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Puerto Ricans in Chicago are individuals residing in Chicago with ancestral ties to the island of Puerto Rico. Over more than seventy years, they have made significant contributions to the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the city.

As of 2023, there are 206,682 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area with Puerto Rican heritage, making it the fifth largest metropolitan Puerto Rican community in the mainland US following New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, and Miami, and just ahead of Tampa.^[1]

History

The history of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago spans over 70 years. The initial migration in the 1930s was not directly from Puerto Rico but from New York City, with many settling on State Street near downtown hotels. However, the number of individuals joining this migration was relatively small.

A significant wave of migration occurred in the late 1940s,^[2] primarily settling in the La Clark neighborhood north of downtown Chicago around Dearborn, La Salle, and Clark Streets. These migrants were recruited as low-wage, non-union foundry workers and domestic workers by companies like Castle Barton Associates. As initial migrants established themselves in Chicago, many were joined by their spouses and families.^{[citation needed]} The construction of the Kennedy Expressway in the late 1950s divided the Puerto Rican neighborhoods of Wicker Park and Lincoln, which were previously one unified neighborhood.

In the 1960s, urban redevelopment displaced the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, leading them to move to areas like Old Town, Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Wicker Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park on the city's West Side. They initially settled in Lincoln Park,^[3] but as city-sponsored gentrification took place in the area, the Puerto Rican community moved further north and west. Settlement also occurred in Lawndale on the West Side.

The Division Street riots, which took place from June 12 to 14, 1966,^[4] marked a significant urban rebellion by the Puerto Rican community in Chicago. These events coincided with the Chicago Police Department's implementation of precautionary measures to prevent unrest similar to what had happened in African American centers such as Harlem, Watts, and North Philadelphia.^{[citation needed]}

In 1977, there was another conflict between the Puerto Rican community and the Chicago Police Department during the Humboldt Park riot.^[5]

Year^[6]^[7]	Puerto Rican population in Chicago^[8]^[9]	% of Chicago total population
1980	112,074	3.7%
1990	119,866	4.3%
2000	113,055	3.9%
2010	102,703	3.8%
2020	93,193	3.3%

Present

The Puerto Rican community in Chicago is known for its established presence and political activism. With the community's support, Puerto Rican leaders in Chicago secured a lease for the historic Humboldt Park stables near Paseo Boricua, which now house the Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture.^[10] Renovation efforts for the building involved approximately $3.4 million for the exterior and an additional $3.2 million for the interior in 2006.^[11] The Puerto Rican Arts Alliance has also experienced growth and expanded to a second location in Avondale, occupying a former firehouse at the intersection of Central Park and Elbridge Avenues.

Based on the 2020 census, the total number of individuals with full or partial Puerto Rican descent in Chicago was 93,193, accounting for 3.3% of the city's population.^[12] This figure represents a decrease from the 102,703 recorded in 2010.^[6] A majority of Puerto Ricans in Illinois (53%) now reside outside of Chicago, with 109,351 individuals living in other areas of the state out of a total population of 207,109.^[13]

The decline of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago can be attributed to various factors, including:

limited economic opportunities
competition from new immigrants
high crime rates
high cost of living
gentrification
adverse weather conditions
children relocate to the suburbs or other states
intermarriage (with a 38.5% intermarriage rate among stateside Puerto Ricans).^[14]

Within Chicago, the remaining Puerto Rican community is primarily concentrated on the northwest side of the city. The largest numbers of Puerto Ricans can be found in the community areas of Humboldt Park, Logan Square, Hermosa, Avondale, Austin, Belmont Cragin, Portage Park, and West Town, with Humboldt Park serving as the cultural and commercial center.^[15]^[16] Areas immediately north and west of Humboldt Park have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the Chicago area, according to the 2020 Census. Significant Puerto Rican populations are also present in suburban areas of Chicago, including Berwyn, Waukegan, Aurora, Cicero, and Elgin.^[6]

Paseo Boricua

Paseo Boricua, situated on Division Street in the East Humboldt Park section of the West Town neighborhood,^[17] is a street section on the West Side of Chicago that represents the Puerto Rican community.^[18]^[19] It spans between Western Avenue and California Avenue. Paseo Boricua is recognized as the only officially designated Puerto Rican neighborhood in the United States,^[20] distinguishing it from New York City, which lacks such a designated area.

The prominent features of Paseo Boricua include two fifty-nine-foot-tall steel Puerto Rican flags that serve as gateways, flanking the street.^[21]^[22] Many businesses in the area are named after Puerto Rican towns. The street itself is dedicated to showcasing Puerto Rican pride and features a walk of fame honoring notable Puerto Ricans.

Humboldt Park's Paseo Boricua neighborhood holds significance as the flagship Puerto Rican enclave and serves as the political and cultural hub of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest.

Over time, Paseo Boricua has evolved into a place where Puerto Ricans can explore and connect with their heritage. A culture center has been established, and local Puerto Rican politicians have relocated their offices to Division Street. The City of Chicago has also allocated funds to support the restoration of building facades along Paseo Boricua.^[23]

Visitors to Paseo Boricua can immerse themselves in the vibrant atmosphere, with salsa, reggaeton, bomba, plena, and merengue music resonating through the streets and the enticing aroma of carne guisada puertorriqueña filling the air. Some grocers in the area specialize in providing hard-to-find products from Puerto Rico, such as gandules verde, sazón, and naranja agria.

