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Coordinates: 48°10′N 0°40′W / 48.167°N 0.667°W / 48.167; -0.667
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{other uses}}
{{short description|Department of France}}
{{short description|Department of France}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = Mayenne
| name = Mayenne
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| native_name_lang = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| type = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| type = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| image_skyline = Préfecture Laval.JPG
| image_skyline = Préfecture Laval.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building of the Mayenne department, in [[Laval (Mayenne)|Laval]]
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building of the Mayenne department, in [[Laval (Mayenne)|Laval]]
| image_flag =
| image_flag = Drapeau fr département Mayenne.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Blason département fr Mayenne.svg
| image_shield = Blason département fr Mayenne.svg
| shield_alt =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| motto =
| motto =
| image_map = Mayenne-Position.svg
| image_map = Mayenne-Position.svg
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Mayenne in France
| map_caption = Location of Mayenne in France
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|48|10|N|0|40|W|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:2000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|48|10|N|0|40|W|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:2000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[France]]
| subdivision_name = France
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pays de la Loire]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pays de la Loire]]
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_date =
| founder =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat_type = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat = [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]]
| seat = [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]]
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style = para
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne]]<br>[[Mayenne, Mayenne|Mayenne]]
| p1 = [[Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne]]<br>[[Mayenne (commune)|Mayenne]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[President of the general council|President of the General Council]]
| leader_title = [[President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name = [[Olivier Richefou]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux |url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba |website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=4 May 2022 |language=fr}}</ref>
| leader_name = [[Olivier Richefou]]
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2 = 5175
| area_total_km2 = 5175
| area_note =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_total = 307688
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|74th]]
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|75th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = ''Mayennais, Mayennaise''
| population_demonyms = ''Mayennais, Mayennaise''
| population_note =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 53
| blank_info_sec1 = 53
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| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| iso_code =
| website =
| website =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}
}}


'''Mayenne''' ({{IPA-fr|majɛn|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Mayenne.wav}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in northwest [[France]] named after the [[Mayenne River]]. Mayenne is part of the current region of [[Pays de la Loire]] and is surrounded by the departments of [[Manche]], [[Orne]], [[Sarthe]], [[Maine-et-Loire]], and [[Ille-et-Vilaine]].
'''Mayenne''' ({{IPA|fr|majɛn|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Mayenne.wav}} {{respell|mah|yen}}) is a landlocked [[departments of France|department]] in northwest France named after the river [[Mayenne (river)|Mayenne]]. Mayenne is part of the [[Regions of France|administrative region]] of [[Pays de la Loire]] and is surrounded by the departments of [[Manche]], [[Orne]], [[Sarthe]], [[Maine-et-Loire]], and [[Ille-et-Vilaine]].


Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the [[provinces of France|former province]] of [[Maine (province)|Maine]]. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of [[Anjou#In the Kingdom of France|Anjou]]. The inhabitants of the department are called ''Mayennais''.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the [[provinces of France|former province]] of [[Maine (province)|Maine]]. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]]. The inhabitants of the department are called ''Mayennais''. It had a population of 307,062 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep53.pdf Populations légales 2019: 53 Mayenne], INSEE</ref>


