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{{Short description|Genus of fruit trees}}
{{Short description|Service berry}}
{{Hatnote|Serviceberry redirects here; see also [[Service tree]].}}
{{Hatnote|Serviceberry redirects here; see also [[Service tree]].}}
{{redirect|June berry|the artist|June Berry}}
{{redirect|June berry|the artist|June Berry}}
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'''''Amelanchier''''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|m|ə|ˈ|l|æ|n|ʃ|ɪər}} {{respell|am-ə|LAN|sheer}}),<ref>{{OED|amelanchier}}</ref> also known as '''shadbush''', '''shadwood''' or '''shadblow''', '''serviceberry''' or '''sarvisberry''' (or just '''sarvis'''), '''juneberry''', '''saskatoon''', '''sugarplum''', '''wild-plum'''<ref name=FNA>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101333 Campbell, C. S., Dibble, A. C., Frye, C. T., & Burgess, M. B. (2015). ''Amelanchier''. In FNA Editorial Committee, ''Flora of North America'' 9. Magnoliophyta: Rosidae (in part): Rosales (in part). Oxford University Press, New York.]</ref> or '''chuckley pear''',<ref name=dfnl>A Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador Vascular Plants: [http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/genus_amelanchier_index.htm ''Genus Amelanchier'']</ref> is a [[genus]] of about 20 species of [[deciduous]]-leaved [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s in the rose family ([[Rosaceae]]).
'''''Amelanchier''''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|m|ə|ˈ|l|æ|n|ʃ|ɪər}} {{respell|am-ə|LAN|sheer}}),<ref>{{OED|amelanchier}}</ref> also known as '''shadbush''', '''shadwood''' or '''shadblow''', '''serviceberry''' or '''sarvisberry''' (or just '''sarvis'''), '''juneberry''', '''saskatoon''', '''sugarplum''', '''wild-plum'''<ref name=FNA>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101333 Campbell, C. S., Dibble, A. C., Frye, C. T., & Burgess, M. B. (2015). ''Amelanchier''. In FNA Editorial Committee, ''Flora of North America'' 9. Magnoliophyta: Rosidae (in part): Rosales (in part). Oxford University Press, New York.]</ref> or '''chuckley pear''',<ref name=dfnl>A Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador Vascular Plants: [http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/genus_amelanchier_index.htm ''Genus Amelanchier'']</ref> is a [[genus]] of about 20 species of [[deciduous]]-leaved [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s in the rose family ([[Rosaceae]]).


''Amelanchier'' is native to temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], growing primarily in [[Ecological succession|early successional habitats]]. It is most diverse taxonomically in [[North America]], especially in the northeastern [[United States]] and adjacent southeastern [[Canada]], and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except [[Hawaii]] and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in [[Asia]], and one in [[Europe]]. The taxonomic classification of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus, from 6 to 33, in two recent publications.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Landry P | year = 1975 | title = Le concept d'espece et la taxonomie du genre Amelanchier (Rosacees) | journal = Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. | volume = 122 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 43–252 | doi = 10.1080/00378941.1975.10839332 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Phipps J. B. | author2 = Robertson K. R. | author3 = Smith P. G.| author4 = Rohrer J. R. | year = 1990 | title = A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae) | journal = Can. J. Bot. | volume = 68 | issue = 10 | pages = 2209–2269 | doi = 10.1139/b90-288 }}</ref> A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], [[polyploidy]], and [[apomixis]] (asexual seed production), making [[species]] difficult to characterize and identify.<ref name=umaine>University of Maine: [http://amelanchier.umaine-biology.net/ ''Amelanchier'' Systematics and Evolution]</ref>
''Amelanchier'' is native to temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], growing primarily in [[Ecological succession|early successional habitats]]. It is most diverse taxonomically in [[North America]], especially in the northeastern [[United States]] and adjacent southeastern [[Canada]], and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except [[Hawaii]] and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in [[Asia]], and one in [[Europe]]. The taxonomic classification of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus, from 6 to 33, in two recent publications.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Landry P | year = 1975 | title = Le concept d'espece et la taxonomie du genre Amelanchier (Rosacees) | journal = Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. | volume = 122 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 43–252 | doi = 10.1080/00378941.1975.10839332 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1975BSBF..122..243L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Phipps J. B. | author2 = Robertson K. R. | author3 = Smith P. G.| author4 = Rohrer J. R. | year = 1990 | title = A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae) | journal = Can. J. Bot. | volume = 68 | issue = 10 | pages = 2209–2269 | doi = 10.1139/b90-288 }}</ref> A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], [[polyploidy]], and [[apomixis]] (asexual seed production), making [[species]] difficult to characterize and identify.<ref name=umaine>University of Maine: [http://amelanchier.umaine-biology.net/ ''Amelanchier'' Systematics and Evolution]</ref>


