AmaMpondomise: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Ethnic group}} |
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{{Infobox name|i-Mpondomise |Ama-Mpondomise|Isi-Xhosa|Ema-Mpondomiseni|The Ama-Mpondomise nation}} |
{{Infobox Bantu name|i-Mpondomise |Ama-Mpondomise|Isi-Xhosa|Ema-Mpondomiseni|The Ama-Mpondomise nation}} |
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The '''Mpondomise people''', also called '''Ama-Mpondomise''', are a Xhosa-speaking people.<ref name=mpondobrit>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mpondo Mpondo people], Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)</ref> Their traditional homeland has been in the contemporary era [[Eastern Cape]] province of [[South Africa]], during apartheid they were located both in the [[Ciskei]] and [[Transkei]] region.<ref name="Group2013p158">{{cite book|author=Diagram Group|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|page=158}}</ref> Like other separate Xhosa-speaking kingdoms such as Aba-[[Thembu]] and Ama-[[Mpondo]], they speak [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and are at times{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}{{Clarify|date=January 2022}} considered as part of the Xhosa people. |
The '''Mpondomise people''', also called '''Ama-Mpondomise''', are a Xhosa-speaking people.<ref name=mpondobrit>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mpondo Mpondo people], Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)</ref> Their traditional homeland has been in the contemporary era [[Eastern Cape]] province of [[South Africa]], and during apartheid they were located both in the [[Ciskei]] and [[Transkei]] region.<ref name="Group2013p158">{{cite book|author=Diagram Group|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|page=158}}</ref> Like other separate Xhosa-speaking kingdoms such as Aba-[[Thembu]] and Ama-[[Mpondo]], they speak [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and are at times{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}{{Clarify|date=January 2022}} considered as part of the Xhosa people. |
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The Ama-Mpondomise form part of the AbaMbo ethnic group of South Africa one of few indigenous groups of Southern Africa |
The Ama-Mpondomise form part of the AbaMbo ethnic group of South Africa one of few indigenous groups of Southern Africa alongside the San and Khoekhoe. The formal establishment of the ethnic groups as a separate nation from the other local AbaMbo. They are not Nguni but some people turn to confuse them with Nguni people due to the intermarriage. Their Kingdom was established 1000s of years before the European and other native tribes arrived. One of their notable kings is estimated around 13th century. The San and AmaMpondomise are the earliest residence of what was later to be renamed East Griqualand by the colonialist government of Hamilton Hope chief Magistrate. The area of Maclear did not have Griquas or Khoe descendants up until Adam Kok arrived later in the 1800s and found both the San and AmaMpondomise residing and intermarrying; in fact, one of the most notable royal clans of AmaMpondomise, the Jola/Majola clan, are descendants of the intermarriage between AmaMpondomise and the San.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA |title=In the matter between: KING PHAHLO ROYAL FAMILY and DOSINI ROYAL FAMILY |date=2020 |pages=1 |url=http://www.derebus.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/King-Phahlo-Royal-Family-and-Another-v-Molosi-and-Others.pdf |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> The Mpondomise encountered colonists migrating further inland and eastwards from the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name="Group2013p158"/><ref name="Stapleton2016p176">{{cite book|author=Timothy J. Stapleton|title=Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rZCDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-837-3|page=176}}</ref> |
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As a result of colonial conquest, a majority of ama-Mpondomise speak Xhosa, with a minority who are bilingual speaking Mpondomise as their home language and Xhosa as a second language. Some people view Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. However, the language is dying out. |
As a result of colonial conquest, a majority of ama-Mpondomise speak Xhosa, with a minority who are bilingual speaking Mpondomise as their home language and Xhosa as a second language. Some people view Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. However, the language is dying out. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Origins=== |
===Origins=== |
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The name Mpondomise, which means "to hold your horns upright", is a descriptor for the mountainous lands that the ethnic group occupied.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It is also to signify the fighting strength of the nation.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The Mpondomise originate in traditional Southern |
The name '''Mpondomise''', which means "to hold your horns upright", is a descriptor for the mountainous lands that the ethnic group occupied.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It is also to signify the fighting strength of the nation.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The '''Ama-Mpondomise-People''' originate in traditional Southern Africa and '''Embo|lands''' in south-east Africa and the northern parts of the Western Cape.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} They presently reside in [[KwaZulu Natal]], the [[Eastern Cape]] and the [[Western Cape]]. They are part of the [[Nguni people]], being part of the greatest subdivision of the Ngunis i.e. the [[Aba-Mbo people]]. '''Aba-Mbo-people''' include some [[Zulu people|Zulus]] (Mkhize, Mavovo, Majola etc.), some [[Tswana people|Tswanas]] (Bapo), [[Swazi people|Swatis]] (particularly Dlaminis from which the monarch of [[Eswatini]] comes), [[Mpondo people|Mpondos]], '''Ama-Xesibe-people''' and the '''Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana''' are the '''descendants of princess Nomafu the daughter of King Sibiside'''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' did not migrate to Southern Africa because the region forms parts of their land. The Lebombo born that is estimated to be about 35 000 years the oldest mathematical tool in the world, which is similar to the Ishango bone found in the Lebombo border serves as proof that '''Abe-Nguni-people''' and the '''Ama-Mbo-people''' are indigenous to Southern Africa.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} |
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In |
In the '''aba-Mbo-history''' and tradition, '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' are seen as wise since the name metaphorically means to be dual in nature or to raise your horn: in other words, to be diplomatic but also be ready to attack (with the literal meaning being "hold your horns upright").{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' are the '''descendants of King Mpondomise himself son of Khubazi''', the grandson of '''King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli''' who was the leader of the once-powerful '''Embo-nation''' (Aba-Mbo or Ma-Mbo).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond-Tooke |first1=W.D |title=The Morphology of Mpondomise Descent Groups |journal=Africa |date=1968 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=26–46 |doi=10.2307/1157337 |jstor=1157337 |s2cid=145575810 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157337 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> It is through '''King Sibiside's''' son '''Prince Khubazi Aka Njanya''' (the father of '''Prince Mpondomise''' & '''Prince Mpondo''' & '''Prince Xesibe''' & '''Prince Nyambose''') so that's how the '''Ama-Mpondomise-nation''' emerged together with other '''Abe-Nguni-nations''' or ethnic groups as a force to be reckoned with. It is also through '''King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli''' (''the king of the aba-Mbo-nation'' and the '''grandfather''' of '''King Mpondomise''') So that's how the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' are cousins to other '''aba-Mbo-people''' such as the '''Ama-Mpondo-people''' (who was '''King Mpondomise's''' the twin),<ref>{{cite news |last1=News24 |title=The white man never learns |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/voices/the-white-man-never-learns-20160129 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> '''Ama-Xesibe-people''' (born after the twins),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Xhosa Culture |title=Ama-Xesibe Fikeni Monument To Remember Chief Fikeni & Wives |url=http://xhosaculture.co.za/amaxesibe-fikeni-monument-remember-chief-fikeni-wives/}}</ref> ooMkhize<ref>{{cite web |last1=UKZN (2017) |title=Aba-Mbo people history |url=http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/keywords/abambo-people-history |website=DISA |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> and ooDlamini (regardless of Nguni affiliation,<ref>{{cite web |work=Archive and Public Culture |title=Finding our Mkhize past |url=http://www.apc.uct.ac.za/apc/projects/ancestral-stories/finding-our-mkhize-past |publisher=UCT |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> including those who are so-called "Mfengu"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daily Dispatch |title=Know African history and identity before reviving mental colonialism |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/opinion/2017-05-24-know-african-history-and-identity-before-reviving-mental-colonialism/ |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>).{{Clarify|date=January 2022}} |
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Since Mpondomise and Mpondo were twins, there is an ongoing argument as to which twin was the eldest. The most commonly held view is that Mpondomise is the senior twin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mpinga |first1=Senzwa |title=Even though this clan is so big it has a clear history of its origin. Their history is as follows |url=https://www.mpingasenzwa.co.za/index.php/history}}</ref> It is said |
Since '''Prince Mpondomise''' and '''Prince Mpondo''' were twins, there is an ongoing argument as to which twin was the eldest. The most commonly held view is that '''King Mpondomise''' is the senior twin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mpinga |first1=Senzwa |title=Even though this clan is so big it has a clear history of its origin. Their history is as follows |url=https://www.mpingasenzwa.co.za/index.php/history}}</ref> It is said that while out hunting, '''Prince Mpondo''' killed a lion and refused to hand over the skin to '''Prince Mpondomise''' as was the custom (the senior was entitled to skins of certain animals).<ref name="Soga, John Henderson 1930">Soga, John Henderson (1930). ''The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni-people, Aba-Mbo-people, Ama-Lala-people)''. Witwatersrand University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-108-06682-2}}</ref> The tension between the two started from that day. '''Prince Mpondo''' and his followers had to leave and settle elsewhere away from their father's land, as custom dictates that the senior inherits the father's land.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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In terms of genealogy of kings, ''King Sibiside'' begests:<ref>Mkhize, Siyabonga (2009). ''Uhlanga Lwas'eMbo''. Sibiside Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-620-43055-5}}</ref> |
In terms of genealogy of kings, '''King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli''' begests:<ref>Mkhize, Siyabonga (2009). ''Uhlanga Lwas'eMbo''. Sibiside Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-620-43055-5}}</ref> |
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(01) ''Prince Khubazi Aka Njanya'' |
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# Njanya (Ama-Mpondo, Ama-Mpondomise, Ama-Xesibe) |
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('''Ama-Mpondo-people, Ama-Mpondomise-people, Ama-Xesibe-people''') |
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# Mavovo (father of the Mkhize clan) King Sibiside’s heir |
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(02) ''Prince Mavovo'' |
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# Gubhela (his descendants also call themselves abakwa-Mkhize) |
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('''father of the Mkhize-clan''') King Sibiside's heir apparent |
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# Nomafu (whose descendants are known as Ama-Bomvu and Ama-Bomvana) |
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(03) ''Princess Nomafu'' (daughter of Sibiside) |
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(whose descendants are known as '''Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana-people''') |
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It is worth noting that Ama-Mpondomise also intermarried with the San people.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} This can be picked up in their language that has various clicks. Evidence is also found in their clan names. The Mpondomise openly assert themselves as a San woman's descendants (thole loMthwakazi).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