The visual appeal of Paseo Boricua is enhanced by numerous colorful and historically significant murals. Additionally, two affordable housing buildings^[24] with facades designed to mimic the Spanish colonial styles of Old San Juan contribute to the area's distinctive appearance.^{[citation needed]} Near the high school named after Puerto Rican baseball slugger Roberto Clemente, there is a tile mosaic honoring him.

In June 2024, the part of the Humboldt Park neighborhood in Chicago known as Puerto Rico Town or Paseo Boricua officially changed its name to Barrio Borikén.^[25]

Puerto Rican Parade

The Puerto Rican Parade Committee of Chicago has been actively involved in serving the community for more than 40 years. Currently in its 48th year, the festival held in Humboldt Park has grown to become the largest Latino festival in both the city of Chicago and the Midwest, attracting a significant number of attendees.

Education and economy

According to Gina M. Pérez, the author of "The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families," Roberto Clemente Community Academy in Chicago is commonly referred to as "the Puerto Rican high school."^[26] In Jennifer Domino Rudolph's book, "Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad," she states that the school is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism.^[27] Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, the author of "National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago," mentions that the media has portrayed the school as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and as being connected to Puerto Rico.^[28]

As of 2023, only 22.6% of Chicagoland Puerto Ricans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher, though this was slightly higher than the average rate of 19.7% across all Latinos.^[1] Chicagoland employed Puerto Ricans over the age of 16 were most commonly employed in Management, business, science, and arts occupations (34.1%), followed by Sales and office occupations (24.1%) and Service occupations (19.7%).^[1] The median income among Chicago area Puerto Rican household was $65,459, lower than the $78,085 median among all Latinos.^[1]

Gallery

Puerto Rican Day Parade in downtown Chicago.
Roberto Clemente high school
Paseo Boricua Walk of Fame (Roberto Clemente)
Batey Urbano
La Casita De Don Pedro

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
^ "Puerto Ricans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ Dorn, Russell (9 December 2023). "Revealing history: DePaul honors Young Lords' legacy in Lincoln Park". DePaul University, Chicago. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Newhart, Elizabeth (29 December 2016). "A Brief History Of Puerto Ricans In Chicago". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ Lowe, F., &, Blakley, D (June 5, 1977). "Humboldt Park riot". Chicago Tribune – via Proquest.
^ ^a ^b ^c "2010 Census". Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
^ "QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010, Census Summary File 1". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 22, 2012. ^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Bureau, US Census. "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "City". lcw.lehman.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "nmprac.org". nmprac.org. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ "City funds to assist conversion of Humboldt Park stables". chicagotribune.com. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Illinois - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ Aquino, Gabriel Puerto Rican Intermarriages: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, Class and Space State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2014-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Velazquez, Mirelsie (1 January 2014). "Solidarity and empowerment in Chicago's Puerto Rican print culture". Latino Studies. 12 (1): 88–110. doi:10.1057/lst.2014.3. S2CID 144089152.
^ "Chamber of Commerce". paseoboricua.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ Paseo Boricua: Un Pedacito de Patria en Chicago Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Paseo Boricua. Lonely Planet.
^ Emma González Roberts (2021). Understanding Paseo Boricua: Why the Preservation of Chicago’s Puerto Rican Enclave Matters (MA thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
^ Paseo Boricua. Hispanic Magazine. May 2003.
^ "Eduardo Arocho: Planting a Flag for Puerto Ricans". WTTW Chicago. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ Soto, Jose (6 December 2018). "Paseo Boricua Arts Building Gains Support from City of Chicago | Puerto Rican Cultural Center". Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ "Paseo Boricua in Chicago, Illinois". Affordable Housing Online. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ "Humboldt Park's Puerto Rico Town renamed 'Barrio Borikén'". www.ground.news. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
^ Pérez, p. 157.
^ Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad. Palgrave Macmillan, August 6, 2012. ISBN 1137022884, 9781137022882. p. 46.
^ Ramos-Zayas, p. 233.

References

Pérez, Gina M. The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families. University of California Press, October 4, 2004. ISBN 0520936418, 9780520936416.
Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, July 15, 2003. ISBN 0226703592, 9780226703596.

External links

[:0-1] "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-06.

[2] "Puerto Ricans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[3] Dorn, Russell (9 December 2023). "Revealing history: DePaul honors Young Lords' legacy in Lincoln Park". DePaul University, Chicago. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[4] Newhart, Elizabeth (29 December 2016). "A Brief History Of Puerto Ricans In Chicago". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[5] Lowe, F., &, Blakley, D (June 5, 1977). "Humboldt Park riot". Chicago Tribune – via Proquest.

[2010_Census-6] "2010 Census". Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.

[census1-7] "QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010, Census Summary File 1". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 22, 2012. ^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[8] Bureau, US Census. "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[9] "City". lcw.lehman.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[10] "nmprac.org". nmprac.org. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

[11] "City funds to assist conversion of Humboldt Park stables". chicagotribune.com. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

[12] "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[ACS-B03001-2019-Illinois-13] "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Illinois - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.

[14] Aquino, Gabriel Puerto Rican Intermarriages: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, Class and Space State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011

[15] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-09. Retrieved 2014-09-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[16] Velazquez, Mirelsie (1 January 2014). "Solidarity and empowerment in Chicago's Puerto Rican print culture". Latino Studies. 12 (1): 88–110. doi:10.1057/lst.2014.3. S2CID 144089152.

[17] "Chamber of Commerce". paseoboricua.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[18] Paseo Boricua: Un Pedacito de Patria en Chicago Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine

[19] Paseo Boricua. Lonely Planet.