A [[pome|pome fruit]], the berries are commonly consumed by wildlife and picked by humans for uses in baked goods. The Canadian city of [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]] is named after the berry via a [[Cree]] term describing the sweet fruit which was wild-harvested for food by Aboriginal people and early settlers of western Canada.<ref name="canada">{{cite web |title=Saskatoon berry |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saskatoon-berry |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=13 July 2024 |date=2024}}</ref>
⚫
The various species of ''Amelanchier'' grow to 0.2–20 m tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches ([[vegetative reproduction|clones]]). The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The [[leaf|leaves]] are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5&nbsp;cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity. The [[inflorescence]]s are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in [[raceme]]s with 4–20 flowers. The [[flowers]] have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25&nbsp;mm long, with the petals in one species (''A. nantucketensis'') often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the [[shad]] run" according to North-American tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The [[fruit]] is a berry-like [[pome]], red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15&nbsp;mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.<ref name=umaine/>


==Description==
''Amelanchier'' plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife.
The various species of ''Amelanchier'' grow to {{cvt|0.2–20|m}} tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches ([[vegetative reproduction|clones]]). The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The [[leaf|leaves]] are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5&nbsp;cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

⚫
The [[inflorescence]]s are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in [[raceme]]s with 4–20 flowers. The [[flowers]] have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25&nbsp;mm long, with the petals in one species (''A. nantucketensis'') often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the [[shad]] run" according to North-American tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The [[fruit]] is a berry-like [[pome]], red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15&nbsp;mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.<ref name=umaine/>

''Amelanchier'' plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife. Some orchards are cultivated in the [[Canadian Prairies|Canadian prairie provinces]] which are subjected to severe winter cold of {{cvt|-60|C|F}}, indicating the [[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]] of the plant having a lifespan up to 50 years.<ref name=canada/>