It is worth noting that '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' also intermarried with the San people.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} This can be picked up in their language that has various clicks. Evidence is also found in their clan names. The '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' openly assert themselves as a San woman's descendants (thole loMthwakazi).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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==The Ama-Mpondomise and Ama-Bhaca Conflict== |
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According to [[Mpondomise]] counselor Vethe Mziziba, [[AmaBhaca]] found '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' at Mcuthu and defeated them however the '''Ama-Mpodomise-people''' would just not submit to the letter because '''Ama-Bhaca-people''' were rather backward people who would gruesomely kill even defenseless old men women and children in times of battle, faced with this crisis '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' appealed for help from [[AbaThembu]], King [[Ngubengcuka]] agreed to join hands with '''Ama-Mpondomise-People''' against '''Ama-Bhaca-people''' and proceeded to cross the Tsitsa river to join them.<ref name="C.A">{{cite journal |last1=Cabashe |first1=Andile |title=Mpondomise Conflict |journal=Nguni |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yW4kyNfHzw&t=920s}}</ref> |
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'''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' was defeated once again but the arrival of '''King Ngubengcuka''' turned the tables and successfully drove back the '''Ama-Bhaca-people''', it was not an easy Victory as '''Ama-Bhaca-people''' were able to escape and settle near ama-cina.<ref name="D.S">{{cite journal |last1=Dikane |first1=Sofia |title=AmaMpondomise |journal=Analysis |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yW4kyNfHzw&t=920s}}</ref> |
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==Ama-Mpondomise-Kingdom== |
==Ama-Mpondomise-Kingdom== |
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After existing as a kingdom for over 800 years, the Ama-Mpondomise-people were stripped of their Royal status by the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1904 after King Mhlontlo |
After existing as a kingdom for over 800 years, the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' were stripped of their Royal status by the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1904 after King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane was accused of killing a Qumbu magistrate, Hamilton Hope, and two white police officers during the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people's''' Revolt in 1880–81. Although '''King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane''' was acquitted of the murder charge, he lost his '''kingship Status''' by administrative action. The '''Ama-Mpondomise-nation''' hopes were again dashed during the democratic dispensation when the Nhlapo Commission found in 2005 that they had no claim to a kingship. However, a 115-year battle, for this anti-colonial nation, to get their ''king'' and ''the kingdom'' reinstalled and reinstated respectively, ended when the [[Eastern Cape]] High Court ([[Mthatha]]) officially recognised the '''Ama-Mpondomise's-kingship'''. It ordered that the kingship be reinstated. With the presiding judge setting aside the Tolo Commission's decision to oppose the '''Ama-Mpondomise's claim of kingship'''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Legal Brief |title=AmaMpondomise kingship must be reinstated – ruling |url=https://legalbrief.co.za/diary/legalbrief-africa-new/story/amampondomise-kingship-must-be-reinstated-ruling-3/pdf/ |website=Legalbrief}}</ref> |
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===Genealogy of kings=== |
===Genealogy of the kings=== |
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The most prominent of all the kings of the Ama-Mpondomise was King Myeki. Both royal houses include him in their clan names. |
The most prominent of all the kings of the '''Ama-Mpondomise''' was King Myeki. Both royal houses include him in their clan names. |
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* King Sibiside [Fathered: Prince Njanya & Prince Shange & Prince Ngcongo & Prince Hlengwa & Princess Madlebe & Princess Lebuka & Princess Nomafu] |
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* '''King Mnguni-1st (Son of ??????????)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Yeyeye-1st] |
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* '''King Yeyeye-1st (Son of Mnguni-1st)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Godongwane-1st] |
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* '''King Godongwane-1st (Son of Yeyeye-1st)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Yeyeye-2nd] |
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* '''King Yeyeye-2nd (Son of Godongwane-1st)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Godongwane-2nd] |
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* '''King Godongwane-2nd (Son of Yeyeye-2nd)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Ntunsingana] |
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* '''King Ntunsingana (Son of Godongwane-2nd)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mumbo & Prince Mbhinja & Prince Mntalaba] |
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* '''King Mumbo (Son of Ntunsingana)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Hlumbo] |
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* '''King Hlumbo (Son of Mumbo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mbokane] |
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* '''King Mbokane (Son of Hlumbo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Lumbazi] |
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* '''King Lumbane (Son of Mbokane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Lobamba] |
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* '''King Lobamba (Son of Lumbane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Lubombo & Prince Luvozana] |
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* '''King Lubombo (Son of Lobamba)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mbabane] |
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* '''King Mbabane (Son of Lubombo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mankayane & Prince Shlengene] |
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* '''King Mankayane (Son of Mbabane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Hlathikhulu] |
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* '''King Hlathikhulu (Son of Mankayane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Zumbane & Prince Zambuka & Prince Zamula & Prince Mjakane] |
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* '''King Zumbane (Son of Hlathikhulu)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Nhlangano] |
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* '''King Nhlangano (Son of Zumbane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mbombela] |
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* '''King Mbombela (Son of Nhlangano)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Zehlendaba] |
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* '''King Zehlendaba (Son of Mbombela)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Gubhela] |
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* '''King Gubhela (Son of Zehlendaba)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Khubone] |
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* '''King Khubone (Son of Gubhela)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mgebelezana & Prince Hlamazi] |
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* '''King Mgebelezana (Son of Khubone)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Ndlozela & Prince Ndizokuhle] |
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* '''King Ndlozela (Son of Mgebelezana)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Sidwabasiluthuli & Prince Khuwawa & Prince Kulwamba] |
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* '''King Sidwabasiluthuli (Son of Ndlozela)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Sibiside & Prince Nyamuzi] |
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* '''King Sibiside (Son of Sidwabasiluthuli)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Khubazi (•Njanya•) & Prince Shange & Prince Ngcongo & Prince Hlengwa & Princess Madlebe & Princess Lebuka & Princess Nomafu] |
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(Born:1120-Died:1202) |
(Born:1120-Died:1202) |
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* King Njanya [Fathered: Prince Mpondo & Prince Mpondomise & Prince Xesibe & Prince Nyambose & Prince Chibi] |
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[Reigned-From:1156 Till 1202] |
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* '''King Khubazi {•Njanya•} (Son of Sibiside)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mpondo & Prince Mpondomise & Prince Xesibe & Prince Nyambose & Prince Chibi] |
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(Born:1151-Died:1225) |
(Born:1151-Died:1225) |
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* King Mpondomise [Fathered: Prince Snduntu & Prince Hlahlane & Prince Vamba] |
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(Born:1205-Died:1277) [Reigned:1225 Till 1277] |
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* King Snduntu [Fathered: Prince Nxunxa] |
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(Born:1229-Died:1304) [Reigned:1277 Till 1304] |
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* King Nxunxa [Fathered: Prince Blambeza] |
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(Born:1263-Died:1346) [Reigned:1304 Till 1346] |
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* King Blambeza [Fathered: Prince Malangana] |
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(Born:1291-Died:1368) [Reigned:1346 Till 1368] |
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* King Malangana [Fathered: Prince Sikhomo] |
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(Born:1322-Died:1385) [Reigned:1368 Till 1385] |
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* King Sikhomo [Fathered: Prince Rhudulu & Prince Hlombose] |
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(Born:1348-Died:1410) [Reigned:1385 Till 1410] |
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* King Hlombose [Fathered: Prince Ntose] |
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(Born:1376-Died:1443) [Reigned:1412 Till 1443] |
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[Reigned-From:1202 Till 1225] |
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who was assisted by his maternal uncle Prince Rhudulu Ka-Sikhomo led the Aba-Mbo movement from their third settlement in Natal/Swatini, settled near the source of a mysterious river called Dedesi. This is where they resided with Ama-Xhosa-kingdom and Aba-Thembu-kingdom under the King Togu Ka-Sikhomo and King Hala Ka-Dhlomo respectively. Ama-Mpondo-kingdom crossed the Mzimkhulu river first and. Hlombose’s great son and heir Ntose took over on the demise of King Hlombose. |
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* King Ntose [Fathered: Prince Ngcwina & Prince Cwerha & Prince Mpinga & Prince Dhlombo & Prince Debeza & Prince Nqukhwe & Prince Hlongothi & Prince Gxarha & Prince Ntsikhwe] |
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* '''King Mpondomise (Son of Khubazi)''' |
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(Born:1409-Died:1461) [Reigned:1443 Till 1461] |
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[Fathered:Prince Snduntu & Prince Hlahlane & Prince Vamba] |
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* Regency-King Cwerha [Fathered:????????] (he was a regent for his younger brother King Ngcwina Ka-Ntose who was next in line to the Ama-Mpondomise-throne because their father King Ntose Ka-Hlombose died while Ngcwina was still in a process of entring a initietion school) |
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(Born:1428-Died:1493) [Held-Power:1461 till 1464] |
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(Born:1204-Died:1277) |
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* King Ngcwina [Fathered: Prince Cirha & Prince Dosini & Prince Nxothwe & Prince Nxamase & Prince Ngcinase & Prince Ngcitshana & Prince Gcaga & Prince Ngqukatha & Prince Bhukwana & Prince Zumbe] |
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(Born:1434-Died:1498) [Reigned:1464 Till 1498] |
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[Reigned-From:1224 Till 1277] |
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* King Cirha [Fathered: Prince Sabe & Princess Lodumo] |
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(Born:1469-Died:1522) [Reigned:1498 Till 1522] |
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* '''King Snduntu (Son of Mpondomise)''' |
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* King Sabe [Fathered: Prince Mhlande & Prince Mhagana & Prince Krhancolo & Prince Gqwetha & Prince Gqubusha] |
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[Fathered:Prince Nxunxa] |