[20] Emma González Roberts (2021). Understanding Paseo Boricua: Why the Preservation of Chicago’s Puerto Rican Enclave Matters (MA thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[21] Paseo Boricua. Hispanic Magazine. May 2003.

[22] "Eduardo Arocho: Planting a Flag for Puerto Ricans". WTTW Chicago. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[23] Soto, Jose (6 December 2018). "Paseo Boricua Arts Building Gains Support from City of Chicago | Puerto Rican Cultural Center". Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[24] "Paseo Boricua in Chicago, Illinois". Affordable Housing Online. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

[25] "Humboldt Park's Puerto Rico Town renamed 'Barrio Borikén'". www.ground.news. Retrieved 2024-06-02.

[PerezGinaMp157-26] Pérez, p. 157.

[Rudolphp46-27] Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad. Palgrave Macmillan, August 6, 2012. ISBN 1137022884, 9781137022882. p. 46.

[28] Ramos-Zayas, p. 233.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}}
-{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}<!-- too much of this page is not referenced -->
+{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
 {{Ethnic Chicago sidebar}}
+{{Puerto Ricans}}
 [[File:Division Street (Paseo Boricua).jpg|right|thumb|360px|[[Division Street (Chicago)|Division Street]] ([[Paseo Boricua]]), facing east from Mozart Street, one-half block west of California Avenue.]]
+'''Puerto Ricans in Chicago''' are individuals residing in [[Chicago]] with ancestral ties to the island of [[Puerto Rico]]. Over more than seventy years, they have made significant contributions to the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the city.
-{{Puerto Ricans}}{{Short description|Puerto Rican diaspora}}
-'''Puerto Ricans in Chicago''' are people living in [[Chicago]] who have [[ancestry|ancestral]] connections to the island of [[Puerto Rico]]. They have contributed to the economic, social and cultural well-being of Chicago for more than seventy years.
+As of 2023, there are 206,682 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area with Puerto Rican heritage, making it the fifth largest metropolitan Puerto Rican community in the mainland US following New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, and Miami, and just ahead of Tampa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=-09:Ancestry&g=310XX00US16980 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
 == History ==
-The [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Rican]] community in Chicago has a history that stretches more than 70 years back. The first migration in the 1930s to [[Chicago]] was not from the island of Puerto Rico itself, but from [[New York City]]. Many settled on State Street just south of the downtown hotels. There was only a small number of people that joined this migration.
+The history of the [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Rican]] community in [[Chicago]] spans over 70 years. The initial migration in the 1930s was not directly from Puerto Rico but from [[New York City]], with many settling on State Street near downtown hotels. However, the number of individuals joining this migration was relatively small.
-The first large wave of migration to Chicago came in the late 1940s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1027.html|title=Puerto Ricans|website=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> where many settled in the "La Clark" neighborhood around Dearborn, La Salle and Clark Street just north of downtown Chicago. Starting in 1946, many people were recruited by Castle Barton Associates and other companies as low-wage, non-union foundry workers and domestic workers in hotels and private homes. As soon as they were established in Chicago, many were joined by their spouses and families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
+A significant wave of migration occurred in the late 1940s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1027.html|title=Puerto Ricans|website=www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> primarily settling in the La Clark neighborhood north of downtown Chicago around Dearborn, La Salle, and Clark Streets. These migrants were recruited as low-wage, non-union foundry workers and domestic workers by companies like Castle Barton Associates. As initial migrants established themselves in Chicago, many were joined by their spouses and families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The construction of the Kennedy Expressway in the late 1950s divided the Puerto Rican neighborhoods of Wicker Park and Lincoln, which were previously one unified neighborhood.
-By the 1960s, Chicago's Puerto Rican community was displaced by urban redevelopment; they moved north and west to [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]], [[Lincoln Park]], [[Lakeview, Chicago|Lakeview]], and [[Wicker Park, Chicago|Wicker Park]], later centering in [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]] and [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] on the city's [[West Side, Chicago|West Side]]. They first moved into nearby [[Lincoln Park, Chicago|Lincoln Park]] just over the [[Chicago River]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Puerto Rican settlement also occurred in [[North Lawndale, Chicago|Lawndale]], also on the city's West Side.
+In the 1960s, urban redevelopment displaced the Puerto Rican [[community]] in Chicago, leading them to move to areas like [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]], [[Lincoln Park]], [[Lakeview, Chicago|Lakeview]], [[Wicker Park, Chicago|Wicker Park]], [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]], and [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] on the city's [[West Side, Chicago|West Side]]. They initially settled in Lincoln Park,<ref>{{cite web | last=Dorn | first=Russell | title=Revealing history: DePaul honors Young Lords’ legacy in Lincoln Park | website=DePaul University, Chicago | date=9 December 2023 | url=https://resources.depaul.edu/newsline/sections/campus-and-community/Pages/young-lords-event.aspx#:~:text=The%20first%20large%20wave%20of,two%20books%20about%20the%20group | access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> but as city-sponsored [[gentrification]] took place in the area, the Puerto Rican community moved further north and west. Settlement also occurred in [[North Lawndale, Chicago|Lawndale]] on the West Side.
+The [[Division Street riots]], which took place from June 12 to 14, 1966,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/illinois/articles/a-brief-history-of-puerto-ricans-in-chicago/|title=A Brief History Of Puerto Ricans In Chicago|last=Newhart|first=Elizabeth|website=Culture Trip|date=29 December 2016 |access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> marked a significant urban [[rebellion]] by the Puerto Rican community in Chicago. These events coincided with the [[Chicago Police Department]]'s implementation of precautionary measures to prevent unrest similar to what had happened in African American centers such as [[Harlem]], [[Watts, Los Angeles, California|Watts]], and [[North Philadelphia]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=RS needed}}
-City hall-sponsored [[gentrification]] in Lincoln Park began in the early 1960s and were protested by a Lincoln Park Poor People's Coalition led by the [[Young Lords]] under the leadership of [[Jose Cha Cha Jimenez]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=RS needed}}. The Puerto Rican community then moved north and west. Puerto Ricans living in Wicker Park and Lincoln were really one large neighborhood that became divided when the Kennedy Expressway was built in the early 1950s.