==History==
==History==
Like 82 other departments, Mayenne was created on 4 March 1790 during the early stages of the [[French Revolution]] by order of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]]. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. The former province of Maine was partitioned into two, Upper Maine, centred on [[Le Mans]], became the new department of Sarthe, and Lower Maine, centred on Laval became the new department of Mayenne. [[Anjou]], to the south, being too big to form a single department, was reduced in size and became Maine-et-Loire. In this partition, Sarthe received the region of [[La Flèche]], and Mayenne received [[Château-Gontier]] and [[Craon, Mayenne|Craon]]. [[Flax]] was a feature of the Mayenne economy, and the southern limit for the cultivation of flax was used to determine the new border between Mayenne and Maine-et-Loire.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schama, Simon |title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=1989}}</ref>
Like 82 other departments, Mayenne was created on 4 March 1790 during the early stages of the [[French Revolution]] by order of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]]. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. The former province of Maine was partitioned into two, Upper Maine, centred on [[Le Mans]], became the new department of Sarthe, and Lower Maine, centred on Laval became the new department of Mayenne. [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]], to the south, being too big to form a single department, was reduced in size and became Maine-et-Loire. In this partition, Sarthe received the region of [[La Flèche]], and Mayenne received [[Château-Gontier]] and [[Craon, Mayenne|Craon]]. [[Flax]] was a feature of the Mayenne economy, and the southern limit for the cultivation of flax was used to determine the new border between Mayenne and Maine-et-Loire.
The American first army's 90th Infantry Division were tasked with capturing the town in 1944.<ref>{{cite book |author=Schama, Simon |title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=1989}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Mayenne is a department in northwestern France and is part of the region of [[Pays de la Loire]]. The department does not have a sea coast, but about thirty kilometres to the northwest is [[Mont Saint-Michel Bay]]. The capital and largest town is [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]] in the centre of the department. To the north lies the department of [[Orne]], to the east lies [[Sarthe]], to the south lies [[Maine-et-Loire]], to the west lies [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] and to the northwest lies [[Manche]]. The department forms a roughly rectangular shape, being {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide, with a total area of about {{convert|5175|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}. The [[Mayenne (river)|River Mayenne]] flows centrally through it from north to south, passing through the towns of [[Mayenne, Mayenne|Mayenne]], Laval and Château-Gontier. After leaving the department, the river joins the [[Sarthe (river)|River Sarthe]] to form the [[Maine (river)|River Maine]] which later joins the [[Loire|River Loire]].<ref name=Philips>{{cite book |title=Philips' Modern School Atlas |year=1973 |publisher=George Philip and Son, Ltd. |isbn=0-540-05278-7 |pages=42–43 }}</ref>
Mayenne is a department in northwestern France and is part of the region of [[Pays de la Loire]]. The department does not have a sea coast, but about thirty kilometres to the northwest is [[Mont Saint-Michel Bay]]. The capital and largest town is [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]] in the centre of the department. To the north lies the department of [[Orne]], to the east lies [[Sarthe]], to the south lies [[Maine-et-Loire]], to the west lies [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] and to the northwest lies [[Manche]]. The department forms a roughly rectangular shape, being {{cvt|90|km|mi}} long by {{convert|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide, with a total area of about {{cvt|5175|km2|mi2|0}}. The river [[Mayenne (river)|Mayenne]] flows centrally through it from north to south, passing through the towns of [[Mayenne, Mayenne|Mayenne]], Laval and Château-Gontier. After leaving the department, the river joins the river [[Sarthe (river)|Sarthe]] to form the [[Maine (river)|Maine]] which later joins the [[Loire]].<ref name=Philips>{{cite book |title=Philips' Modern School Atlas |year=1973 |publisher=George Philip and Son, Ltd. |isbn=0-540-05278-7 |pages=42–43}}</ref>


The department is varied in [[topography]]. Much of it is largely flat, but there are also hilly areas, some with steep-sided valleys and ravines. Of the total area of {{convert|1275532|acres|ha|0}}, some {{convert|875000|acres|ha|-2}} are arable, {{convert|170000|acres|ha|-2}} are grassland, {{convert|65000|acres|ha|-2}} are forests and woodland and {{convert|50000|acres|ha|-2}} are heathland and moorland.<ref name=Dictionary>{{cite book|title=Comprehensive Dictionary of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTfu1nRKGq4C&pg=PA806 |year=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=806–807 |id=GGKEY:RC6C27C4NE1}}</ref> To the north lies the [[Armorican Massif]], a plateau that has been eroded over time, the highest summit of which, the Mont des Avaloirs, is the highest point in the department at {{convert|417|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. A branch range to the south of this plateau forms the ridge that divides the Mayenne Valley from the [[Vilaine|Vilaine Valley]].<ref name=Dictionary/>
The department is varied in [[topography]]. Much of it is largely flat, but there are also hilly areas, some with steep-sided valleys and ravines. Of the total area of {{convert|1275532|acres|ha|disp=flip}}, some {{convert|875000|acres|ha|disp=flip}} are arable, {{convert|170000|acres|ha|disp=flip}} are grassland, {{convert|65000|acres|ha|disp=flip}} are forests and woodland and {{convert|50000|acres|ha|-2}} are heathland and moorland.<ref name=Dictionary>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Dictionary of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTfu1nRKGq4C&pg=PA806 |year=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=806–807 |id=GGKEY:RC6C27C4NE1}}</ref> To the north lies the [[Armorican Massif]], a plateau that has been eroded over time, the highest summit of which, the Mont des Avaloirs, is the highest point in the department at {{cvt|417|m|ft|0}} above sea level. A branch range to the south of this plateau forms the ridge that divides the Mayenne Valley from the [[Vilaine]] Valley.<ref name=Dictionary/>