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(Born:1493-Died:1545) [Reigned:1522 Till 1545] |
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* King Mhlande [Fathered: Prince Nvongeza & Prince Ngxabane] |
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(Born: |
(Born:1229-Died:1304) |
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* King Nvongeza [Fathered: Prince Qengeba] |
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[Reigned-From:1277 Till 1304] |
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* King Qengeba [Fathered: Prince ("Majola") Jongolunde & Prince Tshanzi] |
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* '''King Nxunxa (Son of Snduntu)''' |
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(Born:1561-Died:1624) [Reigned:1592 Till 1624] |
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[Fathered:Prince Blambeza] |
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(Born:1585-Died:1653) [Reigned:1624 Till 1653] |
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(Born:1263-Died:1346) |
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* King Dhlazane [Fathered: Prince Ngwanya & Prince Njomose] |
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(Born:1612-Died:1675) [Reigned:1653 Till 1675] |
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[Reigned-From:1304 Till 1346] |
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* King Ngwanya [Fathered: Prince Phahlo] |
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(Born:1644-Died:1708) [Reigned:1675 Till 1708] |
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* '''King Blambeza (Son of Nxunxa)''' |
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* King Phahlo [Fathered: Prince Sonthlo & Princess Mbingwa & Prince Mgabisa & Prince Sixhuba] |
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[Fathered: Prince Malangana] |
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(Born:1665-Died:1732) [Reigned:1708 Till 1732] |
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* Queen Mbingwa [Mothered:she never had children of her own] or otherwise known as ([[Mamani kaPhahlo]]) (She was the eldest daughter of King Phahlo ka-Ngwanya of all his Female children, and she became queen in her own right and influenced the succession of her brother king Sonthlo Ka-Phahlo). |
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(Born: |
(Born:1291-Died:1368) |
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<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheub |first1=Harold |title=Shadows: Deeper Into Story |date=2009 |publisher=UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press |isbn=9781893311862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP7M5sDIDwAC&dq=phahlo+mamani&pg=PA288}}</ref>) |
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[Reigned-From:1346 Till 1368] |
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* King Sonthlo [Fathered: Prince Mngcambe & Prince Hlontshi] |
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(Born:1718-Died:1771) [Reigned:1758 Till 1771] |
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* '''King Malangana (Son of Blambeza)''' |
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* Regency-King Mgabisa [Fathered: Prince Velelo] (he was a regent for his nephew King Mngcambe Ka-Sonthlo who was away training in a initiation school center but then when he returned home his uncle who was the caretaker for the throne refused to hand over the reins to him then war broke out which led to his being killed in battle) |
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[Fathered:Prince Sikhomo] |
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(Born: 1725 – Died: 1785) [Held power: 1771–1785] |
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* King Mngcambe [Fathered: Prince Myeki & Prince Gxumisa & Prince Notshweleka & Prince Xhoki] |
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(Born: |
(Born:1322-Died:1385) |
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* Regency-King Velelo [Fathered: Prince Diko] (He was a regent for his cousin King Myeki Ka-Mngcambe who was away in a initiation school preparing for his leadership on the Ama-Mpondomise-Throne but then same that happened with his father and great grand uncle who fought for the Throne happened to him too but than his cousin who was a caretaker for the nation fled the bettle ground and excaped opening a way for King Myeki to take his place on the throne) |
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[Reigned-From:1368 Till 1385] |
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(Born:1753-Died:1820) [Held-Power:1807-1814] |
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* King Myeki [Fathered: Prince Matiwane & Prince Mtshotsho & Prince Mbhali & Prince Ndamane Prince Mcelu] |
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* '''King Sikhomo (Son of Malangana)''' |
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(Born:1778-Died:1851) [Reigned:1814 Till 1851] |
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[Fathered:Prince Rhudulu & Prince Hlombose] |
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(Born:1803-Died:1865) [Reigned:1851 Till 1865] |
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(Born:1346-Died:1408) |
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* Regency-King Mbhali [Fathered:????????] (He was a regent for his nephew King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane who was not prepared for his leadership role when his father King Matiwane Ka-Myeki who was Killed by Ama-Bhaca-People in Bettle so then his uncle held-power for him until his under the initiation process in order to sit on the Ama-Mpondomise-Throne) |
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(Born:1815-died:1880) [Held-Power:1865-1870] |
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[Reigned-From:1385 Till 1408] |
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* King Mhlontlo [Fathered: Prince Tshalisi & Prince Ntabankulu] |
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(Born:1837-Died:1912) [Reigned:1870 Till 1912] |
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* '''Regency-King Rhudulu (Son of Sikhomo)''' |
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* King Tshalisi [Fathered: Prince Sigidi & Prince Dailiza] |
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[Fathered:Prince Sinukaza] |
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(Born:1881-Died:1936) [Reigned:1912 Till 1936] |
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* Regency-King Ntabankulu [Fathered:????????] (he was a Regent for his nephew King Sigidi Ka-Tshalisi because he was too young to rule Ama-Mpondomise-People so then his uncle had to hold the throne for him until he was old enough to rule on his own which he did and allowed him to take back his place on the royal sit and there was no bad blood when handing over the reins to him) |
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(he was the very first regent of the '''Ama-Mpondomise-Kingship''' and Held-power for about 2 years or more while his younger brother was being groomed and initiated into the responsibility of the Kingdom as he hadn't been seen their father '''King Sikhomo Ka-Malangana''' Passed away and he didn't think he would be King of the whole nation until the last minute) |
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(Born:1895-Died:1968) [Held-Power:1936-1939] |
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* King Sigidi [Fathered:he never had children of his own] (He was first to be king but than he died before he could produce his own Children so than the royal family decided give the throne to his younger brother.) |
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(Born: |
(Born:1371-Died:1439) |
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* King Dailiza [Fathered: Prince Welisha] |
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[Held-Power-From:1408 Till 1413] |
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(Born:1921-Died:1984) [Reigned:1962 Till 1984] |
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* King Welisha [Fathered: Prince Zwelozuko & Prince Zwelitsha] |
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* '''King Hlombose (Son of Sikhomo)''' |
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(Born:1953-Died:2018) [Reigned:1984 Till 2018] |
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[Fathered:Prince Ntose] |
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* King Zwelozuko [Fatherd:????????] (He is the current reigning monarch of Ama-Mpondomise-people in |
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south Africa today) or otherwise known as ([[Luzuko Matiwane|Luzuko]] |
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(Born:1376-Died:1443) |
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(Born:1978-Alive:Aging) [Reigning:since 2018 Till Present-Date] |
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[Reigned-From:1413 Till 1443] |
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(who was assisted by his Brother '''Prince Rhudulu Ka-Sikhomo''' led the '''Aba-Mbo-People''' movement from their third settlement in Natal/Swatini, settled near the source of a mysterious river called Dedesi. This is where they resided with the '''Ama-Xhosa-kingdom''' and the '''Aba-Thembu-kingdom''' under the '''King Togu Ka-Sikhomo''' and '''King Hala Ka-Dhlomo''' respectively. The '''Ama-Mpondo-kingdom''' crossed the Mzimkhulu river first and. |
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King Hlombose's Main son and heir apparent '''Prince Ntose Ka-Hlombose''' took over after his demise.) |
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* '''King Ntose (Son of Hlombose)''' |
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[Fathered: Prince Ngcwina & Prince Cwerha & Prince Mpinga & Prince Dhlombo & Prince Debeza & Prince Nqukhwe & Prince Hlongothi & Prince Gxarha & Prince Ntsikhwe] |
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(Born:1407-Died:1461) |
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[Reigned-From:1443 Till 1461] |
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* '''Regency-King Cwerha (Son of Ntose)''' |
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[Fathered:????????] |
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(he was a regent for his younger brother King Ngcwina Ka-Ntose who was next in line to the '''Ama-Mpondomise-throne''' because their father '''King Ntose Ka-Hlombose''' died while '''King Ngcwina Ka-Ntose''' was still in a process of entering an initiation school) |
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(Born:1428-Died:1493) |
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[Held-Power-From:1461 till 1464] |
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* '''King Ngcwina (Son of Ntose)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Cirha & Prince Dosini & Prince Nxothwe & Prince Nxamase & Prince Ngcinase & Prince Ngcitshana & Prince Gcaga & Prince Ngqukatha & Prince Bhukwana & Prince Zumbe] |
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(Born:1434-Died:1498) |
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[Reigned-From:1464 Till 1498] |
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* '''King Cirha (Son of Ngcwina)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Sabe & Princess Lodumo] |
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(Born:1469-Died:1522) |
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[Reigned-From:1498 Till 1522] |
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* '''King Sabe (Son of Cirha)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mhlande & Prince Mhagana & Prince Krhancolo & Prince Gqwetha & Prince Gqubusha] |
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(Born:1493-Died:1545) |
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[Reigned-From:1522 Till 1545] |
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* '''King Mhlande (•Mte•) (Son of Sabe)''' |
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[Fathered: Prince Vongeza & Prince Ngxabane] |
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(Born:1518-Died:1567) |
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[Reigned-From:1545 Till 1567] |
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* '''King Vongeza (Son of Mhlande)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Qengeba] |
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(Born:1540-Died:1592) |
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[Reigned-From:1567 Till 1592] |
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* '''King Qengeba (Son of Vongeza)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Majola (•Jongolunde•) & Prince Tshanzi] |
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(Born:1561-Died:1624) |
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[Reigned-From:1592 Till 1624] |
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* '''King Majola (•Jongolunde•) (Son of Qengeba)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Hlazane] |
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(Born:1585-Died:1653) |
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[Reigned-From:1624 Till 1653] |
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* '''King Hlazane (Son of Majola)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Ngwanya & Prince Njomose] |