==Species==
==Species==
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|[[File:Amelanchier bartramiana 15-p.bot-amel.bartra-03.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier bartramiana]]'' {{small|(Tausch) M.Roem.}} || mountain shadbush ||E. Canada to NE. U.S.A
|[[File:Amelanchier bartramiana 15-p.bot-amel.bartra-03.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier bartramiana]]'' {{small|(Tausch) M.Roem.}} || mountain shadbush ||E. Canada to NE. U.S.A
|-
|-
|[[File:加拿大唐棣 Amelanchier canadensis -上海辰山植物園 Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden- (17262961731).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier canadensis]]'' {{small|(L.) Medik.}} || Canada serviceberry, shadblow serviceberry,<ref name=uky>{{Cite web |title=Shadblow Serviceberry {{!}} Department of Horticulture |url=https://www.uky.edu/hort/Shadblow-Serviceberry |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.uky.edu}}</ref> bilberry,<ref name=cwf1>Canadian Wildlife Federation: [http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/serviceberries.html ''Serviceberries'']</ref> eastern shadbush, Indian pear ||Canada from Newfoundland west to southern Ontario, and in the United States from Maine south to Alabama.
|[[File:加拿大唐棣 Amelanchier canadensis -上海辰山植物園 Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden- (17262961731).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier canadensis]]'' {{small|(L.) Medik.}} || Canada serviceberry, shadblow serviceberry,<ref name=uky>{{Cite web |title=Shadblow Serviceberry {{!}} Department of Horticulture |url=https://www.uky.edu/hort/Shadblow-Serviceberry |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.uky.edu}}</ref> bilberry,<ref name=cwf1>Canadian Wildlife Federation: [http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/serviceberries.html ''Serviceberries'']</ref> eastern shadbush, Indian pear ||Canada from Newfoundland west to southern Ontario, and in the United States from Maine south to Alabama.
|-
|-
| ||''[[Amelanchier cretica]]'' {{small|(Willd.) DC.}} || || South eastern Europe
| ||''[[Amelanchier cretica]]'' {{small|(Willd.) DC.}} || || South eastern Europe
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|[[File:Amelanchier laevis 15-p.bot-amel.laevi-17.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier laevis]]'' {{small| Wiegand}} || smooth shadbush, smooth serviceberry,<ref>smooth serviceberry, TD Tree Bee, https://treebee.ca/trees/smooth-serviceberry/</ref> Allegheny serviceberry ||eastern Canada and the eastern United States, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Minnesota, and Iowa, south as far as Georgia and Alabama.
|[[File:Amelanchier laevis 15-p.bot-amel.laevi-17.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier laevis]]'' {{small| Wiegand}} || smooth shadbush, smooth serviceberry,<ref>smooth serviceberry, TD Tree Bee, https://treebee.ca/trees/smooth-serviceberry/</ref> Allegheny serviceberry ||eastern Canada and the eastern United States, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Minnesota, and Iowa, south as far as Georgia and Alabama.
|-
|-
|[[File:Amelanchier nantucketensis (Nantucket Juneberry) (34321014735).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier nantucketensis]]'' {{small| E.P.Bicknell}} || Nantucket serviceberry ||New York, Maryland, Virginia, Maine, and Nova Scotia.
|[[File:Amelanchier nantucketensis (Nantucket Juneberry) (34321014735).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier nantucketensis]]'' {{small| E.P.Bicknell}} || Nantucket serviceberry ||New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, Maine, and Nova Scotia.
|-
|-
|[[File:1024 Felsenbirne (Amelanchier obovalis)-2247.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier obovalis]]'' {{small| (Michx.) Ashe}} || Southern Juneberry, Coastal serviceberry || United States (from New Jersey to Georgia)
|[[File:1024 Felsenbirne (Amelanchier obovalis)-2247.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier obovalis]]'' {{small| (Michx.) Ashe}} || Southern Juneberry, Coastal serviceberry || United States (from New Jersey to Georgia)
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|[[File:Blutrote Felsenbirne (Amelanchier sanguinea) 5868.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier sanguinea]]'' {{small| (Pursh) DC.}} || red-twigged shadbush or roundleaf serviceberry ||New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Canada to northeastern United States, and the Great Lakes region and south as far as northern Georgia
|[[File:Blutrote Felsenbirne (Amelanchier sanguinea) 5868.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier sanguinea]]'' {{small| (Pursh) DC.}} || red-twigged shadbush or roundleaf serviceberry ||New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Canada to northeastern United States, and the Great Lakes region and south as far as northern Georgia
|-
|-
|[[File:Amelanchier asiatica var. sinica 2016-05-17 0126b.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier sinica]]'' {{small| (C.K.Schneid.) Chun}} || Chinese serviceberry<ref name=foc2>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010605 ''Amelanchier sinica'']</ref> ||Central & South China.
|[[File:Amelanchier asiatica var. sinica 2016-05-17 0126b.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Amelanchier sinica]]'' {{small| (C.K.Schneid.) Chun}} || Chinese serviceberry<ref name=foc2>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010605 ''Amelanchier sinica'']</ref> ||Central & South China.
|-
|-
| ||''[[Amelanchier stolonifera]]'' {{small| Wiegand}} || running serviceberry ||E. Canada to N. Central & NE. U.S.A.
| ||''[[Amelanchier stolonifera]]'' {{small| Wiegand}} || running serviceberry ||E. Canada to N. Central & NE. U.S.A.
|-
|-
| ||''[[Amelanchier turkestanica]]'' {{small| Litv.}} || ||Kazakhstan (Bayanaul Hills)
| ||''[[Amelanchier turkestanica]]'' {{small| Litv.}} || ||Kazakhstan (Bayanaul Hills)
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|}
|}


===Natural Hybrids===
===Natural hybrids===
*''[[Amelanchier × lamarckii]]'' {{small| F.G.Schroed.}} ( A. arborea × A. laevis.)– Juneberry
* ''[[Amelanchier × lamarckii]]'' {{small| F.G.Schroed.}} ( A. arborea × A. laevis.)– Juneberry
*''[[Amelanchier × neglecta]]'' {{small| Eggl. ex K.R.Cushman, M.B.Burgess, E.T.Doucette & C.S.Campb.}} (A. bartramiana × A. laevis.)
* ''[[Amelanchier × neglecta]]'' {{small| Eggl. ex K.R.Cushman, M.B.Burgess, E.T.Doucette & C.S.Campb.}} (A. bartramiana × A. laevis.)
*''[[Amelanchier × quinti-martii]]'' {{small| Louis-Marie}} (A. arborea × A. bartramiana. )
* ''[[Amelanchier × quinti-martii]]'' {{small| Louis-Marie}} (A. arborea × A. bartramiana. )
* ''[[Amelanchier × spicata]]'' {{small|(Lam.) K.Koch}} (A. alnifolia × A. humilis.) - low juneberry

