5/Volume%206/page/645/mode/2up}}</ref> Two different accounts of the mosque's foundation exist in relation to this event. In one, Muhammad founded the mosque himself, though there are varying explanations for how the site was chosen: it was either a {{Transliteration|ar|mirbad}} (place for drying dates that belonged to Muhammad's host, Kulthum, or it was the place where a woman named Labba had tethered her donkey. Another version, probably a later legend inspired by the foundation story of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina, tells that Muhammad made [[Ali]] get on a camel and then built the mosque where the camel went. Muhammad is said to have laid the first stone himself, with the next ones laid by [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]] and [[Uthman]]. He is also said to have visited the mosque every Saturday afterwards and conducted religious service there.<ref name=":2" /> In another account, the mosque had been built prior to Muhammad's arrival by the first Muslim emigrants from Mecca and some of the [[Ansar (Islam)|''Anṣār'']] of Medina. Muhammad then prayed in the mosque with them.<ref name=":2" />
+Some scholars have debated the historicity of the mosque's foundation story. [[Leone Caetani]] questioned whether Muhammad recognized other mosques in this way and argued that the story is likely later a invention, part of a trend by later Muslims to associate various mosques with Muhammad's life.<ref name=":2" /> [[Johannes Pedersen (theologian)|Johannes Pedersen]] supported the story's plausibility, arguing that there are indications in the Qur'an and other traditional sources that other mosques indeed existed and were recognized in Muhammad's time.<ref name=":2" />
-=== Contruction ===
-When the [[Driehaus Architecture Prize|Driehaus Prize]] winner and [[New Classical architecture|New Classical]] architect [[Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil]] was commissioned in 1986, to conceive a larger mosque, he intended to incorporate the old structure into his design. But the old mosque was torn down and replaced with a new one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=731|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234435/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=731|title=Description of the new mosque and architectural documents at archnet.org|archive-date=January 8, 2009}}</ref>
+Initially, the mosque was built {{convert|6|km|mile|abbr=off}} from Medina in the village of Quba', before Medina expanded to include this village.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |author=Salo |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6fOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1010 |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5 |editor-last=Çakmak |editor-first=Cenap |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=1010–1011 |language=en |chapter=Masjid al-Quba |oclc=962409918}}</ref> The first mosque would have been oriented towards [[Jerusalem]] and Muhammad most likely rebuilt it when the ''[[qibla]]'' (direction of prayer) was changed toward the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Algul |first=Huseyin |last2=Bozkurt |first2=Nebi |date=2004 |title=Mescid-i Kubâ |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mescid-i-kuba |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":24" />
-=== Design ===
-The new mosque consists of a rectangular prayer hall raised on a second story platform. The prayer hall connects to a cluster containing residential areas, offices, ablution facilities, shops and a library.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}
+=== Modifications ===
-The recent new construction of the Quba Mosque that happened in 1984 include many new additions, such as 7 main entrances, 4 parallel minarets, and the 56 mini domes that surround the perimeter of the mosque from an overhead point of view.<ref name=":02"/> The courtyard of this mosque is composed of black, red, and white marble,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/masjid-al-quba.html|title=Masjid al-Quba – 3D Virtual Tour|website=www.3dmekanlar.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> and majority of the structure and interior structures such as the [[minbar]] and [[mihrab]] are all composed of white marble. Originally, there was one minaret, the new renovations included the addition of the other three minarets, they rest on square bases, have octagonal shafts which take on a circular shape as they reach the top.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
+The mosque was repeatedly modified and expanded in later periods. It was expanded under Caliph [[Uthman]] ({{Reign|644|656 CE}}).<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |volume=2 |location= |pages=472–473 |language=en |chapter=Medina |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref> Another expansion occurred in 684 CE, during the reign of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]].<ref name=":02" /> Under his successor, [[al-Walid I]] ({{Reign|705|715}}), the mosque was rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC&pg=PA187 |title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture |date= |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11638-2 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref> Its first "[[minaret]]" was added under [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] ({{Reign|717|720}}).<ref name=":02" /><!-- Note: see the Minaret article on WP and the sources cited there regarding the uncertain nature of "minarets" before the 9th century. The source cited here does not offer any more detail. -->
+Another renovation occurred in 1044, when a [[mihrab]] (niche symbolizing the ''qibla'') was added by Sharif Abu Ya'la Ahmad ibn Hasan (or Abu Yali al-Husayni).<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" /> Further additions were made around 80 years later.<ref name=":02" /> Later renovations were made by the [[Zengid dynasty|Zengid]] vizier Jamal al-Din al-Isfahani in 1160.<ref name=":0" /> During the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk era]], Sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun]] reconstructed the mosque in 1333, the ceiling was redone under [[al-Ashraf Barsbay]] in 1436, and [[Qaytbay]] made renovations in 1476.<ref name=":0" />
-The prayer hall is arranged around a central courtyard, characterised by six large domes resting on clustered columns. A [[portico]], which is two bays in depth, borders the courtyard on the east and west, while a one-bayed portico borders it on the north, and separates it from the women's prayer area.