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(Born:1612-Died:1675) |
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[Reigned-From:1653 Till 1675] |
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* '''King Ngwanya (Son of Hlazane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Phahlo] |
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(Born:1644-Died:1708) |
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[Reigned-From:1675 Till 1708] |
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* '''King Phahlo Son of Ngwanya)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Sonthlo & Princess Mbingwa & Prince Mgabisa & Prince Sixhuba] |
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(Born:1665-Died:1732) |
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[Reigned-From:1708 Till 1732] |
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* '''Queen Mbingwa (Daughter of Phahlo)''' |
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[Mothered:she never had children of her own] or otherwise known as |
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(Queen [[Mamani kaPhahlo]]) |
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(She was the eldest daughter of '''King Phahlo ka-Ngwanya''' out of all his Female children, she is the only one who became queen in her own right and influenced the succession of her helf-brother '''king Sonthlo Ka-Phahlo'''). |
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(Born:1702–Died:1758) |
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[Reigned-From:1732 till 1758] |
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(<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheub |first1=Harold |title=Shadows: Deeper Into Story |date=2009 |publisher=UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press |isbn=9781893311862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP7M5sDIDwAC&dq=phahlo+mamani&pg=PA288}}</ref>) |
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* '''King Sonthlo (Son of Phahlo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mngcambe & Prince Hlontshi] |
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(Born:1718-Died:1771) |
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[Reigned-From:1758 Till 1771] |
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* '''Regency-King Mgabisa (Son of Phahlo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Velelo] |
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(he was a regent for his nephew '''King Mngcambe Ka-Sonthlo''' who was away training in an initiation school center but then when he returned home his uncle who was the caretaker for the throne refused to hand over the reins to him then war broke out which led to his being killed in battle) |
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(Born:1725-Died:1781) |
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[Held-Power-From:1771–1781] |
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* '''King Mngcambe (Son of Sonthlo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Myeki & Prince Gxumisa & Prince Notshweleka & Prince Xhoki] |
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(Born:1745-Died:1807) |
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[Reigned-From:1781 Till 1807] |
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* '''Regency-King Velelo (Son of Mgabisa)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Diko] |
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(He was a regent for his cousin '''King Myeki Ka-Mngcambe''' who was away in an initiation school preparing for his leadership on the '''ama-Mpondomise-Throne''' but then same that happened with his father and great-granduncle who fought for the Throne happened to him too but than his cousin who was a caretaker for the nation fled the battle ground and escaped opening a way for '''King Myeki Ka-Mngcambe''' to take his place on the '''ama-Mpondomise-throne''') |
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(Born:1753-Died:1820) |
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[Held-Power-From:1807-1814] |
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* '''King Myeki (Son of Mngcambe)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Matiwane & Prince Mtshotsho & Prince Mbhali & Prince Ndamane Prince Mcelu] |
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(Born:1778-Died:1851) |
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[Reigned-From:1814 Till 1851] |
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* '''King Matiwane (Son of Myeki)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Mhlontlo & Prince Xhabadiya & Prince Matshiki & Prince Noqholo] |
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(Born:1802-Died:1865) |
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[Reigned-From:1851 Till 1865] |
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* '''Regency-King Mbhali (Son of Myeki)''' |
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[Fathered:????????] |
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(He was a regent for his nephew King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane who was not prepared for his leadership role when his father King Matiwane Ka-Myeki who was Killed by the '''Ama-Bhaca-People''' in Bettle so then his uncle held-power for him until his under the initiation process in order to sit on the '''Ama-Mpondomise-Throne''') |
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(Born:1814-died:1877) |
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[Held-Power-From:1865-1870] |
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* '''King Mhlontlo (Son of Matiwane)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Tshalisi & Prince Ntabankulu] |
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(Born:1837-Died:1912) |
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[Reigned-From:1870 Till 1912] |
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* '''King Tshalisi (Son of Mhlontlo)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Sigidi & Prince Dailza] |
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(Born:1880-Died:1936) |
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[Reigned-From:1912 Till 1936] |
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* '''Regency-King Ntabankulu (Son of Mhlontlo)''' |
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[Fathered:????????] |
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(he was a regent for his nephew King Sigidi Ka-Tshalisi because he was too young to rule '''Ama-Mpondomise-People''' so then his uncle had to hold the throne for him until he was old enough to rule on his own which he did and allowed him to take back his place on the royal sit and there was no bad blood when handing over the reins to him) |
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(Born:1899-Died:1968) |
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[Held-Power-From:1936-1939] |
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* '''King Sigidi (Son of Tshalisi)''' |
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[Fathered:he never had children of his own] |
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(He was first to be king but than he died before he could produce his own Children so than the royal family decided give the throne to his younger brother.) |
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(Born:1919-Died:1962) |
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[Reigned-From:1939 Till 1962] |
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* '''King Dailza (Son of Tshalisi)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Welisha] |
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(Born:1921-Died:1984) |
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[Reigned-From:1962 Till 1984] |
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* '''King Welisha (Son of Dailza)''' |
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[Fathered:Prince Zwelozuko & Prince Zwelitsha] |
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(Born:1953-Died:2018) |
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[Reigned-From:1984 Till 2018] |
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* '''King Zwelozuko (Son of Welisha)''' |
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[Fatherd:????????] |
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(He is the current reigning monarch of the '''Ama-Mpondomise-people''' in South Africa today) or otherwise known as |
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([[Luzuko Matiwane|Luzuko]]) |
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(Born:1978-Alive:Aging) |
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[Reigning Since:2018 Till Present-Date] |
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Prince Luzuko is yet to ascend the throne. His coronation has been delayed by the Dosini |
Prince Luzuko is yet to ascend the throne. His coronation has been delayed by the Ama-Dosini-Royal-family Branch line's unsuccessfully contest for the succession.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dispatch |title=High court dismisses Dosini bid to appeal Phahlo royal crown|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2020-07-29-high-court-dismisses-dosini-bid-to-appeal-phahlo-royal-crown/}}</ref> |
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* Prince Dosini's descendants in terms of the '''Ama-Mpondomise-Kingship''' claimants were: King Ngcwina (Son-of-Ntose) |
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* Dosini’s descedants in terms of the Ama-Mpondomise Kingship claimants were: Dosini - Nqabashe-Nceleduna - Mqhorana - Hala - Marule - Mxoko - Gxaba - Nyakatya - Sigiwili - Masethi (from whom this royal family derives its surname)- Ntamnani - Myezo - Ntombenkonzo. Ntombenkonzo is the current claimant from this line. She has lost the case in court -see court papers in references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dispatch |title=High court dismisses Dosini bid to appeal Pahlo royal crown |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2020-07-29-high-court-dismisses-dosini-bid-to-appeal-pahlo-royal-crown/}}</ref> |
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He Fathered=Chief Dosini (Son-of-Ngcwina) |
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He Fathered=Chief Nqabashe (Son-of-Dosini) He Fathered=Chief Nceleduna (Son-of-Nqabashe) |
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He Fathered=Chief Mqhorana (Son-of-Nceleduna) |
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He Fathered=Chief Mjoka (Hala) (Son-of-Mqhorana) |
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He Fathered=Chief Shwemela (Son-of-Mjoka) He Fathered=Chief Xhonto (Son-of-Shwemela) He Fathered=Chief Zanoxolo (Son-of-Xhonto) He Fathered=Chief Xhuxhe (Son-of-Zanoxolo) He Fathered=Chief Marule (Son-of-Xhuxhe) |
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He Fathered=Chief Mxoko (Son-of-Marule) |
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He Fathered=Chief Gxaba (Son-of-Mxoko) |
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He Fathered=Chief Nyakatya (Son-of-Gxaba) |
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He Fathered=Chief Ncilashe (Son-of-Nyakatya) He Fathered=Chief Sigiwili (Son-of-Ncilashe) He Fathered=Chief Masethi (Son-of-Sigiwili) (from whom this royal family derives its surname) |
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He Fathered=Chief Ntamnani (Son-of-Masethi) He Fathered=Chief Myezo (Son-of-Ntamnani) He Fathered=Chiefness Ntombenkonzo (Daughter-of-Myezo). |
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Chiefness Ntombenkonzo is the current claimant from this line. She has lost the case in court -see court papers in references<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dispatch |title=High court dismisses Dosini bid to appeal Pahlo royal crown |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2020-07-29-high-court-dismisses-dosini-bid-to-appeal-pahlo-royal-crown/}}</ref> |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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Colonists wrongly identified Mpondomise as Xhosa. Some colonists later identified Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. Consequently, ama-Mpondomise people had to learn and speak Xhosa fluently to conduct business. Contemporarily, Mpondomise people speak Xhosa as a home language or as a second language in order to conduct business since Mpondomise is not recognised as an [[Languages of South Africa|official language of the Republic of South Africa]]. There is a minority, comprising mostly older people, who speak the language. They are concentrated in the far eastern part of the Eastern Cape, primarily in the OR Tambo District Municipality, in the [[Tsolo]] and [[Qumbu]] villages where the great house and right-hand house reside, respectively. Other languages similar to Mpondomise include [[Swazi language|Swati]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] and the various [[Tekela languages]] of nations such as ama-Mpondo, Ama-Hlubi and Ama-Zizi. |