The department is subdivided into three arrondissements: Mayenne, Laval, and Château-Gontier; and is coincident with the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval]].
The department is subdivided into three arrondissements: Mayenne, Laval, and Château-Gontier; and is coincident with the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval]].

===Principal towns===

The most populous commune is [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 7,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 49,733
|-
| [[Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 16,950
|-
| [[Mayenne, Mayenne|Mayenne]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 12,823
|-
| [[Évron]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 8,614
|-
| [[Saint-Berthevin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 7,353
|}


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
Population development since 1801:{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://splaf.free.fr/53his.html |title=Historique de la Mayenne |website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-53 |title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
Population development since 1801:{{historical populations|13=1801|14=305,654|15=1806|16=332,253|17=1821|18=343,819|19=1831|20=352,586|21=1841|22=361,392|23=1851|24=374,566|25=1861|26=375,163|27=1872|28=350,637|29=1881|30=344,881|31=1891|32=332,387|33=1901|34=313,103|35=1911|36=297,732|37=1921|38=262,447|39=1931|40=254,479|41=1936|42=251,348|43=1946|44=256,317|45=1954|46=251,522|47=1962|48=250,030|49=1968|50=252,762|51=1975|52=261,789|53=1982|54=271,784|55=1990|56=278,037|57=1999|58=285,338|59=2006|60=299,000|61=2011|62=307,031|63=2016|64=307,688|align=middle|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://splaf.free.fr/ Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France]</ref>}}
|13=1801|14=305,654|15=1806|16=332,253|17=1821|18=343,819|19=1831|20=352,586|21=1841|22=361,392|23=1851|24=374,566|25=1861|26=375,163|27=1872|28=350,637|29=1881|30=344,881|31=1891|32=332,387|33=1901|34=313,103|35=1911|36=297,732|37=1921|38=262,447|39=1931|40=254,479|41=1936|42=251,348|43=1946|44=256,317|45=1954|46=251,522|47=1962|48=250,030|49=1968|50=252,762|51=1975|52=261,789|53=1982|54=271,784|55=1990|56=278,037|57=1999|58=285,338|59=2006|60=299,000|61=2011|62=307,031|63=2016|64=307,688}}


==Politics==
==Politics==

The president of the Departmental Council is Olivier Richefou, elected in 2014.

=== Presidential elections 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2022 French presidential election|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france-2022-election-presidentielle-second-tour-resultats |title=Les résultats du second tour de l'élection présidentielle |date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 64.21
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 35.79
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles |title=Présidentielles}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 72.02
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 27.98
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 53.07
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 46.93
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 55.45
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 44.55
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="auto"/>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 88.59
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 11.41
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[1995 French presidential election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html |title=Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania}}</ref>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 59.49
| [[Lionel Jospin]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 40.51
|}


===Current National Assembly Representatives===
===Current National Assembly Representatives===
Line 103: Line 192:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/</ref>!!Party
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ |title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français |first=Assemblée |last=Nationale |website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{Socialist Party (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Mayenne's 1st constituency]]
| [[Mayenne's 1st constituency]]
| [[Guillaume Garot]]
| [[Guillaume Garot]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party ]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
| [[Mayenne's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Mayenne's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Géraldine Bannier]]
| [[Géraldine Bannier]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{Union of Democrats and Independents/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color| Horizons (political party)}}" |
| [[Mayenne's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Mayenne's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Yannick Favennec Becot]]
| [[Yannick Favennec Becot]]
| [[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]]
| [[Union of Democrats and Independents]]
|}
|}