===Garden hybrids===
===Garden hybrids===
Since classifications have varied greatly over the past century, species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Several natural or horticultural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s also exist, and many ''A. arborea'' and ''A. canadensis'' plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species. [[Amelanchier × grandiflora|''A''. × ''grandiflora'']] is another hybrid of garden origin, between ''A. arborea'' and ''A. laevis''. The cultivar 'La Paloma' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/167959/i-Amelanchier-i-La-Paloma/Details
Since classifications have varied greatly over the past century, species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Several natural or horticultural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s also exist, and many ''A. arborea'' and ''A. canadensis'' plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species. [[Amelanchier × grandiflora|''A''. × ''grandiflora'']] is another hybrid of garden origin, between ''A. arborea'' and ''A. laevis''. The cultivar 'La Paloma' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/167959/i-Amelanchier-i-La-Paloma/Details
| title = ''Amelanchier'' 'La Paloma
| title = ''Amelanchier'' 'La Paloma
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | date=2017 | access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | date=2017 | access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
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The origin of the generic name ''Amelanchier'' is probably derived from ''amalenquièr'', ''amelanchièr'', the [[Occitan language|Provençal]] names of the European ''[[Amelanchier ovalis]]''.<ref name=jeps>Jepson Flora: [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Amelanchier+alnifolia ''Amelanchier alnifolia'']</ref>
The origin of the generic name ''Amelanchier'' is probably derived from ''amalenquièr'', ''amelanchièr'', the [[Occitan language|Provençal]] names of the European ''[[Amelanchier ovalis]]''.<ref name=jeps>Jepson Flora: [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Amelanchier+alnifolia ''Amelanchier alnifolia'']</ref>


The name ''serviceberry'' comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European ''[[Sorbus]]''.
The name ''serviceberry'' comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European ''[[Sorbus]]''.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name saskatoon originated from a Cree noun ''misâskwatômina'' (''misāskwatōmina'', ''misaaskwatoomina'') for ''[[Amelanchier alnifolia]]''.<ref name=canada/> The city of [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]], is named after this plant.<ref name=canada/>

A fanciful etymology explains the name 'serviceberry' by noting that the flowers bloom about the time roads in the Appalachian mountains became passable, allowing circuit-riding preachers to resume church services. A similar etymology says that blooming serviceberry indicated the ground had thawed enough to dig graves, so burial services could be held for those who died in the winter when the only way to deal with the bodies was to allow them to freeze and wait for spring. Both of these fanciful etymologies are unlikely to be correct since the term is attested for both English and New World species as early as the 16th century, well before settlement of English North America,<ref>Oxford English Dictionary http://www.oed.com</ref> and serviceberry is far from unique in blossoming early in the year.

Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name saskatoon originated from a [[Cree]] noun ''misâskwatômina'' (''misāskwatōmina'', ''misaaskwatoomina'') for ''[[Amelanchier alnifolia]]''. The city of [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]], is named after this plant.


Shadberry refers to the [[shad]] runs in certain New England streams, which generally took place about when the trees bloomed.<ref name=uky/>
Shadberry refers to the [[shad]] runs in certain New England streams, which generally took place about when the trees bloomed.<ref name=uky/>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''Amelanchier'' plants are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. [[Caterpillar]]s of such [[Lepidoptera]] as [[brimstone moth]], [[brown-tail]], [[grey dagger]], [[mottled umber]], [[rough prominent]], [[Satellite (moth)|the satellite]], [[winter moth]], and the red-spotted purple and the white admiral (both ''[[Limenitis arthemis]]''), as well as various other herbivorous insects feed on ''Amelanchier.'' Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' rust. In years when late flowers of ''Amelanchier'' overlap those of [[Rose|wild roses]] and [[Rubus|brambles]], bees may spread bacterial [[fireblight]].
''Amelanchier'' plants are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. [[Caterpillar]]s of such [[Lepidoptera]] as the [[brimstone moth]], [[brown-tail]], [[grey dagger]], [[mottled umber]], [[rough prominent]], [[Satellite (moth)|satellite]], [[winter moth]], red-spotted purple and white admiral (both ''[[Limenitis arthemis]]''), as well as various other herbivorous insects feed on ''Amelanchier.'' Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' rust. In years when late flowers of ''Amelanchier'' overlap those of [[Rose|wild roses]] and [[Rubus|brambles]], bees may spread bacterial [[fireblight]].


