Battle of Hermannstadt: Difference between revisions

Battle of Hermannstadt
	Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe; Ottoman-Hungarian Wars
	; The battle of John Hunyadi at Szeben (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488)
Date	18 March and 22 March 1442
Location	Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), Kingdom of Hungary; (today: Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania)
Result	18 March: Ottoman victory; 22 March: Hungarian victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Hungary	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
John Hunyadi; György Lépes †	Mezid Bey †
Strength
Unknown	16,000 men

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The Battle of Hermannstadt, also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Szeben, was fought between the army of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), modern Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania. The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of Smederevo in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.

Confusion over the location of the battle

The battle in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary between Hunyadi and Mezid Bey: Older historiography places at Szeben^[2]^[3]^[4], while modern historiography places the battle at the Iron Gate Pass (Vaskapu in Hungarian).^[5]^[6] According to historian Tamás Pálosfalvi, the location of the victorious battle has already been convincingly identified by Ottokár Székely near the Iron Gate in south-western Transylvania (Hunyad County). This conclusion is supported by numerous contemporary documents, however, according to Pálosfalvi, unfortunately, some authors continue to rely on the incorrect claims of earlier historiography.^[5]

According to historian Tamás Pálosfalvi, Hunyadi was not present at the first battle.^[5]

Background

In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked Transylvania, where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under Antal Nagy de Buda. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the Transylvanian Saxon lands and Hungarian villages and market towns.^[7]

In 1441 John Hunyadi came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in Serbia and at the Battle of Smederevo got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, proclaimed in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442.^[7] In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 akinji cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to Wallachia at Nicopolis and marching north in formation.^[8]

Battle

On March 18 bishop György Lépes' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.^[9]

Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. Simon Kemény (sometimes: Kamonyai) swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.^[10]

Aftermath

When John Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army in the southern part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania, Hunyadi chased the Ottomans beyond the Hungarian borders and the Hungarian army penetrated Wallachia at the Red Tower Pass, Hunyadi forced Voivode Vlad II Dracul to again be a Hungarian vassal. Later continuing his campaign, Hunyadi also forced the Moldavian voivodes Ilie and Stephen II, who until that time had recognized the authority of the Polish king, to renew their loyalty to the Hungarian king.^[3]

The defeat of Mezid Bey in Transylvania and the surrender of the Wallachian and Moldavian voivodes incited Sultan Murad II to revenge; he was resolved to a general, large-scale retaliatory campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary for the following year, which he intended to lead personally. In order to immediately avenge the defection of the Wallachian voivode and the defeat of Mezid Bey, the Sultan entrusted one of his famous lieutenants, Beylerbey (governor) Şehabeddin of Rumelia, who volunteered for this task with great confidence wishing to punish Wallachia and Transylvania. Sultan Murad II tasked him to not dare return before the conquest of the two territories had been achieved.^[11]^[12]

In the Battle of the Iron Gate, near the Danube, Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by the rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the Siege of Belgrade.^[12]

Citations

^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.
^ Tarján M., Tamás. "Hunyadi János legyőzi a törököket Szebennél" [John Hunyadi defeats the Turks at Szeben]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).
^ ^a ^b Bánlaky, József. "A szebeni csata 1442. március 25-én" [The Battle of Szeben on 25 March 1442]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
^ Babinger 1978, p. 20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2001). "Az 1442. márciusi török hadjárat – Adalékok Hunyadi János első törökellenes harcaihoz" [The Ottoman Campaign of March 1442. Remarks on The First Anti-Ottoman Struggles of János Hunyadi] (PDF). Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review] (in Hungarian). XLIII (1–2). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet [The Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Research Centre for the Humanities – Institute of History]: 43–54.
^ Weiss, David (2020). The Ottoman campaign in Wallachia and the Battle on the River Ialomiţa (1442).
^ ^a ^b Jefferson 2012, p. 282.
^ Jefferson 2012, p. 283.
^ Jefferson 2012, p. 284.
^ Jefferson 2012, p. 285.
^ Bánlaky, József. "A vaskapui diadal 1442 július havában" [The Triumph of the Iron Gate in July 1442]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
^ ^a ^b Jefferson 2012, pp. 290–291.

References

Babinger, Franz (1978). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09900-6.
Jefferson, John (2012). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5.

Sources

Pál Földi. Nagy hadvezérek ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher, ISBN 963-9066-66-4

[1] A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.