==Flora and fauna==
==Flora and fauna==
Mayenne has a diversity of habitat types such as forest, heathland, bog and farmland. Some 1445 species of plants, 63 species of mammals, 280 species of birds, 16 species of amphibians and 11 species of reptiles have been recorded, as well as thousands of species of invertebrates. The peat-lands and bogs are often fringed with woodlands of alder and ash, and in some places carnivorous plants such as [[sundew]] and [[butterwort]] flourish, [[Fritillaria meleagris|fritillaries]], [[Comarum palustre|marsh cinquefoil]] and [[Eriophorum angustifolium|cottongrass]] grow and butterflies, dragonflies and spiders abound.<ref name=Exposition>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayennenatureenvironnement.fr/exposition.html |title= Exposition: "La Biodiversité en Mayenne" |language=French |publisher=Mayenne Nature Environnement |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
Mayenne has a diversity of habitat types such as forest, heathland, bog and farmland. Some 1445 species of plants, 63 species of mammals, 280 species of birds, 16 species of amphibians and 11 species of reptiles have been recorded, as well as thousands of species of invertebrates. The peat-lands and bogs are often fringed with woodlands of alder and ash, and in some places carnivorous plants such as [[sundew]] and [[butterwort]] flourish, [[Fritillaria meleagris|fritillaries]], [[Comarum palustre|marsh cinquefoil]] and [[Eriophorum angustifolium|cottongrass]] grow and butterflies, dragonflies and spiders abound.<ref name=Exposition>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayennenatureenvironnement.fr/exposition.html |title=Exposition: "La Biodiversité en Mayenne" |language=fr |publisher=Mayenne Nature Environnement |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>


The woodlands are mostly small with the deciduous trees dominated by [[oak]]. Here [[roe deer]], [[European badger|badger]], [[fire salamander]], [[Aesculapian snake]], [[middle spotted woodpecker]], [[little owl]] and [[Limenitis camilla|white admiral]] can be found and uncommon plants present including [[Aquilegia vulgaris|European columbine]] and wild [[russet apple]].<ref name=Exposition/>
The woodlands are mostly small with the deciduous trees dominated by [[oak]]. Here [[roe deer]], [[European badger|badger]], [[fire salamander]], [[Aesculapian snake]], [[middle spotted woodpecker]], [[little owl]] and [[Limenitis camilla|white admiral]] can be found and uncommon plants present including [[Aquilegia vulgaris|European columbine]] and wild [[russet apple]].<ref name=Exposition/>


The dry grasslands, which cover the limestone and sandstone soils, are also rich in fauna and flora. They house the snake ''[[Vipera aspis]]'', the [[Large blue|large blue butterfly]], the [[Oedipoda caerulescens|blue-winged grasshopper]] and the [[bee orchid]]. The heathland in the north of Mayenne is populated by [[Ulex minor|dwarf gorse]] and [[Erica tetralix|cross-leaved heath]] and there are plenty of spiders, [[European nightjar|nightjars]] and [[warbler]]s. The old quarries are the refuge of bats, amphibians, the [[Geranium lucidum|shining cranesbill]] and [[Platanthera chlorantha|greater butterfly orchid]]. Rivers and ponds are home to [[eel]], [[northern crested newt]], [[European otter]], [[common kingfisher|kingfisher]], [[grass snake]], [[common moorhen]] and plants such as [[Ranunculus|spearwort]], [[Iris pseudacorus|yellow flag]], [[Sagittaria sagittifolia|arrowhead]] and ''[[Isopyrum thalictroides]]'', a small poisonous plant.<ref name=Exposition/>
The dry grasslands, which cover the limestone and sandstone soils, are also rich in fauna and flora. They house the snake ''[[Vipera aspis]]'', the [[Large blue]] butterfly, the [[Oedipoda caerulescens|blue-winged grasshopper]] and the [[bee orchid]]. The heathland in the north of Mayenne is populated by [[Ulex minor|dwarf gorse]] and [[Erica tetralix|cross-leaved heath]] and there are plenty of spiders, [[European nightjar|nightjars]] and [[warbler]]s. The old quarries are the refuge of bats, amphibians, the [[Geranium lucidum|shining cranesbill]] and [[Platanthera chlorantha|greater butterfly orchid]]. Rivers and ponds are home to eel, [[northern crested newt]], [[European otter]], [[common kingfisher|kingfisher]], [[grass snake]], [[common moorhen]] and plants such as [[Ranunculus|spearwort]], [[Iris pseudacorus|yellow flag]], [[Sagittaria sagittifolia|arrowhead]] and ''[[Isopyrum thalictroides]]'', a small poisonous plant.<ref name=Exposition/>