==Uses and cultivation==
==Uses and cultivation==
[[File:Amelanchier ovalis3.JPG|thumb|right|Fruit and leaves of ''Amelanchier ovalis'']]
[[File:Amelanchier ovalis3.JPG|thumb|right|Fruit and leaves of ''Amelanchier ovalis'']]
The fruit of several species are excellent to eat raw, sweetish, and strongly accented by the almond-like flavour of the seeds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/200/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=200|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> Selections from ''[[Amelanchier alnifolia]]'' have been chosen for fruit production, with several named [[cultivar]]s.<ref name=register>{{cite book|author=American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1997|title=The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties, 3rd ed.|publisher=ASHS Press}}</ref> Other cultivars appear to be derived from hybridization between ''A. alnifolia'' and ''[[Amelanchier stolonifera|A. stolonifera]]''.<ref name=register/> Propagation is by seed, divisions, and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts onto other genera, such as ''[[Crataegus]]'' and ''[[Sorbus]]'', are often successful.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
The fruit of several species is safe to eat raw, possessing a mild sweetness strongly accented by the almond-like flavour of the seeds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/200/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=200|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> Selections from ''[[Amelanchier alnifolia]]'' have been chosen for fruit production, with several named [[cultivar]]s.<ref name=register>{{cite book|author=American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1997|title=The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties, 3rd ed.|publisher=ASHS Press}}</ref> Other cultivars appear to be derived from hybridization between ''A. alnifolia'' and ''[[Amelanchier stolonifera|A. stolonifera]]''.<ref name=register/> Propagation is by seed, divisions, and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts onto other genera, such as ''[[Crataegus]]'' and ''[[Sorbus]]'', are often successful.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}


The fruit can be harvested for pies, muffins, jams, and wine.<ref name=":0" /> The [[saskatoon berry]] is harvested commercially. One version of the Native American food [[pemmican]] was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with minced dried meat and fat.
The fruit can be harvested for pies, muffins, jams, and wine.<ref name=":0" /> The [[saskatoon berry]] is harvested commercially. One version of the Native American food [[pemmican]] was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with minced dried meat and fat.<ref name=canada/><ref name="canada-pem">{{cite web |title=Pemmican |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pemmican |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=13 July 2024 |date=2024}}</ref>


The [[wood]] is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods. Native Americans used it for arrow shafts. Members of the [[Pit River Tribe]] would use the wood to create a sort of body armor, crafting it into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor worn during fighting.<ref>Merriam, C. Hart 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley (p. 222)</ref>
The [[wood]] is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods. Native Americans used it for arrow shafts. Members of the [[Pit River Tribe]] would use the wood to create a sort of body armor, crafting it into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor worn during fighting.<ref>Merriam, C. Hart 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley (p. 222)</ref>
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 14:26, 10 December 2024

Serviceberry redirects here; see also Service tree.
"June berry" redirects here. For the artist, see June Berry.

Amelanchier
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Tribe: Maleae
Subtribe: Malinae
Genus: Amelanchier
Medik.
Species

About 20; see text

Amelanchier (/æməˈlænʃɪər/ am-ə-LAN-sheer),[1] also known as shadbush, shadwood or shadblow, serviceberry or sarvisberry (or just sarvis), juneberry, saskatoon, sugarplum, wild-plum[2] or chuckley pear,[3] is a genus of about 20 species of deciduous-leaved shrubs and small trees in the rose family (Rosaceae).