[Tarjan-2] Tarján M., Tamás. "Hunyadi János legyőzi a törököket Szebennél" [John Hunyadi defeats the Turks at Szeben]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).

[Banlaky_-_Szeben-3] Bánlaky, József. "A szebeni csata 1442. március 25-én" [The Battle of Szeben on 25 March 1442]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.

[FOOTNOTEBabinger197820-4] Babinger 1978, p. 20.

[Palosfalvi_1442-5] Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2001). "Az 1442. márciusi török hadjárat – Adalékok Hunyadi János első törökellenes harcaihoz" [The Ottoman Campaign of March 1442. Remarks on The First Anti-Ottoman Struggles of János Hunyadi] (PDF). Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review] (in Hungarian). XLIII (1–2). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet [The Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Research Centre for the Humanities – Institute of History]: 43–54.

[Weiss_-_Hunyadi_Ialomita-6] Weiss, David (2020). The Ottoman campaign in Wallachia and the Battle on the River Ialomiţa (1442).

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012282-7] Jefferson 2012, p. 282.

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012283-8] Jefferson 2012, p. 283.

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012284-9] Jefferson 2012, p. 284.

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012285-10] Jefferson 2012, p. 285.

[Banlaky_-_Vaskapu-11] Bánlaky, József. "A vaskapui diadal 1442 július havában" [The Triumph of the Iron Gate in July 1442]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012290–291-12] Jefferson 2012, pp. 290–291.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|15th-century battle during the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars}}
-{{multiple issues|
-{{cleanup-reorganize|date=January 2013}}
-{{confusing|date=January 2013}}
-{{no footnotes|date=January 2013}}
-}}
 {{Infobox Military Conflict
-|conflict=Battle of Hermannstadt
+| conflict          = Battle of Hermannstadt
-|partof=the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]<br />[[Ottoman-Hungarian Wars]]
+| partof            = the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]<br />[[Ottoman-Hungarian Wars]]
+| image             = Thuróczy krónika - A szebeni csata.jpg
-|image=
+| image_size        = 300px
-|date=March 18-March 25, 1442
+| caption           = The battle of [[John Hunyadi]] at Szeben (''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'', 1488)
-|place=[[Sântimbru, Alba|Marosszentimre]] and [[Sibiu|Hermannstadt]], [[Transylvania]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br /><small>(today: ''Sântimbru'' and ''Sibiu, Romania'')</small>
+| date              = 18 March and 22 March 1442
-|result=Hungarian victory<ref>'''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East''', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.</ref>
+| place             = Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br /><small>(today: ''[[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]]'' and ''[[Sibiu]], Romania'')</small>
-|combatant1=[[Image:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Vladislaus_I_(1440–1444).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
+| result            = 18 March: Ottoman victory<br/>22 March: Hungarian victory<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.</ref>
-|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|25px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
+| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Vladislaus I of Hungary.svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
-|commander1=[[John Hunyadi]]<br>[[György Lépes]] †<br>[[Simon Kamonyai]] †
+| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
-|commander2=Mesid bey †<br>Shehabbedin [[Beylerbey]] of [[Rumelia]]
+| commander1        = [[John Hunyadi]]<br>[[György Lépes]]{{KIA}}
-|strength1=10,000 men ([[Hungarian people|Hungarians]], [[Transylvanian Saxons]], [[Vlach]] volunteers and [[Poles|Polish]] cavalry){{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
+| commander2        = Mezid Bey{{KIA}}
-|strength2=ar. 25,000 above all irregulars, and some regulars{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
+| strength1         = Unknown
-|casualties1=3-4,000 killed{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
+| strength2         = 16,000 men
-|casualties2=15-20,000 killed{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
+| casualties1       =
+| casualties2       =
 }}
+{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}The '''Battle of Hermannstadt''', also known as the '''Battle of Sibiu''' or the '''Battle of Szeben''', was fought between the army of the [[Hungarian Kingdom]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), modern [[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]] and [[Sibiu]], [[Romania]]. The Hungarian forces were commanded by [[John Hunyadi]]. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of [[Semendria|Smederevo]] in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.
-{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