==Economy==
==Economy==
The department is largely rural with about 80% being used for agriculture, 8% being urban area and the remainder forest, heath and plantations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayenne.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/6444/41810/file/3_contexte_mayennais.pdf |title=Le contexte Meyennais |year=2009 |publisher=Préfecture de la Mayenne |language=French |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Livestock farming predominates, with the breeding of cattle, horses and pigs, and also bee-keeping being important.<ref name=Everyman/> The soil is generally poor, but it is of better quality around Laval and Château-Gontier. In these parts corn is cultivated and there are plantings of hemp, flax, fruits and vines.
The department is largely rural with about 80% being used for agriculture, 8% being urban area and the remainder forest, heath and plantations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayenne.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/6444/41810/file/3_contexte_mayennais.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mayenne.pref.gouv.fr/content/download/6444/41810/file/3_contexte_mayennais.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Le contexte Meyennais |year=2009 |publisher=Préfecture de la Mayenne |language=fr |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Livestock farming predominates, with the breeding of cattle, horses and pigs, and also bee-keeping being important.<ref name=Everyman/> The soil is generally poor, but it is of better quality around Laval and Château-Gontier. In these parts corn is cultivated and there are plantings of hemp, flax, fruits and vines.
There are many apple orchards and large quantities of [[cider]] are made.<ref name=Dictionary/> The department is rich in mineral resources; iron and coal are mined and there are quarries for [[marble]], [[slate]], building stone, limestone and flint; the white sand deposits are used in the manufacture of glass.<ref name=Dictionary/>
There are many apple orchards and large quantities of [[cider]] are made.<ref name=Dictionary/> The department is rich in mineral resources; iron and coal are mined and there are quarries for [[marble]], [[slate]], building stone, limestone and flint; the white sand deposits are used in the manufacture of glass.<ref name=Dictionary/>


Industries include the manufacture of linen, paper and hemp, and cider-making is traditionally carried on in the department.<ref name=Everyman>{{cite book |title=Everyman's Encyclopaedia: Volume 8 |last=Bozman |first=E.F. |year=1966 |publisher=J.M. Dent and Sons |page=301 }}</ref> Office furniture is manufactured in Château-Gontier,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bastamag.net/En-Mayenne-des-salaries-sauvent |title=En Mayenne, des salariés sauvent leur entreprise de la faillite |author=Weiler, Nolwenn |date=25 January 2015 |language=French |publisher=Basta! |accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> and Laval is active in the industrial sector, with dairy products, electronics and chemicals in a modern [[science park]].
Industries include the manufacture of linen, paper and hemp, and cider-making is traditionally carried on in the department.<ref name=Everyman>{{cite book |title=Everyman's Encyclopaedia: Volume 8 |last=Bozman |first=E.F. |year=1966 |publisher=J.M. Dent and Sons |page=301}}</ref> Office furniture is manufactured in Château-Gontier,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bastamag.net/En-Mayenne-des-salaries-sauvent |title=En Mayenne, des salariés sauvent leur entreprise de la faillite |author=Weiler, Nolwenn |newspaper=Basta ! |date=25 January 2015 |language=fr |publisher=Basta! |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> and Laval is active in the industrial sector, with dairy products, electronics and chemicals in a modern [[science park]].


==Tourism==
==Tourism==
Line 148: Line 237:
* [[Arrondissements of the Mayenne department]]
* [[Arrondissements of the Mayenne department]]
* [[Duke of Mayenne]]
* [[Duke of Mayenne]]
* [[Departmental Council of Mayenne]]
* [[Jublains archeological site]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Mayenne}}
{{Commons|Mayenne}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.mayenne.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.mayenne.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cg53.fr/ General council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.lamayenne.fr/ Departmental council website]


{{Departments of France|state=collapsed}}
{{Departments of France|state=collapsed}}
Line 163: Line 254:
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Pays de la Loire]]
[[Category:Departments of Pays de la Loire]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]

Latest revision as of 14:17, 10 December 2024

For other uses, see Mayenne (disambiguation).

