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{{Short description|Bird in family Phasianidae}}
{{Short description|Bird in family Phasianidae}}
{{About|the animal|other uses}}
{{About|the animal|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Peasant}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Paraphyletic group
{{Paraphyletic group
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| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image = Pheasant.jpg
| image_caption = Mongolian ringneck-type<br />[[common pheasant]] Male
| image_caption = Mongolian ringneck-type<br />[[common pheasant]] Male
| taxon = Phasianidae
| parent = Phasianidae
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1821
| includes = *''[[Argusianus]]''
| includes = *''[[Argusianus]]''
*''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]''
*''[[Cheer pheasant|Catreus]]''
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*[[Coturnicini]]
*[[Coturnicini]]
*[[Gallini (bird)|Gallini]]
*[[Gallini (bird)|Gallini]]
⚫
*''[[Tropicoperdix]]''
*[[Peafowl|Pavonina]]
*[[Peafowl|Pavonina]]
*''[[Galloperdix]]''
*''[[Galloperdix]]''
*''[[Haematortyx]]''
*''[[Haematortyx]]''
⚫
*''[[Tropicoperdix]]''
}}
}}
⚫
[[File:Pheasant Fowling Showing how to catch Pheasants Fac simile of a Miniature in the Manuscript of the Livre du Roy Modus Fourteenth Century.png|thumb|Pheasant fowling, "Showing how to catch pheasants", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the "Livre du Roy Modus" (fourteenth century).]]

[[File:Catreus wallichii.jpg|thumb|Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, India]]
'''Pheasants''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|z|ə|n|t}}) are birds of several genera within the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Phasianidae]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies [[Phasianinae]] and [[Peafowl|Pavoninae]], and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in [[Perdicinae]], [[Grouse|Tetraoninae]], and [[Meleagridinae]]) than to other pheasants.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-01|title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=158|pages=107091|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091|issn=1055-7903|last1=Kimball|first1=Rebecca T.|last2=Hosner|first2=Peter A.|last3=Braun|first3=Edward L.|pmid=33545275|s2cid=231963063}}</ref>
'''Pheasants''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|z|ə|n|t|s}} {{respell|FEH|zənts}}) are birds of several genera within the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Phasianidae]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Galliformes]]. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera's native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies [[Phasianinae]] and [[Peafowl|Pavoninae]], and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in [[Perdicinae]], [[Grouse|Tetraoninae]], and [[Meleagridinae]]) than to other pheasants.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-05-01|title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=158|pages=107091|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091|issn=1055-7903|last1=Kimball|first1=Rebecca T.|last2=Hosner|first2=Peter A.|last3=Braun|first3=Edward L.|pmid=33545275|bibcode=2021MolPE.15807091K |s2cid=231963063}}</ref>


Pheasants are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly decorated with bright [[colour]]s and adornments such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]]. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young.
Pheasants are characterised by strong [[sexual dimorphism]], males being highly decorated with bright [[colour]]s and adornments such as [[wattle (anatomy)|wattles]]. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young.


A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned.
Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails.

Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to endangered native adders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/adder-extinct-across-britain-snake-threat-game-birds-release|title=Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'|work=Guardian newspapers|author=Nicolas Milton|date=1 Oct 2020}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=March 2023}}


The best-known is the [[common pheasant]], which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the [[golden pheasant]] (''Chrysolophus pictus'').
The best-known is the [[common pheasant]], which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in [[Aviary|aviaries]], such as the [[golden pheasant]] (''Chrysolophus pictus'').


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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***(''L. n. rongjiangensis'') [intraspecific taxonomy is shaky at best] -->
***(''L. n. rongjiangensis'') [intraspecific taxonomy is shaky at best] -->
***[[Imperial pheasant]] (''L. imperialis'')
***[[Imperial pheasant]] (''L. imperialis'')
***[[Edward's pheasant]] (''L. edwardsi'')
***[[Edwards's pheasant]] (''L. edwardsi'')
***[[Vietnamese pheasant]] (''L. hatinhensis'')
***[[Vietnamese pheasant]] (''L. hatinhensis'')
***[[Swinhoe's pheasant]] (''L. swinhoii'')
***[[Swinhoe's pheasant]] (''L. swinhoii'')
***[[Hoogerwerf's pheasant]] (''L. hoogerwerfi)''
***[[Salvadori's pheasant]] (''L. inornata'')
***[[Salvadori's pheasant]] (''L. inornata'')
***[[Crestless fireback]] (''L. erythrophthalma'')
****[[Hoogerwerf's pheasant]] (''L. i. hoogerwerfi)''
****Malayan crestless fireback (''L. e. erythrophthalma'')
***[[Malayan crestless fireback]] (''L. erythrophthalma'')
****Bornean crestless fireback (''L. e. pyronota'')
***[[Bornean crestless fireback]] (''L. pyronota'')
***[[Crested fireback]] (''L. ignita'')
***[[Bornean crested fireback]] (''L. ignita'')
****Lesser Bornean crested fireback (''L. i. ignita'')
****Lesser Bornean crested fireback (''L. i. ignita'')
****Greater Bornean crested fireback (''L. i. nobilis'')
****Greater Bornean crested fireback (''L. i. nobilis'')
****Vieilott's crested fireback (''L. i. rufa'')
***[[Malayan crested fireback]] (''L. rufa'')
****Delacour's crested fireback (''L. i. macartneyi'')
***[[Siamese fireback]] (''L. diardi'')
***[[Siamese fireback]] (''L. diardi'')
***[[Bulwer's pheasant]] (''L. bulweri'')
***[[Bulwer's pheasant]] (''L. bulweri'')
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****[[Bornean peacock-pheasant]] (''P. schleiermacheri'')
****[[Bornean peacock-pheasant]] (''P. schleiermacheri'')
****[[Palawan peacock-pheasant]] (''P. emphanum'')
****[[Palawan peacock-pheasant]] (''P. emphanum'')