-The '''Battle of Hermannstadt''', also known as the '''Battle of Sibiu''' or the '''Battle of Szeben''', was fought between the army of the [[Hungarian Kingdom]] and the [[Ottoman Turks]] on March 18 and March 25, 1442, near [[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]] (Marosszentimre) and [[Hermannstadt]] (Sibiu, Szeben). The Hungarian forces were commanded by [[John Hunyadi]]. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of [[Semendria|Smederevo]] in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.
+== Confusion over the location of the battle ==
-==Background==
+The battle in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary between Hunyadi and Mezid Bey: Older historiography places at Szeben<ref name="Tarjan">{{cite journal |last=Tarján M. |first=Tamás |title=Hunyadi János legyőzi a törököket Szebennél |trans-title=John Hunyadi defeats the Turks at Szeben |url=https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1442-marcius-25-hunyadi-janos-legyozi-a-torokoket-szebennel |journal=Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) |language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref name="Banlaky - Szeben">{{Cite book |last=Bánlaky |first=József |title=A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme |location=Budapest |language=Hungarian |trans-title=The Military History of the Hungarian Nation |chapter=A szebeni csata 1442. március 25-én |trans-chapter=The Battle of Szeben on 25 March 1442 |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0010/745.html}}</ref>{{sfn|Babinger|1978|p=20}}, while modern historiography places the battle at the Iron Gate Pass (''Vaskapu'' in Hungarian).<ref name="Palosfalvi 1442">{{Cite journal |last=Pálosfalvi |first=Tamás |date=2001 |title=Az 1442. márciusi török hadjárat – Adalékok Hunyadi János első törökellenes harcaihoz |trans-title=The Ottoman Campaign of March 1442. Remarks on The First Anti-Ottoman Struggles of János Hunyadi |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/5742/1/TortenelmiSzemle_2001.pdf |journal=Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review] |language=Hungarian |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet [The Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Research Centre for the Humanities – Institute of History] |volume=XLIII |issue=1–2 |pages=43–54}}</ref><ref name="Weiss - Hunyadi Ialomita">{{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=David |url=https://www.academia.edu/44718244/The_Ottoman_campaign_in_Wallachia_and_the_Battle_on_the_River_Ialomi%C5%A3a_1442_ |title=The Ottoman campaign in Wallachia and the Battle on the River Ialomiţa (1442) |date=2020}}</ref> According to historian Tamás Pálosfalvi, the location of the victorious battle has already been convincingly identified by Ottokár Székely near the Iron Gate in south-western Transylvania ([[Hunyad County]]). This conclusion is supported by numerous contemporary documents, however, according to Pálosfalvi, unfortunately, some authors continue to rely on the incorrect claims of earlier historiography.<ref name="Palosfalvi 1442" />
+According to historian Tamás Pálosfalvi, Hunyadi was not present at the first battle.<ref name="Palosfalvi 1442" />
-The Hungarian Kingdom in the 14th century was in conflict with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Louis I of Hungary]] in [[Bulgaria]] was a match for the Turks, but the [[Wallachia]]n voivods would not support the Hungarians.<br>
-In the [[Battle of Nicopolis]] the Ottoman army crushed the Hungarian-European crusaders and their Wallachian allies. In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked [[Transylvania]], where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under [[Antal Nagy de Buda]]. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon lands]] and Hungarian villages and market towns.
+==Background==
-In 1441 John Hunyadi came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in [[Serbia]] and at the [[Battle of Smederevo]] got the best of Ishak bey. [[Murad II]] wanted revenge, and gave the task to Mesid Bey in Transylvania.
+In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked [[Transylvania]], where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under [[Antal Nagy de Buda]]. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon lands]] and Hungarian villages and market towns.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}}
+In 1441 [[John Hunyadi]] came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in [[Serbian Despotate|Serbia]] and at the Battle of Smederevo got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, [[Murad II]], proclaimed  in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}} In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 ''[[akinji]]'' cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to [[Wallachia]] at [[Nicopolis]] and marching north in formation.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=283}}
-==Forces==
+==Battle==
-The army of Mesid Bey numbered 17,000 men. He was joined by Shehabbedin [[Beylerbey]] of [[Rumelia]]. His forces allegedly quadrupled Mesid's army, but may actually have just been equal to Mesid's forces. Many were presumably not regular forces, but some were [[janissary]] and [[sipahi|spakh]].
+On March 18 bishop [[György Lépes]]' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=284}}
+Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. [[Simon Kemény]] (sometimes: Kamonyai) swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=285}}
-Hunyadi's forces consisted of Hungarian, Transylvanian and Saxon forces, with some Polish and Romanian soldiers. The commander of the vanguard detachment was bishop [[György Lépes]]. Lépes was responsible for the outbreak of the [[Budai Nagy Antal Revolt|Transylvanian peasant-revolt]] in 1437. Hunyadi's forces numbered about 10,000 men.
-==Battle==
+== Aftermath ==
+When [[John Hunyadi]] defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army in the southern part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in [[Transylvania]], Hunyadi chased the Ottomans beyond the Hungarian borders and the Hungarian army penetrated [[Wallachia]] at the [[Turnu Roșu Pass|Red Tower Pass]], Hunyadi forced Voivode [[Vlad II Dracul]] to again be a Hungarian vassal. Later continuing his campaign, Hunyadi also forced the [[Moldavia|Moldavian]] voivodes [[Iliaș of Moldavia|Ilie]] and [[Stephen II of Moldavia|Stephen II]], who until that time had recognized the authority of the Polish king, to renew their loyalty to the Hungarian king.<ref name="Banlaky - Szeben" />
-On March 18 Lépes' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mesid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mesid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mesid beheaded the bishop.
+The defeat of Mezid Bey in Transylvania and the surrender of the Wallachian and Moldavian voivodes incited Sultan [[Murad II]] to revenge; he was resolved to a general, large-scale retaliatory campaign against the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Kingdom of Hungary]] for the following year, which he intended to lead personally. In order to immediately avenge the defection of the Wallachian voivode and the defeat of Mezid Bey, the Sultan entrusted one of his famous lieutenants, ''[[Beylerbey]]'' (governor) [[Hadım Şehabeddin|Şehabeddin]] of [[Rumelia]], who volunteered for this task with great confidence wishing to punish Wallachia and Transylvania. Sultan [[Murad II]] tasked him to not dare return before the conquest of the two territories had been achieved.<ref name="Banlaky - Vaskapu">{{Cite book |last=Bánlaky |first=József |title=A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme |location=Budapest |language=Hungarian |trans-title=The Military History of the Hungarian Nation |chapter=A vaskapui diadal 1442 július havában |trans-chapter=The Triumph of the Iron Gate in July 1442 |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0010/747.html}}</ref>{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=290–291}}
-Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. [[Simon Kamonyai]] swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, and crushed the Turks. Mesid was killed, while Shehabbedin escaped with the remaining Ottomans. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.
+In the [[Battle of the Iron Gate]], near the [[Danube]], Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by the rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|Siege of Belgrade]].{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=290–291}}
-==Outcome==
-In the two battles, 3-4,000 Hungarian and 15-20,000 Ottoman soldiers were killed{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}. Out of revenge Shehabbedin again entered Transylvania. In the [[Battle of the Iron Gate]], near the [[Danube]], he was defeated.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
-==Notes==
+== Citations ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
+== References ==
+* {{Cite book |last=Babinger |first=Franz |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmedconqueror00fran |title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-691-09900-6 |url-access=registration}}
+* {{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=John |title=The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] |isbn=978-90-04-21904-5 }}
 ==Sources==
-*Pál Földi. ''Nagy hadvezérek'' ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher, ISBN 963-9066-66-4
+*Pál Földi. ''Nagy hadvezérek'' ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher, {{ISBN|963-9066-66-4}}
-{{coord missing|Romania}}
+{{coord missing|Alba County}}
+{{coord missing|Sibiu County}}
-[[Category:1442 in Europe]]
+[[Category:Battles involving Hungary|Hermannstadt]]
-[[Category:15th century in Hungary]]
-[[Category:15th century in Romania]]
-[[Category:Alba County]]
 [[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Hermannstadt]]
 [[Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars|Hermannstadt]]
-[[Category:Conflicts in 1442]]
-[[Category:Military history of Romania]]
 [[Category:Battles involving Transylvania|Hermannstadt]]
-[[Category:15th century in the Ottoman Empire]]
+[[Category:Military history of Hungary]]
+[[Category:History of Sibiu County]]
+[[Category:15th century in Hungary]]
 [[Category:15th century in Transylvania]]
-[[Category:1442 in Hungary]]
+[[Category:15th century in Romania]]
+[[Category:1440s in the Ottoman Empire]]
+[[Category:Conflicts in 1442|Hermannstadt]]
+[[Category:1442 in Europe]]