Colonists wrongly identified Mpondomise as Xhosa. Some colonists later identified Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. Consequently, ama-Mpondomise people had to learn and speak Xhosa fluently to conduct business. Contemporarily, Mpondomise people speak Xhosa as a home language or as a second language in order to conduct business since Mpondomise is not recognised as an [[Languages of South Africa|official language of the Republic of South Africa]]. There is a minority, comprising mostly older people, who speak the language. They are concentrated in the far eastern part of the Eastern Cape, primarily in the OR Tambo District Municipality, in the [[Tsolo]] and [[Qumbu]] villages where the great house and right-hand house reside, respectively. Other languages similar to Mpondomise include [[Swazi language|Swati]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] and the various [[Tekela languages]] of nations such as ama-Mpondo, Ama-Hlubi and Ama-Zizi. |
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Ama-mpondomise are learning Xhosa at schools and are required to select Xhosa as their preferred language on official documents such as government forms. Consequently, they are slowly losing their language. This is also evident in that ama-Mpondomise linguistically identify themselves with their cousins, ama-Xhosa, as Xhosa speaking people; while retaining a separate ethnic identity as ama-Mpondomise. |
Ama-mpondomise are learning Xhosa at schools and are required to select Xhosa as their preferred language on official documents such as government forms. Consequently, they are slowly losing their language. This is also evident in that ama-Mpondomise linguistically identify themselves with their cousins, ama-Xhosa, as Xhosa speaking people; while retaining a separate ethnic identity as ama-Mpondomise. |
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==Mpondomise clans and tributary clans== |
==Mpondomise clans and tributary clans== |
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The Mpondomise people comprise various clans. First are clans that arise out of the many houses of the kings. Second are clans of the older Aba-Mbo nation from which Mpondomise was born out. Therefore clan names are indicative of people's ancestors (or [[Dynasty|dynasties]] and [[ |
The Mpondomise people comprise various clans. First are clans that arise out of the many houses of the kings. Second are clans of the older Aba-Mbo nation from which Mpondomise was born out. Therefore, clan names are indicative of people's ancestors (or [[Dynasty|dynasties]] and [[cadet branch]]es). Third, there are clans or ethnic groups who have immigrated to the kingdom of the Mpondomise and now pay tribute to the Mpondomise kingdom. |
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In more detail<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=A.O. |title=The ethnic composition of the Ciskei and Transkei |date=1975 |publisher=Department of Bantu Administration and Development |location=Ciskei (South Africa)}}</ref> |
In more detail<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=A.O. |title=The ethnic composition of the Ciskei and Transkei |date=1975 |publisher=Department of Bantu Administration and Development |location=Ciskei (South Africa)}}</ref> |
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* From '''Zumbe''' – Ngcwina, Mabhula,Ndalane kaNdodi, Mnxothi, Siqwephu Solusu,Nyama yangaphakathi, Nyama Emdaka ethandwa ngamafazi, Mntwana wenkosi uNgcwina, Simanga sekati Edla Amanqathe odwa.Malilelwa zintombi, zibona iintongo zithi ziipesika, OoNtongo zosulwa ngababathandayo,Amangcingwane, Mpondomise. |
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* From '''Bhukwana''' – ooMbara, Mtshobo, Phaphulengonyama, Into ezingaphathwa mntu ngoba zizinkosi ngokwazo |
* From '''Bhukwana''' – ooMbara, Mtshobo, Phaphulengonyama, Into ezingaphathwa mntu ngoba zizinkosi ngokwazo |
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* From '''Debeza''' – OoDebeza, ngoJebe, Nonyanya, Nongoqo, Mbeka Ntshiyini Bathi uqumbile, Khonkcoshe Mbokodo engava mkwetsho |
* From '''Debeza''' – OoDebeza, ngoJebe, Nonyanya, Nongoqo, Mbeka Ntshiyini Bathi uqumbile, Khonkcoshe Mbokodo engava mkwetsho |
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* From '''Dosini''' – ooDosini, Ncele, Ntose, Nqabashe, Ngcelenduna, Mqhorhana, Ngxow'inoboya, uNoyiila, uNogqaz' |
* From '''Dosini''' – ooDosini, Ncele, Ntose, Nqabashe, Ngcelenduna, Mqhorhana, Ngxow'inoboya, uNoyiila, uNogqaz'unthonyama, isihlobo sikaMthimkhulu, sikaBhungane yena mntu ungaphezulu nakuThixo kuba abantu ubanike amabele, Ingqoq'enebal, Ngwanya kaMajola, uMajola inyoka enothando kuba ityelela abafazi endlwini (The royals of the Mpondomise, the right-hand house).<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=South African voices: The way we travelled : oral history and poetry|author1=Zenani, N.M.|author2=Bhotomane, N.|author3=Scheub, H.|date=2006|publisher=Parallel Press, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries|isbn=9781893311718|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTaFDi1tNzMC&pg=PA22|page=22|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> |
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* From '''Gxarha''' – Gxarha -Cwerha, Vambane, Mahlahlana, Mlawu, Potwana, Siyoyo |
* From '''Gxarha''' – Gxarha -Cwerha, Vambane, Mahlahlana, Mlawu, Potwana, Siyoyo |
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* From '''Jola''' – SingaMampondomse ngohlanga (i.e. we are ethnically Mpondomise), ooJola, ooJoliNkomo, ooMphaNkomo, ooQengeba, OoNgwanya, Nomakhala, Njuza, S'thukuthezi, sithandwa mhla kukubi, Hoshode, Hakaha, mfaz' obele 'nye omabele made, oncancisa naphesheya komlambo (The royals of the Mpondomise, the great house).<ref name="google2" |
* From '''Jola''' – SingaMampondomse ngohlanga (i.e. we are ethnically Mpondomise), ooJola, ooJoliNkomo, ooMphaNkomo, ooQengeba, OoNgwanya, Nomakhala, Njuza, S'thukuthezi, sithandwa mhla kukubi, Hoshode, Hakaha, mfaz' obele 'nye omabele made, oncancisa naphesheya komlambo (The royals of the Mpondomise, the great house).<ref name="google2"/> The South African politician, [[Fikile Mbalula]] is from this clan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sowetan Live |title=Mbalula goes to the mountain |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2008-09-09-mbalula-goes-to-the-mountain/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |date=2008}}</ref> |
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* From '''Mpehle''' – amaMpehle, Vengwa, Dikana, Cabashe, Nohushe |
* From '''Mpehle''' – amaMpehle, Vengwa, Dikana, Cabashe, Nohushe |
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* From '''Mpinga''' |
* From '''Mpinga''' – ooMpinga, Mawawa, Mbala kaNkqoshe, Mpondomise, Ntose, Nto'mntwana, Ngwangwashe, uSenzwa, Sineka, Mbetshane, Hlahla lamsik' unntu esendeni, Ngceza, Sintila, Nyaw'zinoshukela, mzukulu kaSityulu, kheth'omthandayo, yazi b'inobaya ifanelwe ngabafana. This is the clan of [[Enoch Sontonga]], the author of "[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]", part of the National Anthem of Republic of South Africa. |
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* From '''Nxasana''' – NguSikonza, uNxasana, uTotoba, uDunjane, uMalilelwaziintombi zithi ndizeke, adinamama andinatata, uBhili, uMagazo, uLunguza, gastyeketye umbona obomvu othandwa ngabantwana |
* From '''Nxasana''' – NguSikonza, uNxasana, uTotoba, uDunjane, uMalilelwaziintombi zithi ndizeke, adinamama andinatata, uBhili, uMagazo, uLunguza, gastyeketye umbona obomvu othandwa ngabantwana |
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* From '''Nxotwe''' – ooNxotwe, Gabazi, Qamkazi, Mfuza afulele okwelifu lemvula, Mpondomise |
* From '''Nxotwe''' – ooNxotwe, Gabazi, Qamkazi, Mfuza afulele okwelifu lemvula, Mpondomise |
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| Line 145: | Line 417: | ||
There are tributary clans such as: |
There are tributary clans such as: |
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* '''Mphuthi''', Nyathi, Msuthu, uRhahla, Rhabani, Tsiki, Nhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! |
* '''Mphuthi''', Nyathi, Msuthu, uRhahla, Rhabani, Tsiki, Nhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! Oozishuba zimdakana phesheya komlanjana wegqili, Izilwana zona zehla ezintabeni zokhahlamba ngeziluluthwana, sithetha ngenzala ka Nose (Nhose) kubafazi bakhe abathathu kuMawushe ewe uMatshezi naye uMamhlwane. Esikhoyo isikululwana sesabo OoQhaziyana, OoGeorge kwa noLanga iinkulu zakhe. Ziintsuthu zaseQuthini (Sotho) ngokomlandu kodwa ngenxa yemfuduko zokhokho bafumaneka Eastern Cape kuTsolo kwela ma-Mpondomise eMcwangele [ama-Mpondomise ngokuma] “Nje ngoko namagama ezixela ziintsuthu ezi ngobuhlanga” |
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*'''Nyathi''' uMsuthu, uMphuthi, uRhahla, uRhabani, uTsiki, uNhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! Oozishuba zimdakana phesheya komlanjana wegqili, Izilwana zona zehla ezintabeni ngeziluluthwana, Nje ngoko namagama ezixela ziintsuthu ezi ngobuhlanga” sithetha ngenzala ka Nose (Nhose) kubafazi bakhe abathathu kuMawushe, uMatshezi naye umaMhlwane. Esikhoyo isikululwana sesabo oonyana neenkulu zakhe,uQhaziyana uGeorge kwa noLanga. Ziintsuthu zaseQuthini (Sotho) ngokomlandu kodwa ngenxa yemfuduko/ mfeguza zokhokho bafumaneka Eastern Cape kuTsolo kwela maMpondomise eMcwangele [amaMpondomise ngokuma] |
*'''Nyathi''' uMsuthu, uMphuthi, uRhahla, uRhabani, uTsiki, uNhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! Oozishuba zimdakana phesheya komlanjana wegqili, Izilwana zona zehla ezintabeni ngeziluluthwana, Nje ngoko namagama ezixela ziintsuthu ezi ngobuhlanga” sithetha ngenzala ka Nose (Nhose) kubafazi bakhe abathathu kuMawushe, uMatshezi naye umaMhlwane. Esikhoyo isikululwana sesabo oonyana neenkulu zakhe,uQhaziyana uGeorge kwa noLanga. Ziintsuthu zaseQuthini (Sotho) ngokomlandu kodwa ngenxa yemfuduko/ mfeguza zokhokho bafumaneka Eastern Cape kuTsolo kwela maMpondomise eMcwangele [amaMpondomise ngokuma] |
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==Culture and religion== |
==Culture and religion== |
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Among the Mpondomise people, most practise [[ |
Among the Mpondomise people, most practise [[Traditional African religions#Southern Africa|African religions]] alongside [[Christianity]]. African religions encompass [[Veneration of the dead|ancestral worship (or veneration)]] and sometimes some [[Totem]]ism in which a spiritual meaning is attached to some animals and plants, which may be deified. For Mpondomise people this is [[Mole snake|uMajola (mole snake)]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bongela |first1=S.K. |title=IsiHlonipho among AmaXhosa |journal=University of South Africa |date=2001 |page=57 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43164433.pdf |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> This snake is revered and venerated. They believe that it visits a newborn "to prepare it for a successful and safe adult life. It comes as a friend and protector. The friendship it expresses is not anchored in a benign demonstration of goodwill but rather an active expression of solidarity and striving to support and encourage long-term success of the young and growing members of the human race."<ref>{{cite web |last1=SA History |title=Order Companions O.R |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/order-companions-or-tambo |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> A visitation from uMajola signifies good fortune. It also means the ancestors are showing their favour on the visited people or family. Killing the snake is believed to have severe physiological and psychological consequences. This last part is central to the plot of the famous Xhosa novel ''Ingqumbo yeminyanya'' ("The Wrath of the Ancestors").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=A.C. |title=Ingqumbo Yeminyanya - The Wrath of the Ancestors |date=1940 |publisher=Ad Donker |isbn=9780868522289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq7HPAAACAAJ}}</ref> The snake is common in South Africa in the provinces where generally abaMbo (and by extension amaMpondomise) mostly reside: [[KwaZulu-Natal]], the [[Eastern Cape]] and the [[Western Cape]]. |
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==Notable People== |
==Notable People== |
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Latest revision as of 11:54, 7 December 2024
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (August 2021) |
 | This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. (January 2022) |
 Chief Isaac Matiwana | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ~3 million[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 South Africa | |
| Languages | |
| Xhosa, English | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, African Traditional Religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mpondo, Xhosa, Thembu, Swati, Zulu, Southern Ndebele Northern Ndebele and other Bantu peoples |
| The Ama-Mpondomise nation | |
|---|---|
| Person | i-Mpondomise |
| People | Ama-Mpondomise |
| Language | Isi-Xhosa |
| Country | Ema-Mpondomiseni |
The Mpondomise people, also called Ama-Mpondomise, are a Xhosa-speaking people.[2] Their traditional homeland has been in the contemporary era Eastern Cape province of South Africa, and during apartheid they were located both in the Ciskei and Transkei region.[3] Like other separate Xhosa-speaking kingdoms such as Aba-Thembu and Ama-Mpondo, they speak Xhosa and are at times[citation needed][clarification needed] considered as part of the Xhosa people.