⚫
[[Image:Pheasant Fowling Showing how to catch Pheasants Fac simile of a Miniature in the Manuscript of the Livre du Roy Modus Fourteenth Century.png|right|thumb|Pheasant fowling, "Showing how to catch pheasants", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the "Livre du Roy Modus" (fourteenth century).]] [[File:Catreus wallichii.jpg|thumb|Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, India]]


===Previous classifications{{Anchor|Euplocamus}}===
===Previous classifications{{Anchor|Euplocamus}}===
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*[[William Beebe|Beebe, William]]. 1918-22. ''A Monograph of the Pheasants.'' 1st edition in 4 volumes: H. F. Witherby, London. Reprint: 1990, Dover Publications.(4 volumes bound as 2). {{ISBN|0-486-26579-X}} and {{ISBN|0-486-26580-3}}. Republished as: ''Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes''. 2 vols. 1926. Single volume edition: [[New York Zoological Society]], 1936.)
*[[William Beebe|Beebe, William]]. 1918-22. ''A Monograph of the Pheasants.'' 1st edition in 4 volumes: H. F. Witherby, London. Reprint: 1990, Dover Publications.(4 volumes bound as 2). {{ISBN|0-486-26579-X}} and {{ISBN|0-486-26580-3}}. Republished as: ''Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes''. 2 vols. 1926. Single volume edition: [[New York Zoological Society]], 1936.)
*Green-Armytage, Stephen. 2002. ''Extraordinary Pheasants.''[[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]], New York. Book {{ISBN|0-8109-1007-1}}.
*[[Stephen Green-Armytage|Green-Armytage, Stephen]]. 2002. ''Extraordinary Pheasants.''[[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]], New York. Book {{ISBN|0-8109-1007-1}}.
* Madge and McGowan, ''Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse'' {{ISBN|0-7136-3966-0}}
* Madge and McGowan, ''Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse'' {{ISBN|0-7136-3966-0}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pheasants-partridges-phasianidae Videos of pheasants] in the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pheasants-partridges-phasianidae Videos of pheasants] in the Internet Bird Collection
*[https://nongnghiep365.net/ga-loi-dac-diem-va-cach-chan-nuoi-cham-soc-dung-cach/ Pheasant]


{{Birds}}
{{Phasianidae|state=expanded}}
{{Phasianidae|state=expanded}}
{{Meat}}


[[Category:Phasianidae]]
[[Category:Phasianidae]]

Latest revision as of 16:50, 11 December 2024

This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Pheasant (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Peasant.

Pheasant
Mongolian ringneck-type common pheasant Male
Mongolian ringneck-type
common pheasant Male
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Superfamily: Phasianoidea
Family: Phasianidae
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Pheasant fowling, "Showing how to catch pheasants", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the "Livre du Roy Modus" (fourteenth century).
Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, India

Pheasants (/ˈfɛzənts/ FEH-zənts) are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera's native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in Perdicinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) than to other pheasants.[1]

Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young.

A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned.

Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to endangered native adders.[2][dubious – discuss]

The best-known is the common pheasant, which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus).

Etymology

[edit]

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "pheasant" ultimately comes from Phasis, the ancient name of what is now called the Rioni River in Georgia. It passed from Greek to Latin to French (spelled with an initial "f") then to English, appearing for the first time in English around 1299.[3]

Species in taxonomic order

[edit]

This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species.

Previous classifications

[edit]

Euplocamus and Gennceus are older names more or less corresponding to the current Lophura.

These old genera were used for:

Vernacular Hume & Marshall Finn: Sporting Birds Finn: Game Birds Contemporary
Vieillot's crested fireback E. vielloti Lophura rufa (sic) L. ignita rufa
Black-backed kalij E. melanonotus G. melanonotus L. leucomelanos melanota
Common or white-crested kalij E. albocristatus G. albocristatus L. leucomelanos hamiltoni
Nepal kalij E. leucomelanus G. leucomelanus L. leucomelanos leucomelanos
Purple, Horsfield's or black-breasted kalij E. horsfieldi G. horsfieldi L. leucomelanos lathami
Lineated kalij E. lineatus G. lineatus also: Burmese silver pheasant L. leucomelanos lineata
Anderson's silver pheasant ? G. andersoni, considered hybrid of L. nycthemera and L. l. lineata L. nycthemera andersoni (invalid)
Crawfurd's silver pheasant (or Crawford's? ) E. andersoni considered a further cross of Anderson's and L. l. lineata ?
Crawfurd's kalij (same as C.'s silver pheasant?) ? G. andersoni L. leucomelanos crawfurdi
Cuvier's kalij ? G. cuvieri ?
Oates's kalij ? G. oatesi L. leucomelanos oatesi
Whitehead's silver pheasant ? G. whiteheadi ?
Swinhoe's kalij ? G. swinhoii L. swinhoii

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. Bibcode:2021MolPE.15807091K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.
  2. ^ Nicolas Milton (1 Oct 2020). "Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'". Guardian newspapers.
  3. ^ "pheasant". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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