+[[File:Origquba.jpg|thumb|A picture of the mosque prior to 1900]]
-The women's prayer area, which is surrounded by a screen, is divided into two parts as a passageway connects the northern entrance with the courtyard.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} When Quba Mosque was rebuilt in 1986, the Medina architecture was retained – ribbed white domes, and basalt facing and modest exterior – qualities that recalls Madina's simplicity. The courtyard, is flagged with black, red and white marble. It is screened overhead by day from the scorching heat with shades. [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|Arabesque]] [[latticework]] filters the light of the palm groves outside.  Elements of the new building include work by the [[Egyptian architecture|Egyptian architect]] Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Pakistani architect Hassan [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Sayyid]] and the Stuttgart tensile architect [[Mahmoud Bodo Rasch]],<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.islamische-zeitung.de/?id=2092 |chapter=Alles muss von innen kommen |title=Gespräch mit dem Stuttgarter Architekten |author=Dr. Rasch |publisher=Islamische Zeitung |date=6 November 2002}}</ref> a student of [[Frei Otto]].
+During the [[Ottoman era]], Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]] sponsored the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque's ceiling in 1543. Sultan [[Mustafa II]] renovated these same elements again in 1699.<ref name=":0" /> Major renovations and modifications took place in 1829<ref name=":0" /> and in the following decade or so during the reigns of [[Mahmud II]] ({{Reign|1808|1839}}) and [[Abdülmecid I]] ({{Reign|1839|1861}}).<ref name=":02" />
+=== Modern reconstruction ===
-==Mentions==
+The present-day mosque is the result of a complete reconstruction that began in 1984 under [[House of Saud|Saudi]] king [[Fahd bin Abdulaziz]].<ref name=":02" /> It expanded the mosque's size The Egyptian architect [[Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil]] was commissioned to conceive a larger mosque. He initially intended to incorporate the old structure into his design, but it was eventually decided to tear down the old mosque and replace it entirely with the new one.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Qubbah Mosque |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/548 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=ArchNet}}</ref>
+== Religious significance ==
-===In ''ahadith''===
+Performing ''[[Wudu|Wuḍūʾ]]'' ('ablution') in one's home, then offering two ''[[Rakat|Rakaʿāt]]'' of ''[[Nafl prayer|Nafl]]'' (optional) prayers in the Quba Mosque, is considered to be equal to performing one ''ʿ[[Umrah]]''. Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two ''rakaʿāt'' prayer. He advised others to do the same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah."<ref>{{cite news |title=Quba — the first mosque in the history of Islam |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/600996 |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=Arab News |date=12 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref> This ''[[hadith|ḥadīth]]'' was reported by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Al-Nasa'i]], [[Ibn Majah]] and [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
-The merits of the mosque are mentioned in nineteen ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' hadiths; thirteen ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' hadiths; two ''[[Sunan Abu Dawood]]'' hadiths; six ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Al-Muwatta]]'' hadiths.<ref>[http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 Enter ''Quba Mosque'' in the "Search the Hadith" box and check off all hadith collections.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021212501/http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 |date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref>
+=== Mention in the Qur'an ===
+The mosque is believed to be the one which the [[Quran]] mentions as being founded on piety and devoutness (''Masjid al-Taqwa''):<ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|9|108}}</ref>
+{{Blockquote|There are also those ˹hypocrites˺ who set up a mosque ˹only˺ to cause harm, promote disbelief, divide the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will definitely swear, "We intended nothing but good," but [[Allah]] bears witness that they are surely liars. Do not ˹O Prophet˺ ever pray in it. Certainly, a mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy of your prayers. In it are men who love to be purified. And Allah loves those who purify themselves.|{{qref|9|108|c=y}}}}
+=== Mentions in ''hadith''s ===
+The merits of the mosque are mentioned in nineteen ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' hadiths; thirteen ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' hadiths; two ''[[Sunan Abi Dawud]]'' hadiths; six ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Al-Muwatta]]'' hadiths.<ref>[http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 Enter ''Quba Mosque'' in the "Search the Hadith" box and check off all hadith collections.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021212501/http://allahu-ahad.org/hadith/search.php?q=quba*mosque&p=1 |date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Please cite a proper reliable and published source per [[WP:RS]].|date=November 2024}}