The Ama-Mpondomise form part of the AbaMbo ethnic group of South Africa one of few indigenous groups of Southern Africa alongside the San and Khoekhoe. The formal establishment of the ethnic groups as a separate nation from the other local AbaMbo. They are not Nguni but some people turn to confuse them with Nguni people due to the intermarriage. Their Kingdom was established 1000s of years before the European and other native tribes arrived. One of their notable kings is estimated around 13th century. The San and AmaMpondomise are the earliest residence of what was later to be renamed East Griqualand by the colonialist government of Hamilton Hope chief Magistrate. The area of Maclear did not have Griquas or Khoe descendants up until Adam Kok arrived later in the 1800s and found both the San and AmaMpondomise residing and intermarrying; in fact, one of the most notable royal clans of AmaMpondomise, the Jola/Majola clan, are descendants of the intermarriage between AmaMpondomise and the San.[4] The Mpondomise encountered colonists migrating further inland and eastwards from the Cape of Good Hope.[3][5]
As a result of colonial conquest, a majority of ama-Mpondomise speak Xhosa, with a minority who are bilingual speaking Mpondomise as their home language and Xhosa as a second language. Some people view Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. However, the language is dying out.
History
[edit]Origins
[edit]The name Mpondomise, which means "to hold your horns upright", is a descriptor for the mountainous lands that the ethnic group occupied.[citation needed] It is also to signify the fighting strength of the nation.[citation needed] The Ama-Mpondomise-People originate in traditional Southern Africa and Embo|lands in south-east Africa and the northern parts of the Western Cape.[citation needed] They presently reside in KwaZulu Natal, the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape. They are part of the Nguni people, being part of the greatest subdivision of the Ngunis i.e. the Aba-Mbo people. Aba-Mbo-people include some Zulus (Mkhize, Mavovo, Majola etc.), some Tswanas (Bapo), Swatis (particularly Dlaminis from which the monarch of Eswatini comes), Mpondos, Ama-Xesibe-people and the Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana are the descendants of princess Nomafu the daughter of King Sibiside.[citation needed] the Ama-Mpondomise-people did not migrate to Southern Africa because the region forms parts of their land. The Lebombo born that is estimated to be about 35 000 years the oldest mathematical tool in the world, which is similar to the Ishango bone found in the Lebombo border serves as proof that Abe-Nguni-people and the Ama-Mbo-people are indigenous to Southern Africa.[citation needed]
In the aba-Mbo-history and tradition, Ama-Mpondomise-people are seen as wise since the name metaphorically means to be dual in nature or to raise your horn: in other words, to be diplomatic but also be ready to attack (with the literal meaning being "hold your horns upright").[citation needed] the Ama-Mpondomise-people are the descendants of King Mpondomise himself son of Khubazi, the grandson of King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli who was the leader of the once-powerful Embo-nation (Aba-Mbo or Ma-Mbo).[6] It is through King Sibiside's son Prince Khubazi Aka Njanya (the father of Prince Mpondomise & Prince Mpondo & Prince Xesibe & Prince Nyambose) so that's how the Ama-Mpondomise-nation emerged together with other Abe-Nguni-nations or ethnic groups as a force to be reckoned with. It is also through King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli (the king of the aba-Mbo-nation and the grandfather of King Mpondomise) So that's how the Ama-Mpondomise-people are cousins to other aba-Mbo-people such as the Ama-Mpondo-people (who was King Mpondomise's the twin),[7] Ama-Xesibe-people (born after the twins),[8] ooMkhize[9] and ooDlamini (regardless of Nguni affiliation,[10] including those who are so-called "Mfengu"[11]).[clarification needed]
Since Prince Mpondomise and Prince Mpondo were twins, there is an ongoing argument as to which twin was the eldest. The most commonly held view is that King Mpondomise is the senior twin.[12] It is said that while out hunting, Prince Mpondo killed a lion and refused to hand over the skin to Prince Mpondomise as was the custom (the senior was entitled to skins of certain animals).[13] The tension between the two started from that day. Prince Mpondo and his followers had to leave and settle elsewhere away from their father's land, as custom dictates that the senior inherits the father's land.[citation needed]
In terms of genealogy of kings, King Sibiside Son of Sidwabasiluthuli begests:[14] (01) Prince Khubazi Aka Njanya (Ama-Mpondo-people, Ama-Mpondomise-people, Ama-Xesibe-people) (02) Prince Mavovo (father of the Mkhize-clan) King Sibiside's heir apparent (03) Princess Nomafu (daughter of Sibiside) (whose descendants are known as Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana-people)
It is worth noting that Ama-Mpondomise-people also intermarried with the San people.[citation needed] This can be picked up in their language that has various clicks. Evidence is also found in their clan names. The Ama-Mpondomise-people openly assert themselves as a San woman's descendants (thole loMthwakazi).[citation needed]
The Ama-Mpondomise and Ama-Bhaca Conflict
[edit]According to Mpondomise counselor Vethe Mziziba, AmaBhaca found Ama-Mpondomise-people at Mcuthu and defeated them however the Ama-Mpodomise-people would just not submit to the letter because Ama-Bhaca-people were rather backward people who would gruesomely kill even defenseless old men women and children in times of battle, faced with this crisis Ama-Mpondomise-people appealed for help from AbaThembu, King Ngubengcuka agreed to join hands with Ama-Mpondomise-People against Ama-Bhaca-people and proceeded to cross the Tsitsa river to join them.[15]
Ama-Mpondomise-people was defeated once again but the arrival of King Ngubengcuka turned the tables and successfully drove back the Ama-Bhaca-people, it was not an easy Victory as Ama-Bhaca-people were able to escape and settle near ama-cina.[16]
Ama-Mpondomise-Kingdom
[edit]After existing as a kingdom for over 800 years, the Ama-Mpondomise-people were stripped of their Royal status by the Union of South Africa in 1904 after King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane was accused of killing a Qumbu magistrate, Hamilton Hope, and two white police officers during the Ama-Mpondomise-people's Revolt in 1880–81. Although King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane was acquitted of the murder charge, he lost his kingship Status by administrative action. The Ama-Mpondomise-nation hopes were again dashed during the democratic dispensation when the Nhlapo Commission found in 2005 that they had no claim to a kingship. However, a 115-year battle, for this anti-colonial nation, to get their king and the kingdom reinstalled and reinstated respectively, ended when the Eastern Cape High Court (Mthatha) officially recognised the Ama-Mpondomise's-kingship. It ordered that the kingship be reinstated. With the presiding judge setting aside the Tolo Commission's decision to oppose the Ama-Mpondomise's claim of kingship.[17]
Genealogy of the kings
[edit]The most prominent of all the kings of the Ama-Mpondomise was King Myeki. Both royal houses include him in their clan names.
- King Mnguni-1st (Son of ??????????)