+In 1977, there was another conflict between the Puerto Rican community and the Chicago Police Department during the [[Humboldt Park riot]].<ref>Lowe, F., &, Blakley, D (June 5, 1977). "Humboldt Park riot". ''Chicago Tribune'' – via Proquest.</ref>
-The events of June 12 through 14, 1966, the [[Division Street riots]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/illinois/articles/a-brief-history-of-puerto-ricans-in-chicago/|title=A Brief History Of Puerto Ricans In Chicago|last=Newhart|first=Elizabeth|website=Culture Trip|date=29 December 2016 |access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> constituted the first major Puerto Rican urban [[rebellion]] in Chicago. The uprising took place about the time that the [[Chicago Police Department]] began taking "precautionary measures" to head off potential unrest of the type that had already occurred in African-American centers such as [[Harlem]], [[Watts, Los Angeles, California|Watts]] and [[North Philadelphia]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=RS needed}}
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
-In 1977, the Puerto Rican community came into conflict with the Chicago Police Department again at the [[Humboldt Park riot]].<ref>Lowe, F., &, Blakley, D (June 5, 1977). "Humboldt Park riot". ''Chicago Tribune'' – via Proquest.</ref>
+|-
+! Year<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite news |title=2010 Census |publisher=Medgar Evers College |url=http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php |access-date=April 13, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611082314/http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php |archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|title=QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010, Census Summary File 1|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=January 22, 2012}} {{dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
+! Puerto Rican<br/> population in<br/> Chicago<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|first=US Census|last=Bureau|website=Census.gov|accessdate=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lcw.lehman.edu/lehman/depts/latinampuertorican/latinoweb/PuertoRico/prpopcit.htm|title=City|website=lcw.lehman.edu|accessdate=9 December 2023}}</ref>
+! % of Chicago<br/> total population
+|-
+| 1980 || 112,074 || 3.7%
+|-
+| 1990 || 119,866 || 4.3%
+|-
+| 2000 || 113,055 || 3.9%
+|-
+| 2010 || 102,703 || 3.8%
+|-
+| 2020 || 93,193 || 3.3%
+|}
 == Present ==
 [[File:Humboldt Park Stables and Receptory.jpg|thumb|right|215px|The [[National Museum of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture|Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture]]]]
-The Puerto Rican community is well established and politically active. With the support of the community, Puerto Rican leaders in Chicago leased the historic [[Humboldt Park (Chicago park)|Humboldt Park]] stables near [[Paseo Boricua]] to house the [[Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmprac.org/about/|title=nmprac.org|date=15 July 2015|publisher=nmprac.org|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> About $3.4 million was spent to renovate the exterior of the building and another $3.2 million for the interior in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-10-22/business/0610220060_1_leased-stables-restoration|title=City funds to assist conversion of Humboldt Park stables|publisher=chicagotribune.com|date=22 October 2006|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Puerto Rican Arts Alliance]] is similarly enjoying growth, with expansion to its second location in [[Avondale, Chicago|Avondale]] in a former [[fire station|firehouse]] at the intersection of Central Park and Elbridge avenues.
+The Puerto Rican community in Chicago is known for its established presence and [[Activism|political activism]]. With the community's support, Puerto Rican leaders in Chicago secured a lease for the historic [[Humboldt Park (Chicago park)|Humboldt Park]] stables near [[Paseo Boricua]], which now house the [[Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmprac.org/about/|title=nmprac.org|date=15 July 2015|publisher=nmprac.org|access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> Renovation efforts for the building involved approximately $3.4 million for the exterior and an additional $3.2 million for the interior in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/10/22/city-funds-to-assist-conversion-of-humboldt-park-stables/|title=City funds to assist conversion of Humboldt Park stables|publisher=chicagotribune.com|date=22 October 2006|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Puerto Rican Arts Alliance]] has also experienced growth and expanded to a second location in [[Avondale, Chicago|Avondale]], occupying a former [[Fire station|firehouse]] at the intersection of Central Park and Elbridge Avenues.
-According to the 2010 census, those of full or partial Puerto Rican descent totaled 102,703 or 3.8% of Chicago's population<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite news | title=2010 Census | publisher=Medgar Evers College | url=http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php | access-date=2010-04-13 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611082314/http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php | archive-date=2010-06-11 }}</ref> which is a decrease from 113,055 in 2000. The community has continued to decline with the 2019 [[American Community Survey]] listing the community at 97,758 or 3.63% of Chicago's population.<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019-Chicago>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=1600000US1714000&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=true|title=B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Chicago - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> 53% of Puerto Ricans in Illinois now live outside of Chicago (109,351 out of a total state population of 207,109).<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019-Illinois>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=0400000US17&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=true|title=B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Illinois - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref>
+Based on the 2020 census, the total number of individuals with full or partial Puerto Rican descent in Chicago was 93,193, accounting for 3.3% of the city's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=-09&d=DEC+Detailed+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+File+A|title=Explore Census Data|website=data.census.gov|accessdate=9 December 2023}}</ref> This figure represents a decrease from the 102,703 recorded in 2010.<ref name="2010 Census" /> A majority of Puerto Ricans in Illinois (53%) now reside outside of Chicago, with 109,351 individuals living in other areas of the state out of a total population of 207,109.<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019-Illinois>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&g=0400000US17&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP05&hidePreview=true|title=B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Illinois - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref>
+The decline of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago can be attributed to various factors, including:
-The decline is due to a number of factors including economic opportunity, competition with new immigrants, high crime rates, the high cost of living, gentrification, cold weather, and intermarriage (stateside Puerto Ricans have a 38.5% intermarriage rate<ref>Aquino, Gabriel [https://search.proquest.com/openview/43e647dd30f5f5615ed4ebe7423c76dd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Puerto Rican Intermarriages: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, Class and Space] State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011</ref>) with most moving to other states such as Florida, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Georgia, the city's suburbs or returning to Puerto Rico.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Puerto Ricans are the city's second largest Hispanic group after Mexicans (21% of the city's population in 2019).<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019-Chicago/>
+* limited economic opportunities
+* competition from new immigrants
+* high crime rates
+*high cost of living
+* gentrification
+* adverse weather conditions
+* children relocate to the suburbs or other states
+* intermarriage (with a 38.5% intermarriage rate among stateside Puerto Ricans).<ref>Aquino, Gabriel [https://search.proquest.com/openview/43e647dd30f5f5615ed4ebe7423c76dd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Puerto Rican Intermarriages: The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, Class and Space] State University of New York at Albany, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2011</ref>
-Most of Chicago's remaining Puerto Rican community is found on the Northwest side of the city. The largest numbers of Puerto Ricans live in the [[Community areas in Chicago|Chicago community areas]] of [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]], [[Logan Square, Chicago|Logan Square]], [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Avondale, Chicago|Avondale]], [[Austin, Chicago|Austin]], [[Belmont Cragin, Chicago|Belmont Cragin]], [[Portage Park, Chicago|Portage Park]], and [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]], with Humboldt Park being their cultural and commercial center.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/voorheesctr/Publications/60_Years_of_Migration.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-14 |archive-date=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409160457/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/voorheesctr/Publications/60_Years_of_Migration.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Solidarity and empowerment in Chicago's Puerto Rican print culture|first=Mirelsie|last=Velazquez|date=1 January 2014|journal= Latino Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=88–110|doi=10.1057/lst.2014.3|s2cid=144089152 }}</ref> As of the 2010 Census, areas immediately west and north of the actual [[Humboldt Park (Chicago park)]] have the largest numbers of Puerto Ricans in Chicago. Significant Puerto Rican populations also live in Chicago's suburbs including [[Waukegan, Illinois|Waukegan]], [[Aurora, Illinois|Aurora]], [[Cicero, Illinois|Cicero]], and [[Elgin, Illinois|Elgin]].<ref name="2010 Census"/>
+Within Chicago, the remaining Puerto Rican community is primarily concentrated on the northwest side of the city. The largest numbers of Puerto Ricans can be found in the [[Community areas in Chicago|community areas]] of [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]], [[Logan Square, Chicago|Logan Square]], [[Hermosa, Chicago|Hermosa]], [[Avondale, Chicago|Avondale]], [[Austin, Chicago|Austin]], [[Belmont Cragin, Chicago|Belmont Cragin]], [[Portage Park, Chicago|Portage Park]], and [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]], with Humboldt Park serving as the cultural and commercial center.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/voorheesctr/Publications/60_Years_of_Migration.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-14 |archive-date=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409160457/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/voorheesctr/Publications/60_Years_of_Migration.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Solidarity and empowerment in Chicago's Puerto Rican print culture|first=Mirelsie|last=Velazquez|date=1 January 2014|journal= Latino Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=88–110|doi=10.1057/lst.2014.3|s2cid=144089152 }}</ref> Areas immediately north and west of [[Humboldt Park (Chicago park)|Humboldt Park]] have the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the Chicago area, according to the 2020 Census. Significant Puerto Rican populations are also present in suburban areas of Chicago, including [[Berwyn, Illinois|Berwyn]], [[Waukegan, Illinois|Waukegan]], [[Aurora, Illinois|Aurora]], [[Cicero, Illinois|Cicero]], and [[Elgin, Illinois|Elgin]].<ref name="2010 Census"/>
 == Paseo Boricua ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 62: @@
 [[File:Flag for Paseo Boricua at Humboldt Park in Chicago, Illinois, US.jpg|215px|thumb|right|Paseo Boricua is the first location outside the [[Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]] to be granted the right to fly an official [[Municipal Flag of Puerto Rico]].]]
-[[Paseo Boricua]] (loosely translated as "[[Puerto Rican people#Boricua|Boricua]] (Puerto Rican) Promenade") is a street section in the West Side of [[Chicago]]. It is located on [[Division Street (Chicago)|Division Street]], between [[Western Avenue (Chicago)|Western Avenue]] and California Avenue, in the [[West Town, Chicago#East Humboldt Park|East Humboldt Park]] section of the [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paseoboricua.org/|title=Chamber of Commerce|website=paseoboricua.org|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Paseo Boricua is microcosm of the [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] community.<ref>[http://www.prcc-chgo.org/paseo_boricua.htm Paseo Boricua: Un Pedacito de Patria en Chicago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510145802/http://www.prcc-chgo.org/paseo_boricua.htm |date=2008-05-10 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130128072913/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/usa/chicago/sights/1000317553?list=true Paseo Boricua]. [[Lonely Planet]].</ref> It is the only officially recognized Puerto Rican neighborhood in the nation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} [[New York City]], with its vast [[Puerto Rican migration to New York|Puerto Rican population]], does not have an officially designated Puerto Rican [[neighborhood]].
+[[Paseo Boricua]], situated on [[Division Street (Chicago)|Division Street]] in the [[West Town, Chicago#East Humboldt Park|East Humboldt Park]] section of the [[West Town, Chicago|West Town]] neighborhood,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paseoboricua.org/|title=Chamber of Commerce|website=paseoboricua.org|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> is a street section on the West Side of Chicago that represents the [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] community.<ref>[http://www.prcc-chgo.org/paseo_boricua.htm Paseo Boricua: Un Pedacito de Patria en Chicago] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510145802/http://www.prcc-chgo.org/paseo_boricua.htm |date=2008-05-10 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130128072913/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/usa/chicago/sights/1000317553?list=true Paseo Boricua]. [[Lonely Planet]].</ref> It spans between [[Western Avenue (Chicago)|Western Avenue]] and California Avenue. Paseo Boricua is recognized as the only officially designated Puerto Rican [[neighborhood]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Emma González Roberts|title=Understanding Paseo Boricua: Why the Preservation of Chicago’s Puerto Rican Enclave Matters|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/132733|degree=MA |location=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2021}}</ref> distinguishing it from [[New York City]], which lacks such a designated area.