 Muhammad frequented the mosque and prayed there. This is referred to in a number of hadith:
@@ Line 58: / Line 66: @@
 The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba (sometimes) walking and sometimes riding. Added [[Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar]] (in another narration), "He then would offer two Rakat (in the Mosque of Quba)."|Collected by Muhammad al-Bukhari|''Sahih al-Bukhari Volume 2, Book 21, Number 285''<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|2|21|285}}</ref>}}
-===In the Quran===
+== Architecture ==
-It is believed to be the mosque which the [[Quran]] mentions as being founded on piety and devoutness (''Masjid al-Taqwa'')<ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|9|108}}</ref>
-{{Blockquote|There are also those ˹hypocrites˺ who set up a mosque ˹only˺ to cause harm, promote disbelief, divide the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will definitely swear, "We intended nothing but good," but [[Allah]] bears witness that they are surely liars. Do not ˹O Prophet˺ ever pray in it. Certainly, a mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy of your prayers. In it are men who love to be purified. And Allah loves those who purify themselves.|{{qref|9|108|c=y}}}}
-==Gallery==
+=== Early form ===
+The original mosque is said to have been a square or rectangular walled enclosure with an open court inside it. In Muhammad's time, a roofed area supported by columns was added on the [[qibla]] side. Other historical descriptions of the mosque mostly date from periods after it had already been expanded by others.<ref name=":0" /> For much of its history prior to the 1980s reconstruction, it maintained its generally [[Umayyad architecture|Umayyad form]], with a covered prayer hall and an internal courtyard surrounded by galleries with rows of arches.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":02" />
-<gallery mode="packed">
-File:Origquba.jpg|The mosque prior to 1900
+The Umayyad structure at the time of [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]]'s renovations (early 8th century) was made from [[cut stone]] and [[Lime (material)|lime]], with a ceiling made of valuable timber. It was also decorated with [[Mosaic|mosaics]], probably created with the help of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] craftsmen who also worked on a renovation of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina around the same time.<ref name=":0" /> According to descriptions in the [[Abbasid period]], such as those of {{Interlanguage link|Ibn Shabba|ar|عمر بن شبة}}, the mosque measured approximately {{Convert|32 by 32|m|ft}} and contained an interior courtyard measuring around {{Convert|24 by 12.5|m|ft}}, while Its walls were around {{Convert|9|m|ft}} high and its minaret was roughly {{Convert|24|m|ft}}.<ref name=":0" />
-File:Quba Mosque 2013 02.jpg|Present-day Quba Mosque (2013 photo)
-File:Masjid khuba.JPG|Courtyard of the present-day mosque
+[[File:Qubaorig.jpg|thumb|The mosque prior to 1900]]
+The early 19th-century renovations initated by [[Mahmud II]] replaced the originally flat ceiling of the mosque with a new ceiling of shallow domes supported by arches and columns. Prior to its modern reconstruction, the mosque's western entrance was also fronted by a façade with Ottoman ''[[Tughra|tughras]]'' (calligraphic signatures) and an inscription recording Mahmud II's works.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 19th century, the writer Ibrahim Rifat Pasha reported that the mosque measured some {{Convert|40 by 40|m|ft}} with a ceiling around {{Convert|6|m|ft}} high.<ref name=":0" />
+=== Present-day mosque ===
+The new mosque consists of a rectangular prayer hall raised on a second story platform. The prayer hall connects to a cluster containing residential areas, offices, ablution facilities, shops and a library.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}
+The recent new construction of the Quba Mosque that happened in 1984 include many new additions, such as 7 main entrances, 4 parallel minarets, and the 56 mini domes that surround the perimeter of the mosque from an overhead point of view.<ref name=":02"/> The courtyard of this mosque is composed of black, red, and white marble,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/masjid-al-quba.html|title=Masjid al-Quba – 3D Virtual Tour|website=www.3dmekanlar.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> and majority of the structure and interior structures such as the [[minbar]] and [[mihrab]] are all composed of white marble. Originally, there was one minaret, the new renovations included the addition of the other three minarets, they rest on square bases, have octagonal shafts which take on a circular shape as they reach the top.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
+The prayer hall is arranged around a central courtyard, characterised by six large domes resting on clustered columns. A [[portico]], which is two bays in depth, borders the courtyard on the east and west, while a one-bayed portico borders it on the north, and separates it from the women's prayer area.