Amelanchier is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, growing primarily in early successional habitats. It is most diverse taxonomically in North America, especially in the northeastern United States and adjacent southeastern Canada, and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except Hawaii and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in Asia, and one in Europe. The taxonomic classification of shadbushes has long perplexed botanists, horticulturalists, and others, as suggested by the range in number of species recognized in the genus, from 6 to 33, in two recent publications.[4][5] A major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis (asexual seed production), making species difficult to characterize and identify.[6]

A pome fruit, the berries are commonly consumed by wildlife and picked by humans for uses in baked goods. The Canadian city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan is named after the berry via a Cree term describing the sweet fruit which was wild-harvested for food by Aboriginal people and early settlers of western Canada.[7]

Description

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The various species of Amelanchier grow to 0.2–20 m (7.9 in – 65 ft 7.4 in) tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches (clones). The bark is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The leaves are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity.[citation needed]

The inflorescences are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in racemes with 4–20 flowers. The flowers have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25 mm long, with the petals in one species (A. nantucketensis) often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad run" according to North-American tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The fruit is a berry-like pome, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15 mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer.[6]

Amelanchier plants are valued horticulturally, and their fruits are important to wildlife. Some orchards are cultivated in the Canadian prairie provinces which are subjected to severe winter cold of −60 °C (−76 °F), indicating the hardiness of the plant having a lifespan up to 50 years.[7]

Species

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Amelanchier alnifolia

Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of As of April 2023:[8]

Image Scientific Name Common Name Distribution
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M.Roem. Saskatoon serviceberry, alder-leaved shadbush, saskatoon, saskatoon berry Alaska across most of western Canada and in the western and north-central United States
Amelanchier amabilis Wiegand E. Canada to NE. U.S.A
Amelanchier arborea (F.Michx.) Fernald downy serviceberry Gulf Coast north to Thunder Bay in Ontario and Lake St. John in Quebec, and west to Texas and Minnesota
Amelanchier asiatica (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. ex Walp. Korean juneberry or Asian serviceberry China, Japan, and Korea
Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M.Roem. mountain shadbush E. Canada to NE. U.S.A
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Canada serviceberry, shadblow serviceberry,[9] bilberry,[10] eastern shadbush, Indian pear Canada from Newfoundland west to southern Ontario, and in the United States from Maine south to Alabama.
Amelanchier cretica (Willd.) DC. South eastern Europe
Amelanchier cusickii Fernald West Canada to West U.S.A
Amelanchier fernaldii Wiegand Eastern Canada.
Amelanchier gaspensis (Wiegand) Fernald & Weatherby Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula)
Amelanchier humilis Wiegand low shadbush Canada (from Saskatchewan to Québec) and the northeastern and north-central United States (from Nebraska and the Dakotas east as far as Vermont and New Jersey).
Amelanchier interior E.L.Nielsen Wiegand's shadbush E. Canada to N. Central & NE. U.S.A.
Amelanchier intermedia Spach E. Canada to N. Central & NE. U.S.A.
Amelanchier laevis Wiegand smooth shadbush, smooth serviceberry,[11] Allegheny serviceberry eastern Canada and the eastern United States, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Minnesota, and Iowa, south as far as Georgia and Alabama.
Amelanchier nantucketensis E.P.Bicknell Nantucket serviceberry New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, Maine, and Nova Scotia.
Amelanchier obovalis (Michx.) Ashe Southern Juneberry, Coastal serviceberry United States (from New Jersey to Georgia)
Amelanchier ovalis Medik. snowy mespilus[12] southern Europe, as well as North Africa and the Middle East.
Amelanchier pallida Greene pale serviceberry or western serviceberry United States (California and Arizona)
Amelanchier parviflora Boiss. Turkey
Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. red-twigged shadbush or roundleaf serviceberry New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Canada to northeastern United States, and the Great Lakes region and south as far as northern Georgia
Amelanchier sinica (C.K.Schneid.) Chun Chinese serviceberry[13] Central & South China.
Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand running serviceberry E. Canada to N. Central & NE. U.S.A.
Amelanchier turkestanica Litv. Kazakhstan (Bayanaul Hills)
Amelanchier utahensis Koehne Utah serviceberry western North America.

Natural hybrids

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Garden hybrids

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Since classifications have varied greatly over the past century, species names are often used interchangeably in the nursery trade. Several natural or horticultural hybrids also exist, and many A. arborea and A. canadensis plants that are offered for sale are actually hybrids, or entirely different species. A. × grandiflora is another hybrid of garden origin, between A. arborea and A. laevis. The cultivar 'La Paloma' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14]

A taxon called Amelanchier lamarckii (or A. x lamarckii) is very widely cultivated and naturalized in Europe, where it was introduced in the 17th century. It is apomictic, breeding true from seed, and probably of hybrid origin, perhaps descending from a cross between A. laevis and either A. arborea or A. canadensis. While A. lamarckii is known to be of North American origin, probably from eastern Canada, it is not known to occur naturally in the wild in North America.[15][16]