-Flanking this very flavorful strip on both sides are these fifty-nine feet tall [[Flag of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican flags]] made of [[steel]], 2 [[gate]]ways that are the bookends of Paseo Boricua.<ref>[http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine/2003/may/Cultura/ Paseo Boricua]. Hispanic Magazine. May 2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interactive.wttw.com/my-neighborhood/pilsen/eduardo-arocho-planting-flag-puerto-ricans|title=Eduardo Arocho: Planting a Flag for Puerto Ricans|date=2017-10-02|website=WTTW Chicago|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
+The prominent features of Paseo Boricua include two fifty-nine-foot-tall [[steel]] [[Flag of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican flags]] that serve as [[Gate|gateways]], flanking the street.<ref>[http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine/2003/may/Cultura/ Paseo Boricua]. Hispanic Magazine. May 2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interactive.wttw.com/my-neighborhood/pilsen/eduardo-arocho-planting-flag-puerto-ricans|title=Eduardo Arocho: Planting a Flag for Puerto Ricans|date=2017-10-02|website=WTTW Chicago|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Many businesses in the area are named after Puerto Rican towns. The street itself is dedicated to showcasing Puerto Rican pride and features a [[walk of fame]] honoring notable Puerto Ricans.
+[[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]]'s '''Paseo Boricua''' neighborhood holds significance as the flagship Puerto Rican enclave and serves as the political and cultural hub of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest.
-Many businesses are named after Puerto Rican towns.
+Over time, Paseo Boricua has evolved into a place where Puerto Ricans can explore and connect with their heritage. A culture center has been established, and local Puerto Rican politicians have relocated their offices to Division Street. The City of Chicago has also allocated funds to support the restoration of building facades along Paseo Boricua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prcc-chgo.org/2018/12/06/paseo-boricua-arts-building-gains-support-from-city-of-chicago/|title=Paseo Boricua Arts Building Gains Support from City of Chicago {{!}} Puerto Rican Cultural Center|last=Soto|first=Jose|date=6 December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
-This street is dedicated to Puerto Rican pride including a [[walk of fame]] with the names of many outstanding Puerto Ricans.
+Visitors to Paseo Boricua can immerse themselves in the vibrant atmosphere, with [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[reggaeton]], [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]], [[plena]], and [[Merengue music|merengue]] music resonating through the streets and the enticing aroma of carne guisada puertorriqueña filling the air. Some grocers in the area specialize in providing hard-to-find products from Puerto Rico, such as gandules verde, sazón, and naranja agria.
-The [[Humboldt Park, Chicago|Humboldt Park]] '''Paseo Boricua''' neighborhood is the flagship of all Puerto Rican [[enclaves]] This neighborhood is the political and cultural capital of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest.
+The visual appeal of Paseo Boricua is enhanced by numerous colorful and historically significant murals. Additionally, two affordable housing buildings<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://affordablehousingonline.com/housing-search/Illinois/Chicago/Paseo-Boricua/10028213|title=Paseo Boricua in Chicago, Illinois|website=Affordable Housing Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> with facades designed to mimic the Spanish colonial styles of [[Old San Juan]] contribute to the area's distinctive appearance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Near the high school named after Puerto Rican [[baseball]] slugger [[Roberto Clemente]], there is a tile mosaic honoring him.
-Over time, Paseo Boricua became a place where Puerto Ricans could go to learn about their heritage. A culture center was established, and the offices of local Puerto Rican politicians relocated their offices to Division Street. Recently, the City of Chicago has set aside money for Paseo Boricua property owners who want to restore their buildings' facades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prcc-chgo.org/2018/12/06/paseo-boricua-arts-building-gains-support-from-city-of-chicago/|title=Paseo Boricua Arts Building Gains Support from City of Chicago {{!}} Puerto Rican Cultural Center|last=Soto|first=Jose|date=6 December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
+In June 2024, the part of the Humboldt Park neighborhood in Chicago known as Puerto Rico Town or Paseo Boricua officially changed its name to Barrio Borikén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ground.news/article/humboldt-parks-puerto-rico-town-renamed-barrio-boriken|title=Humboldt Park’s Puerto Rico Town renamed ‘Barrio Borikén’|website=www.ground.news|language=en|access-date=2024-06-02}}</ref>
-Visitors can hear [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[reggaeton]], [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]], [[plena]], and [[Merengue music|merengue]] music pulsating through the streets and smell the mouth-watering carne guisada puertorriqueña. A couple of grocers have set up shop to help buyers find those hard-to-acquire products from home, such as gandules verde, sazón, and naranja agria.
-The area is visually stunning, having many colorful and historically important murals as well as two affordable housing buildings<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://affordablehousingonline.com/housing-search/Illinois/Chicago/Paseo-Boricua/10028213|title=Paseo Boricua in Chicago, Illinois|website=Affordable Housing Online|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> with facades and colors mimicking the Spanish colonial styles of [[Old San Juan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} A tile mosaic of Puerto Rican [[baseball]] slugger [[Roberto Clemente]] greets visitors at one end of the street, near the high school that bears his name.
-Several times a year, Paseo Boricua is fashioned in gala to celebrate important Puerto Rican holidays, such as the Three Kings Day, the Puerto Rican People's Parade, Haunted Paseo Boricua, and Fiesta Boricua with an estimated 650,000 attendees.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
 == Puerto Rican Parade ==
-The Puerto Rican Parade Committee of Chicago has been serving their community for over 40 years. Now in its 48th year, the six-day festival in Humboldt Park has become the largest attended [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] festival in the city of Chicago and in the Mid-West.
+The Puerto Rican Parade Committee of Chicago has been actively involved in serving the community for more than 40 years. Currently in its 48th year, the festival held in Humboldt Park has grown to become the largest [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] festival in both the city of Chicago and the Midwest, attracting a significant number of attendees.
-==Education==
+==Education and economy==
 [[File:Roberto Clemente Community Academy, Chicago (2006).JPG|thumb|[[Roberto Clemente Community Academy]]]]