[Fathered:Prince Yeyeye-1st]
- King Yeyeye-1st (Son of Mnguni-1st)
[Fathered:Prince Godongwane-1st]
- King Godongwane-1st (Son of Yeyeye-1st)
[Fathered:Prince Yeyeye-2nd]
- King Yeyeye-2nd (Son of Godongwane-1st)
[Fathered:Prince Godongwane-2nd]
- King Godongwane-2nd (Son of Yeyeye-2nd)
[Fathered:Prince Ntunsingana]
- King Ntunsingana (Son of Godongwane-2nd)
[Fathered:Prince Mumbo & Prince Mbhinja & Prince Mntalaba]
- King Mumbo (Son of Ntunsingana)
[Fathered:Prince Hlumbo]
- King Hlumbo (Son of Mumbo)
[Fathered:Prince Mbokane]
- King Mbokane (Son of Hlumbo)
[Fathered:Prince Lumbazi]
- King Lumbane (Son of Mbokane)
[Fathered:Prince Lobamba]
- King Lobamba (Son of Lumbane)
[Fathered:Prince Lubombo & Prince Luvozana]
- King Lubombo (Son of Lobamba)
[Fathered:Prince Mbabane]
- King Mbabane (Son of Lubombo)
[Fathered:Prince Mankayane & Prince Shlengene]
- King Mankayane (Son of Mbabane)
[Fathered:Prince Hlathikhulu]
- King Hlathikhulu (Son of Mankayane)
[Fathered:Prince Zumbane & Prince Zambuka & Prince Zamula & Prince Mjakane]
- King Zumbane (Son of Hlathikhulu)
[Fathered:Prince Nhlangano]
- King Nhlangano (Son of Zumbane)
[Fathered:Prince Mbombela]
- King Mbombela (Son of Nhlangano)
[Fathered:Prince Zehlendaba]
- King Zehlendaba (Son of Mbombela)
[Fathered:Prince Gubhela]
- King Gubhela (Son of Zehlendaba)
[Fathered:Prince Khubone]
- King Khubone (Son of Gubhela)
[Fathered:Prince Mgebelezana & Prince Hlamazi]
- King Mgebelezana (Son of Khubone)
[Fathered:Prince Ndlozela & Prince Ndizokuhle]
- King Ndlozela (Son of Mgebelezana)
[Fathered:Prince Sidwabasiluthuli & Prince Khuwawa & Prince Kulwamba]
- King Sidwabasiluthuli (Son of Ndlozela)
[Fathered:Prince Sibiside & Prince Nyamuzi]
- King Sibiside (Son of Sidwabasiluthuli)
[Fathered:Prince Khubazi (•Njanya•) & Prince Shange & Prince Ngcongo & Prince Hlengwa & Princess Madlebe & Princess Lebuka & Princess Nomafu] (Born:1120-Died:1202)
[Reigned-From:1156 Till 1202]
- King Khubazi {•Njanya•} (Son of Sibiside)
[Fathered:Prince Mpondo & Prince Mpondomise & Prince Xesibe & Prince Nyambose & Prince Chibi] (Born:1151-Died:1225)
[Reigned-From:1202 Till 1225]
- King Mpondomise (Son of Khubazi)
[Fathered:Prince Snduntu & Prince Hlahlane & Prince Vamba]
(Born:1204-Died:1277)
[Reigned-From:1224 Till 1277]
- King Snduntu (Son of Mpondomise)
[Fathered:Prince Nxunxa]
(Born:1229-Died:1304)
[Reigned-From:1277 Till 1304]
- King Nxunxa (Son of Snduntu)
[Fathered:Prince Blambeza]
(Born:1263-Died:1346)
[Reigned-From:1304 Till 1346]
- King Blambeza (Son of Nxunxa)
[Fathered: Prince Malangana]
(Born:1291-Died:1368)
[Reigned-From:1346 Till 1368]
- King Malangana (Son of Blambeza)
[Fathered:Prince Sikhomo]
(Born:1322-Died:1385)
[Reigned-From:1368 Till 1385]
- King Sikhomo (Son of Malangana)
[Fathered:Prince Rhudulu & Prince Hlombose]
(Born:1346-Died:1408)
[Reigned-From:1385 Till 1408]
- Regency-King Rhudulu (Son of Sikhomo)
[Fathered:Prince Sinukaza]
(he was the very first regent of the Ama-Mpondomise-Kingship and Held-power for about 2 years or more while his younger brother was being groomed and initiated into the responsibility of the Kingdom as he hadn't been seen their father King Sikhomo Ka-Malangana Passed away and he didn't think he would be King of the whole nation until the last minute)
(Born:1371-Died:1439)
[Held-Power-From:1408 Till 1413]
- King Hlombose (Son of Sikhomo)
[Fathered:Prince Ntose]
(Born:1376-Died:1443)
[Reigned-From:1413 Till 1443]
(who was assisted by his Brother Prince Rhudulu Ka-Sikhomo led the Aba-Mbo-People movement from their third settlement in Natal/Swatini, settled near the source of a mysterious river called Dedesi. This is where they resided with the Ama-Xhosa-kingdom and the Aba-Thembu-kingdom under the King Togu Ka-Sikhomo and King Hala Ka-Dhlomo respectively. The Ama-Mpondo-kingdom crossed the Mzimkhulu river first and. King Hlombose's Main son and heir apparent Prince Ntose Ka-Hlombose took over after his demise.)
- King Ntose (Son of Hlombose)
[Fathered: Prince Ngcwina & Prince Cwerha & Prince Mpinga & Prince Dhlombo & Prince Debeza & Prince Nqukhwe & Prince Hlongothi & Prince Gxarha & Prince Ntsikhwe]
(Born:1407-Died:1461)
[Reigned-From:1443 Till 1461]
- Regency-King Cwerha (Son of Ntose)
[Fathered:????????] (he was a regent for his younger brother King Ngcwina Ka-Ntose who was next in line to the Ama-Mpondomise-throne because their father King Ntose Ka-Hlombose died while King Ngcwina Ka-Ntose was still in a process of entering an initiation school)
(Born:1428-Died:1493)
[Held-Power-From:1461 till 1464]
- King Ngcwina (Son of Ntose)
[Fathered:Prince Cirha & Prince Dosini & Prince Nxothwe & Prince Nxamase & Prince Ngcinase & Prince Ngcitshana & Prince Gcaga & Prince Ngqukatha & Prince Bhukwana & Prince Zumbe]
(Born:1434-Died:1498)
[Reigned-From:1464 Till 1498]
- King Cirha (Son of Ngcwina)
[Fathered:Prince Sabe & Princess Lodumo]
(Born:1469-Died:1522)
[Reigned-From:1498 Till 1522]
- King Sabe (Son of Cirha)
[Fathered:Prince Mhlande & Prince Mhagana & Prince Krhancolo & Prince Gqwetha & Prince Gqubusha]
(Born:1493-Died:1545)
[Reigned-From:1522 Till 1545]
- King Mhlande (•Mte•) (Son of Sabe)
[Fathered: Prince Vongeza & Prince Ngxabane]
(Born:1518-Died:1567)
[Reigned-From:1545 Till 1567]
- King Vongeza (Son of Mhlande)
[Fathered:Prince Qengeba]
(Born:1540-Died:1592)
[Reigned-From:1567 Till 1592]
- King Qengeba (Son of Vongeza)
[Fathered:Prince Majola (•Jongolunde•) & Prince Tshanzi]
(Born:1561-Died:1624)
[Reigned-From:1592 Till 1624]
- King Majola (•Jongolunde•) (Son of Qengeba)
[Fathered:Prince Hlazane]
(Born:1585-Died:1653)
[Reigned-From:1624 Till 1653]
- King Hlazane (Son of Majola)
[Fathered:Prince Ngwanya & Prince Njomose]
(Born:1612-Died:1675)
[Reigned-From:1653 Till 1675]
- King Ngwanya (Son of Hlazane)
[Fathered:Prince Phahlo]
(Born:1644-Died:1708)
[Reigned-From:1675 Till 1708]
- King Phahlo Son of Ngwanya)
[Fathered:Prince Sonthlo & Princess Mbingwa & Prince Mgabisa & Prince Sixhuba]
(Born:1665-Died:1732)
[Reigned-From:1708 Till 1732]
- Queen Mbingwa (Daughter of Phahlo)
[Mothered:she never had children of her own] or otherwise known as (Queen Mamani kaPhahlo)
(She was the eldest daughter of King Phahlo ka-Ngwanya out of all his Female children, she is the only one who became queen in her own right and influenced the succession of her helf-brother king Sonthlo Ka-Phahlo).
(Born:1702–Died:1758)
[Reigned-From:1732 till 1758]
([18])
- King Sonthlo (Son of Phahlo)
[Fathered:Prince Mngcambe & Prince Hlontshi]
(Born:1718-Died:1771)
[Reigned-From:1758 Till 1771]
- Regency-King Mgabisa (Son of Phahlo)
[Fathered:Prince Velelo]
(he was a regent for his nephew King Mngcambe Ka-Sonthlo who was away training in an initiation school center but then when he returned home his uncle who was the caretaker for the throne refused to hand over the reins to him then war broke out which led to his being killed in battle)
(Born:1725-Died:1781)
[Held-Power-From:1771–1781]
- King Mngcambe (Son of Sonthlo)
[Fathered:Prince Myeki & Prince Gxumisa & Prince Notshweleka & Prince Xhoki]
(Born:1745-Died:1807)
[Reigned-From:1781 Till 1807]
- Regency-King Velelo (Son of Mgabisa)
[Fathered:Prince Diko]
(He was a regent for his cousin King Myeki Ka-Mngcambe who was away in an initiation school preparing for his leadership on the ama-Mpondomise-Throne but then same that happened with his father and great-granduncle who fought for the Throne happened to him too but than his cousin who was a caretaker for the nation fled the battle ground and escaped opening a way for King Myeki Ka-Mngcambe to take his place on the ama-Mpondomise-throne)
(Born:1753-Died:1820)
[Held-Power-From:1807-1814]
- King Myeki (Son of Mngcambe)
[Fathered:Prince Matiwane & Prince Mtshotsho & Prince Mbhali & Prince Ndamane Prince Mcelu]
(Born:1778-Died:1851)
[Reigned-From:1814 Till 1851]
- King Matiwane (Son of Myeki)
[Fathered:Prince Mhlontlo & Prince Xhabadiya & Prince Matshiki & Prince Noqholo]
(Born:1802-Died:1865)
[Reigned-From:1851 Till 1865]
- Regency-King Mbhali (Son of Myeki)
[Fathered:????????] (He was a regent for his nephew King Mhlontlo Ka-Matiwane who was not prepared for his leadership role when his father King Matiwane Ka-Myeki who was Killed by the Ama-Bhaca-People in Bettle so then his uncle held-power for him until his under the initiation process in order to sit on the Ama-Mpondomise-Throne)
(Born:1814-died:1877)
[Held-Power-From:1865-1870]
- King Mhlontlo (Son of Matiwane)
[Fathered:Prince Tshalisi & Prince Ntabankulu]
(Born:1837-Died:1912)
[Reigned-From:1870 Till 1912]
- King Tshalisi (Son of Mhlontlo)
[Fathered:Prince Sigidi & Prince Dailza]
(Born:1880-Died:1936)
[Reigned-From:1912 Till 1936]
- Regency-King Ntabankulu (Son of Mhlontlo)
[Fathered:????????] (he was a regent for his nephew King Sigidi Ka-Tshalisi because he was too young to rule Ama-Mpondomise-People so then his uncle had to hold the throne for him until he was old enough to rule on his own which he did and allowed him to take back his place on the royal sit and there was no bad blood when handing over the reins to him)
(Born:1899-Died:1968)
[Held-Power-From:1936-1939]
- King Sigidi (Son of Tshalisi)
[Fathered:he never had children of his own] (He was first to be king but than he died before he could produce his own Children so than the royal family decided give the throne to his younger brother.)