+The women's prayer area, which is surrounded by a screen, is divided into two parts as a passageway connects the northern entrance with the courtyard.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} When Quba Mosque was rebuilt in 1986, the Medina architecture was retained – ribbed white domes, and basalt facing and modest exterior – qualities that recalls Madina's simplicity. The courtyard, is flagged with black, red and white marble. It is screened overhead by day from the scorching heat with shades. [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|Arabesque]] [[latticework]] filters the light of the palm groves outside.  Elements of the new building include work by the [[Egyptian architecture|Egyptian architect]] Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Pakistani architect Hassan [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Sayyid]] and the Stuttgart tensile architect [[Mahmoud Bodo Rasch]],<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.islamische-zeitung.de/?id=2092 |chapter=Alles muss von innen kommen |title=Gespräch mit dem Stuttgarter Architekten |author=Dr. Rasch |publisher=Islamische Zeitung |date=6 November 2002}}</ref> a student of [[Frei Otto]].
+<gallery widths="150" class="center" caption="The present-day mosque">
+File:Quba Mosque 2013 02.jpg|Exterior of the mosque
+File:Masjid khuba.JPG|Interior courtyard
 File:Masjid Quba (Umroh Ramadhan 2023)-4.jpg|Interior of the prayer hall
-File:Masjid Quba (Umroh Ramadhan 2023)-2.jpg|[[Mihrab]] of the present-day mosque
+File:Masjid Quba (Umroh Ramadhan 2023)-2.jpg|The [[mihrab]]
 </gallery>
@@ Line 77: / Line 97: @@
 ** [[Lists of mosques]]
 *** [[List of mosques in Saudi Arabia]]
-* [[Islamic art]]
-* [[Quba]] in Azerbaijan
 * [[Timeline of Muslim history]]
@@ Line 84: / Line 102: @@
 {{Reflist|30em}}
+== Further reading ==
 * ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'' by Hajjah Amina Adil (p.&nbsp;286)
 * ''The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions'' by [[Hisham Kabbani]] (p.&nbsp;301)
-* ''Happold: The Confidence to Build'' by [[Derek Walker (architect)|Derek Walker]] and Bill Addis (p.&nbsp;81)
+* ''Happold: The Confidence to Build'' by [[Derek Walker (architect)|Derek Walker]] and Bill Addis ([https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 p.&nbsp;81])
 ==External links==
@@ Line 99: / Line 118: @@
 [[Category:7th-century mosques]]
 [[Category:Mosques in Medina]]
-[[Category:New Classical architecture]]
 [[Category:Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil buildings]]
 [[Category:622 establishments]]
 [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 620s]]
+[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes]]
+[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets]]

v t e Holiest sites in Shia Islam
Saudi Arabia	al-Masjid al-Nabawi al-Baqi' Cemetery Mount Uhud Quba Mosque Masjid al-Qiblatayn The Seven Mosques Great Mosque of Mecca Kaaba Safa and Marwa Jabal al-Nour Mina, Saudi Arabia Mount Arafat
Iraq	Imam Ali Shrine Al-Sahlah Mosque Al-Hannanah Mosque Wadi-us-Salaam Imam Husayn Shrine Al Abbas Mosque Al-Askari Shrine Great Mosque of Kufa Maytham al-Tammar Al-Mada'in Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
Iran	Imam Reza shrine Fatima Masumeh Shrine Jamkaran Mosque Shah Cheragh Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz Tomb of Hassan Modarres Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd
Syria	Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque Al-Nuqtah Mosque Uwais al-Qarni Mosque
Lebanon	Al-Nabi Shayth
Palestine	Al-Aqsa

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States
Geographic	Structurae
Other	İslâm Ansiklopedisi