-Gina M. Pérez, the author of ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families'', wrote that in Chicago [[Roberto Clemente Community Academy]] is known as "''the'' Puerto Rican high school."<ref name=PerezGinaMp157>Pérez, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eOo5sP7fU6cC&pg=PA157 157].</ref> Jennifer Domino Rudolph, author of ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad'' wrote that the school "is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism."<ref name=Rudolphp46>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], August 6, 2012. {{ISBN|1137022884}}, 9781137022882. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdjIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46].</ref>
+According to Gina M. Pérez, the author of "''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families''," [[Roberto Clemente Community Academy]] in Chicago is commonly referred to as "''the'' Puerto Rican high school."<ref name=PerezGinaMp157>Pérez, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eOo5sP7fU6cC&pg=PA157 157].</ref> In Jennifer Domino Rudolph's book, "''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad''," she states that the school is strongly associated with Puerto Rican cultural nationalism.<ref name=Rudolphp46>Rudolph, Jennifer Domino. ''Embodying Latino Masculinities: Producing Masculatinidad''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], August 6, 2012. {{ISBN|1137022884}}, 9781137022882. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdjIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46].</ref> Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, the author of "''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago''," mentions that the media has portrayed the school as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and as being connected to Puerto Rico.<ref>Ramos-Zayas, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p8vvwBWgSqwC&pg=PA233 233].</ref>
+As of 2023, only 22.6% of Chicagoland Puerto Ricans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher, though this was slightly higher than the average rate of 19.7% across all Latinos.<ref name=":0" /> Chicagoland employed Puerto Ricans over the age of 16 were most commonly employed in Management, business, science, and arts occupations (34.1%), followed by Sales and office occupations (24.1%) and Service occupations (19.7%).<ref name=":0" /> The median income among Chicago area Puerto Rican household was $65,459, lower than the $78,085 median among all Latinos.<ref name=":0" />
-Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas, author of ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago'', wrote that the school was portrayed in the media as "the property of Puerto Rican nationalists" and "as part of Puerto Rico."<ref>Ramos-Zayas, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p8vvwBWgSqwC&pg=PA233 233].</ref>
 == See also ==
-{{Portal|Puerto Rico|Chicago|Illinois}}
+{{Portal|Puerto Rico|Chicago}}
-*[[Puerto Ricans in the United States]]
+* [[Puerto Ricans in the United States]]
-*[[Puerto Rican people]]
+* [[Puerto Rican people]]
-*[[Demographics of Chicago]]
+* [[Demographics of Chicago]]
-*[[Paseo Boricua]]
+* [[Paseo Boricua]]
-*[[Young Lords]]
+* [[Young Lords]]
-*[[Latin Kings (gang)|Latin Kings]]
+* [[Latin Kings (gang)|Latin Kings]]
-*[[Jose Cha Cha Jimenez|A Latino Resource]]
+* [[Jose Cha Cha Jimenez|A Latino Resource]]
-*[[Division Street riots]]
+* [[Division Street riots]]
-*[[Humboldt Park riot]]
+* [[Humboldt Park riot]]
 == Gallery ==
 <gallery>
 File:Puerto Rican Day Parade, Paseo Boricua.jpg|Puerto Rican Day Parade in downtown Chicago.
 File:Brick_mural_of_Roberto_Clemente_(Clemente_High_School,_Chicago).jpg|Roberto Clemente high school
 File:Clementeplaque.jpg|Paseo Boricua Walk of Fame (Roberto Clemente)
-File:Muralb.jpg|La Crucifixion de Don Pedro Albizu Campos
 File:Prfestptl2005_001.jpg
 File:Crowd of Puerto Ricans along Paseo Boricua, in Chicago (June 2005).jpg
@@ Line 92: / Line 112: @@
 </gallery>
-== References ==
+==Notes==
+{{Reflist}}
-*Pérez, Gina M. ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families''. [[University of California Press]], October 4, 2004. {{ISBN|0520936418}}, 9780520936416.
-*Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago''. [[University of Chicago Press]], July 15, 2003. {{ISBN|0226703592}}, 9780226703596.
-== Notes ==
+== References ==
+* Pérez, Gina M. ''The Near Northwest Side Story: Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families''. [[University of California Press]], October 4, 2004. {{ISBN|0520936418}}, 9780520936416.
-{{reflist}}
+* Ramos-Zayas, Ana Y. ''National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago''. [[University of Chicago Press]], July 15, 2003. {{ISBN|0226703592}}, 9780226703596.
 ==Further reading==
 * Betancur, John J. "The settlement experience of Latinos in Chicago: Segregation, speculation, and the ecology model." ''Social Forces'' 74.4 (1996): 1299-1324.
 * Burwell, Rebecca, et al. "The Chicago Latino Congregations Study (CLCS): Methodological Considerations" (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2010).
 * Cruz, Wilfredo. ''Puerto Rican Chicago'' (Images of America). [[Arcadia Publishing]], February 2, 2005. {{ISBN|1439631549}}, 9781439631546.
 * Farr, Marcia. ''Latino language and literacy in ethnolinguistic Chicago'' (Routledge, 2005).
@@ Line 108: / Line 127: @@
 * Mumm, Jesse Stewart. "When the white people come: Gentrification and race in Puerto Rican Chicago" (PhD diss.  Northwestern University, 2014).
 * Padilla, Felix M. ''Latino ethnic consciousness: the case of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in Chicago'' (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
 * Pallares, Amalia, and Nilda Flores-González, eds. ''¡ Marcha!: Latino Chicago and the immigrant rights movement'' (University of Illinois Press, 2010).
 * Paral, Rob, et al. "Latino demographic growth in metropolitan Chicago." (University of Notre Dame, Institute for Latino Studies, Center for the Study of Latino Religion, 2004) [https://latinostudies.nd.edu/assets/95323/original/paral.pdf online].
 * Rinaldo, Rachel. "Space of resistance: the Puerto Rican cultural center and Humboldt Park" ''Cultural Critique'' 50 (2002): 135-174.
 * Roberts, Emma González. ''Understanding Paseo Boricua: why the preservation of Chicago's Puerto Rican enclave matters'' (Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021). [https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/132733/1265090984-MIT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online]
 * Rúa, Mérida M. ''A grounded identidad: Making new lives in Chicago's Puerto Rican neighborhoods'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) [https://www.amazon.com/Merida-Rua-Grounded-Identidad-Neighborhoods/dp/B00P2P461C excerpt]
 * Toro-Morn, Maura, Ivis García Zambrana, and Marixsa Alicea. "De bandera a bandera (from flag to flag): New scholarship about the Puerto Rican diaspora in Chicago." ''Centro Journal'' 28.2 (2016): 4+.
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.gvsu.edu/younglords Young Lords in Lincoln Park]
-*[http://nationalyounglords.com National Young Lords]
+* [http://nationalyounglords.com National Young Lords]
 <!--<ref group="Grand Valley State University" name= *>{{cite web|last=Jimenez|first=Jose|title=Young Lords in Lincoln Park|url=http://www.gvsu.edu/younglords|work=Oral History Project|publisher=Grand Valley State University, special collections|access-date=April 2010}}</ref>-->
 {{Puerto Ricans outside of Puerto Rico}}
 {{Ethnicity in Chicago, Illinois}}