Etymology

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The origin of the generic name Amelanchier is probably derived from amalenquièr, amelanchièr, the Provençal names of the European Amelanchier ovalis.[17]

The name serviceberry comes from the similarity of the fruit to the related European Sorbus.[citation needed] Juneberry refers to the fruits of certain species becoming ripe in June. The name saskatoon originated from a Cree noun misâskwatômina (misāskwatōmina, misaaskwatoomina) for Amelanchier alnifolia.[7] The city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is named after this plant.[7]

Shadberry refers to the shad runs in certain New England streams, which generally took place about when the trees bloomed.[9]

Ecology

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Amelanchier plants are preferred browse for deer and rabbits, and heavy browsing pressure can suppress natural regeneration. Caterpillars of such Lepidoptera as the brimstone moth, brown-tail, grey dagger, mottled umber, rough prominent, satellite, winter moth, red-spotted purple and white admiral (both Limenitis arthemis), as well as various other herbivorous insects feed on Amelanchier. Many insects and diseases that attack orchard trees also affect this genus, in particular trunk borers and Gymnosporangium rust. In years when late flowers of Amelanchier overlap those of wild roses and brambles, bees may spread bacterial fireblight.

Uses and cultivation

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Fruit and leaves of Amelanchier ovalis

The fruit of several species is safe to eat raw, possessing a mild sweetness strongly accented by the almond-like flavour of the seeds.[18] Selections from Amelanchier alnifolia have been chosen for fruit production, with several named cultivars.[19] Other cultivars appear to be derived from hybridization between A. alnifolia and A. stolonifera.[19] Propagation is by seed, divisions, and grafting. Serviceberries graft so readily that grafts onto other genera, such as Crataegus and Sorbus, are often successful.[citation needed]

The fruit can be harvested for pies, muffins, jams, and wine.[18] The saskatoon berry is harvested commercially. One version of the Native American food pemmican was flavored by serviceberry fruits in combination with minced dried meat and fat.[7][20]

The wood is brown, hard, close-grained, and heavy. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood is lighter in color. It can be used for tool handles and fishing rods. Native Americans used it for arrow shafts. Members of the Pit River Tribe would use the wood to create a sort of body armor, crafting it into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor worn during fighting.[21]

Garden history

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Several species are very popular ornamental shrubs, grown for their flowers, bark, and fall color. All need similar conditions to grow well, requiring good drainage, air circulation (to discourage leaf diseases), watering during drought, and soil appropriate for the species.

George Washington planted specimens of Amelanchier on the grounds of his estate, Mount Vernon, in Virginia.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ "amelanchier". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Campbell, C. S., Dibble, A. C., Frye, C. T., & Burgess, M. B. (2015). Amelanchier. In FNA Editorial Committee, Flora of North America 9. Magnoliophyta: Rosidae (in part): Rosales (in part). Oxford University Press, New York.
  3. ^ A Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador Vascular Plants: Genus Amelanchier
  4. ^ Landry P (1975). "Le concept d'espece et la taxonomie du genre Amelanchier (Rosacees)". Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 122 (5–6): 43–252. Bibcode:1975BSBF..122..243L. doi:10.1080/00378941.1975.10839332.
  5. ^ Phipps J. B.; Robertson K. R.; Smith P. G.; Rohrer J. R. (1990). "A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)". Can. J. Bot. 68 (10): 2209–2269. doi:10.1139/b90-288.
  6. ^ a b University of Maine: Amelanchier Systematics and Evolution
  7. ^ a b c d e "Saskatoon berry". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Amelanchier Medik. - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  9. ^ a b "Shadblow Serviceberry | Department of Horticulture". www.uky.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  10. ^ Canadian Wildlife Federation: Serviceberries
  11. ^ smooth serviceberry, TD Tree Bee, https://treebee.ca/trees/smooth-serviceberry/
  12. ^ Flora Europaea: Amelanchier ovalis
  13. ^ Flora of China: Amelanchier sinica
  14. ^ "Amelanchier 'La Paloma". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  15. ^ Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.
  16. ^ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  17. ^ Jepson Flora: Amelanchier alnifolia
  18. ^ a b Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 200. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
  19. ^ a b American Society for Horticultural Science (1997). The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties, 3rd ed. ASHS Press.
  20. ^ "Pemmican". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  21. ^ Merriam, C. Hart 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley (p. 222)
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  • Juneberry, in What Am I Eating? A Food Dictionary
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