Mayenne
Department
Prefecture building of the Mayenne department, in Laval
Prefecture building of the Mayenne department, in Laval
Flag of Mayenne
Flag
Coat of arms of Mayenne
Coat of arms
Location of Mayenne in France
Location of Mayenne in France
Coordinates: 48°10′N 0°40′W / 48.167°N 0.667°W / 48.167; -0.667
CountryFrance
RegionPays de la Loire
PrefectureLaval
SubprefecturesChâteau-Gontier-sur-Mayenne
Mayenne
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilOlivier Richefou[1]
Area
1
 • Total
5,175 km2 (1,998 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[2]
 • Total
305,437
 • Rank75th
 • Density59/km2 (150/sq mi)
DemonymsMayennais, Mayennaise
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number53
Arrondissements3
Cantons17
Communes242
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Mayenne (French: [majɛn] ⓘ mah-yen) is a landlocked department in northwest France named after the river Mayenne. Mayenne is part of the administrative region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.

Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou. The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. It had a population of 307,062 in 2019.[3]

History

[edit]

Like 82 other departments, Mayenne was created on 4 March 1790 during the early stages of the French Revolution by order of the National Constituent Assembly. The new departments were to be uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in size and population. The former province of Maine was partitioned into two, Upper Maine, centred on Le Mans, became the new department of Sarthe, and Lower Maine, centred on Laval became the new department of Mayenne. Anjou, to the south, being too big to form a single department, was reduced in size and became Maine-et-Loire. In this partition, Sarthe received the region of La Flèche, and Mayenne received Château-Gontier and Craon. Flax was a feature of the Mayenne economy, and the southern limit for the cultivation of flax was used to determine the new border between Mayenne and Maine-et-Loire.

The American first army's 90th Infantry Division were tasked with capturing the town in 1944.[4]

Geography

[edit]

Mayenne is a department in northwestern France and is part of the region of Pays de la Loire. The department does not have a sea coast, but about thirty kilometres to the northwest is Mont Saint-Michel Bay. The capital and largest town is Laval in the centre of the department. To the north lies the department of Orne, to the east lies Sarthe, to the south lies Maine-et-Loire, to the west lies Ille-et-Vilaine and to the northwest lies Manche. The department forms a roughly rectangular shape, being 90 km (56 mi) long by 77 km (48 mi) wide, with a total area of about 5,175 km2 (1,998 sq mi). The river Mayenne flows centrally through it from north to south, passing through the towns of Mayenne, Laval and Château-Gontier. After leaving the department, the river joins the river Sarthe to form the Maine which later joins the Loire.[5]

The department is varied in topography. Much of it is largely flat, but there are also hilly areas, some with steep-sided valleys and ravines. Of the total area of 516,189 hectares (1,275,532 acres), some 354,000 hectares (875,000 acres) are arable, 69,000 hectares (170,000 acres) are grassland, 26,000 hectares (65,000 acres) are forests and woodland and 50,000 acres (20,200 ha) are heathland and moorland.[6] To the north lies the Armorican Massif, a plateau that has been eroded over time, the highest summit of which, the Mont des Avaloirs, is the highest point in the department at 417 m (1,368 ft) above sea level. A branch range to the south of this plateau forms the ridge that divides the Mayenne Valley from the Vilaine Valley.[6]

The department is subdivided into three arrondissements: Mayenne, Laval, and Château-Gontier; and is coincident with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval.

Principal towns

[edit]

The most populous commune is Laval, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 7,000 inhabitants:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Laval 49,733
Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne 16,950
Mayenne 12,823
Évron 8,614
Saint-Berthevin 7,353

Demographics

[edit]

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801305,654—    
1806332,253+1.68%
1821343,819+0.23%
1831352,586+0.25%
1841361,392+0.25%
1851374,566+0.36%
1861375,163+0.02%
1872350,637−0.61%
1881344,881−0.18%
1891332,387−0.37%
1901313,103−0.60%
1911297,732−0.50%
1921262,447−1.25%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1931254,479−0.31%
1936251,348−0.25%
1946256,317+0.20%
1954251,522−0.24%
1962250,030−0.07%
1968252,762+0.18%
1975261,789+0.50%
1982271,784+0.54%
1990278,037+0.28%
1999285,338+0.29%
2006299,000+0.67%
2011307,031+0.53%
2016307,688+0.04%
Sources:[7][8]

Politics

[edit]

The president of the Departmental Council is Olivier Richefou, elected in 2014.