v t e Ethnic groups in Chicago, Illinois
Groups	African Americans Albanians Appalachian Bosnians Chinese Czechs Germans Greeks Irish Italians Japanese Jews Koreans Lithuanians Mexicans Poles Puerto Ricans Romani (Gypsy) Swedes Ukrainians Welsh
Ethnic enclaves	Andersonville Bridgeport Chinatown Greektown Koreatown Lincoln Square Little Italy Little Village Paseo Boricua Pilsen Polish Downtown Polonia Triangle Polish Village Ukrainian Village
Institutions	American Indian Center Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture Bohemian National Cemetery Chinese American Museum of Chicago DANK Haus German American Cultural Center DuSable Museum of African American History German Waldheim Cemetery Hull House Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center International Polka Association Irish American Heritage Center Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame National Museum of Mexican Art National Museum of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture Polish American Association Polish Museum of America St. John of Rila Church in Chicago Spertus Institute Swedish American Museum Swedish Club of Chicago Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art Ukrainian National Museum
Events	Airport Homes race riots Chicago Freedom Movement Chicago race riot of 1919 Haymarket affair Englewood race riot Fernwood Park race riot Division Street riots 1968 Chicago riots
Related	Berlin Wall Monument Bohemian Club Bohemian National Alliance Celtic Fest Chicago Chicago Black Renaissance Chicago Outfit Chicago Shimpo Chinaman (politics) Čikagos Aidas Draugas Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News) Kwanusila List of diplomatic missions and trade organizations in Chicago Suznanie To Chicago and Back Vakarai