Presidential elections 2nd round

[edit]
Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party %
2022[9] Emmanuel Macron LREM 64.21 Marine Le Pen FN 35.79
2017[10] Emmanuel Macron LREM 72.02 Marine Le Pen FN 27.98
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 53.07 François Hollande PS 46.93
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 55.45 Ségolène Royal PS 44.55
2002[10] Jacques Chirac RPR 88.59 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 11.41
1995[11] Jacques Chirac RPR 59.49 Lionel Jospin PS 40.51

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Constituency Member[12] Party
Mayenne's 1st constituency Guillaume Garot Socialist Party
Mayenne's 2nd constituency Géraldine Bannier MoDem
Mayenne's 3rd constituency Yannick Favennec Becot Horizons

Flora and fauna

[edit]

Mayenne has a diversity of habitat types such as forest, heathland, bog and farmland. Some 1445 species of plants, 63 species of mammals, 280 species of birds, 16 species of amphibians and 11 species of reptiles have been recorded, as well as thousands of species of invertebrates. The peat-lands and bogs are often fringed with woodlands of alder and ash, and in some places carnivorous plants such as sundew and butterwort flourish, fritillaries, marsh cinquefoil and cottongrass grow and butterflies, dragonflies and spiders abound.[13]

The woodlands are mostly small with the deciduous trees dominated by oak. Here roe deer, badger, fire salamander, Aesculapian snake, middle spotted woodpecker, little owl and white admiral can be found and uncommon plants present including European columbine and wild russet apple.[13]

The dry grasslands, which cover the limestone and sandstone soils, are also rich in fauna and flora. They house the snake Vipera aspis, the Large blue butterfly, the blue-winged grasshopper and the bee orchid. The heathland in the north of Mayenne is populated by dwarf gorse and cross-leaved heath and there are plenty of spiders, nightjars and warblers. The old quarries are the refuge of bats, amphibians, the shining cranesbill and greater butterfly orchid. Rivers and ponds are home to eel, northern crested newt, European otter, kingfisher, grass snake, common moorhen and plants such as spearwort, yellow flag, arrowhead and Isopyrum thalictroides, a small poisonous plant.[13]

Economy

[edit]

The department is largely rural with about 80% being used for agriculture, 8% being urban area and the remainder forest, heath and plantations.[14] Livestock farming predominates, with the breeding of cattle, horses and pigs, and also bee-keeping being important.[15] The soil is generally poor, but it is of better quality around Laval and Château-Gontier. In these parts corn is cultivated and there are plantings of hemp, flax, fruits and vines. There are many apple orchards and large quantities of cider are made.[6] The department is rich in mineral resources; iron and coal are mined and there are quarries for marble, slate, building stone, limestone and flint; the white sand deposits are used in the manufacture of glass.[6]

Industries include the manufacture of linen, paper and hemp, and cider-making is traditionally carried on in the department.[15] Office furniture is manufactured in Château-Gontier,[16] and Laval is active in the industrial sector, with dairy products, electronics and chemicals in a modern science park.

Tourism

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations de référence 2022" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 19 December 2024.
  3. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 53 Mayenne, INSEE
  4. ^ Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Knopf.
  5. ^ Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-540-05278-7.
  6. ^ a b c d Comprehensive Dictionary of the World. Mittal Publications. 1992. pp. 806–807. GGKEY:RC6C27C4NE1.
  7. ^ "Historique de la Mayenne". Le SPLAF.
  8. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  9. ^ "Les résultats du second tour de l'élection présidentielle". 19 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Présidentielles".
  11. ^ "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania".
  12. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
  13. ^ a b c "Exposition: "La Biodiversité en Mayenne"" (in French). Mayenne Nature Environnement. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  14. ^ "Le contexte Meyennais" (PDF) (in French). Préfecture de la Mayenne. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  15. ^ a b Bozman, E.F. (1966). Everyman's Encyclopaedia: Volume 8. J.M. Dent and Sons. p. 301.
  16. ^ Weiler, Nolwenn (25 January 2015). "En Mayenne, des salariés sauvent leur entreprise de la faillite". Basta ! (in French). Basta!. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
[edit]
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