(Born:1919-Died:1962)
[Reigned-From:1939 Till 1962]
- King Dailza (Son of Tshalisi)
[Fathered:Prince Welisha]
(Born:1921-Died:1984)
[Reigned-From:1962 Till 1984]
- King Welisha (Son of Dailza)
[Fathered:Prince Zwelozuko & Prince Zwelitsha]
(Born:1953-Died:2018)
[Reigned-From:1984 Till 2018]
- King Zwelozuko (Son of Welisha)
[Fatherd:????????] (He is the current reigning monarch of the Ama-Mpondomise-people in South Africa today) or otherwise known as (Luzuko)
(Born:1978-Alive:Aging)
[Reigning Since:2018 Till Present-Date]
Prince Luzuko is yet to ascend the throne. His coronation has been delayed by the Ama-Dosini-Royal-family Branch line's unsuccessfully contest for the succession.[19]
- Prince Dosini's descendants in terms of the Ama-Mpondomise-Kingship claimants were: King Ngcwina (Son-of-Ntose)
He Fathered=Chief Dosini (Son-of-Ngcwina) He Fathered=Chief Nqabashe (Son-of-Dosini) He Fathered=Chief Nceleduna (Son-of-Nqabashe) He Fathered=Chief Mqhorana (Son-of-Nceleduna) He Fathered=Chief Mjoka (Hala) (Son-of-Mqhorana) He Fathered=Chief Shwemela (Son-of-Mjoka) He Fathered=Chief Xhonto (Son-of-Shwemela) He Fathered=Chief Zanoxolo (Son-of-Xhonto) He Fathered=Chief Xhuxhe (Son-of-Zanoxolo) He Fathered=Chief Marule (Son-of-Xhuxhe) He Fathered=Chief Mxoko (Son-of-Marule) He Fathered=Chief Gxaba (Son-of-Mxoko) He Fathered=Chief Nyakatya (Son-of-Gxaba) He Fathered=Chief Ncilashe (Son-of-Nyakatya) He Fathered=Chief Sigiwili (Son-of-Ncilashe) He Fathered=Chief Masethi (Son-of-Sigiwili) (from whom this royal family derives its surname) He Fathered=Chief Ntamnani (Son-of-Masethi) He Fathered=Chief Myezo (Son-of-Ntamnani) He Fathered=Chiefness Ntombenkonzo (Daughter-of-Myezo). Chiefness Ntombenkonzo is the current claimant from this line. She has lost the case in court -see court papers in references[20]
Language
[edit]Colonists wrongly identified Mpondomise as Xhosa. Some colonists later identified Mpondomise as a dialect of Xhosa. Consequently, ama-Mpondomise people had to learn and speak Xhosa fluently to conduct business. Contemporarily, Mpondomise people speak Xhosa as a home language or as a second language in order to conduct business since Mpondomise is not recognised as an official language of the Republic of South Africa. There is a minority, comprising mostly older people, who speak the language. They are concentrated in the far eastern part of the Eastern Cape, primarily in the OR Tambo District Municipality, in the Tsolo and Qumbu villages where the great house and right-hand house reside, respectively. Other languages similar to Mpondomise include Swati, Ndebele and the various Tekela languages of nations such as ama-Mpondo, Ama-Hlubi and Ama-Zizi.
Ama-mpondomise are learning Xhosa at schools and are required to select Xhosa as their preferred language on official documents such as government forms. Consequently, they are slowly losing their language. This is also evident in that ama-Mpondomise linguistically identify themselves with their cousins, ama-Xhosa, as Xhosa speaking people; while retaining a separate ethnic identity as ama-Mpondomise.
Mpondomise clans and tributary clans
[edit]The Mpondomise people comprise various clans. First are clans that arise out of the many houses of the kings. Second are clans of the older Aba-Mbo nation from which Mpondomise was born out. Therefore, clan names are indicative of people's ancestors (or dynasties and cadet branches). Third, there are clans or ethnic groups who have immigrated to the kingdom of the Mpondomise and now pay tribute to the Mpondomise kingdom.
In more detail[21]
- From Zumbe – Ngcwina, Mabhula,Ndalane kaNdodi, Mnxothi, Siqwephu Solusu,Nyama yangaphakathi, Nyama Emdaka ethandwa ngamafazi, Mntwana wenkosi uNgcwina, Simanga sekati Edla Amanqathe odwa.Malilelwa zintombi, zibona iintongo zithi ziipesika, OoNtongo zosulwa ngababathandayo,Amangcingwane, Mpondomise.
- From Bhukwana – ooMbara, Mtshobo, Phaphulengonyama, Into ezingaphathwa mntu ngoba zizinkosi ngokwazo
- From Debeza – OoDebeza, ngoJebe, Nonyanya, Nongoqo, Mbeka Ntshiyini Bathi uqumbile, Khonkcoshe Mbokodo engava mkwetsho
- From Dosini – ooDosini, Ncele, Ntose, Nqabashe, Ngcelenduna, Mqhorhana, Ngxow'inoboya, uNoyiila, uNogqaz'unthonyama, isihlobo sikaMthimkhulu, sikaBhungane yena mntu ungaphezulu nakuThixo kuba abantu ubanike amabele, Ingqoq'enebal, Ngwanya kaMajola, uMajola inyoka enothando kuba ityelela abafazi endlwini (The royals of the Mpondomise, the right-hand house).[22]
- From Gxarha – Gxarha -Cwerha, Vambane, Mahlahlana, Mlawu, Potwana, Siyoyo
- From Jola – SingaMampondomse ngohlanga (i.e. we are ethnically Mpondomise), ooJola, ooJoliNkomo, ooMphaNkomo, ooQengeba, OoNgwanya, Nomakhala, Njuza, S'thukuthezi, sithandwa mhla kukubi, Hoshode, Hakaha, mfaz' obele 'nye omabele made, oncancisa naphesheya komlambo (The royals of the Mpondomise, the great house).[22] The South African politician, Fikile Mbalula is from this clan.[23]
- From Mpehle – amaMpehle, Vengwa, Dikana, Cabashe, Nohushe
- From Mpinga – ooMpinga, Mawawa, Mbala kaNkqoshe, Mpondomise, Ntose, Nto'mntwana, Ngwangwashe, uSenzwa, Sineka, Mbetshane, Hlahla lamsik' unntu esendeni, Ngceza, Sintila, Nyaw'zinoshukela, mzukulu kaSityulu, kheth'omthandayo, yazi b'inobaya ifanelwe ngabafana. This is the clan of Enoch Sontonga, the author of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", part of the National Anthem of Republic of South Africa.
- From Nxasana – NguSikonza, uNxasana, uTotoba, uDunjane, uMalilelwaziintombi zithi ndizeke, adinamama andinatata, uBhili, uMagazo, uLunguza, gastyeketye umbona obomvu othandwa ngabantwana
- From Nxotwe – ooNxotwe, Gabazi, Qamkazi, Mfuza afulele okwelifu lemvula, Mpondomise
- From Nxuba – ooNxuba, Mduma, Rhudulu, Mngcengane
- From Skhoji – (Inzala ka William Saunders wase Scotland)
- From Skhomo – ooUmntu womlambo,Tshangisa, Mhlatyana, Rhudulu, uNxub’ongafiyo ofa ngokuvuthelwa, Mngwevu, Jola, Manz’amnyama, Qengebe, Mhaga
- From Zongozi – ooSenzela ooPhondo liyagexeza (bazalwa nguNtose kaCirha ikumkani yama-Mpondomise, hayi lo wama-Xhosa)
There are tributary clans such as:
- Mphuthi, Nyathi, Msuthu, uRhahla, Rhabani, Tsiki, Nhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! Oozishuba zimdakana phesheya komlanjana wegqili, Izilwana zona zehla ezintabeni zokhahlamba ngeziluluthwana, sithetha ngenzala ka Nose (Nhose) kubafazi bakhe abathathu kuMawushe ewe uMatshezi naye uMamhlwane. Esikhoyo isikululwana sesabo OoQhaziyana, OoGeorge kwa noLanga iinkulu zakhe. Ziintsuthu zaseQuthini (Sotho) ngokomlandu kodwa ngenxa yemfuduko zokhokho bafumaneka Eastern Cape kuTsolo kwela ma-Mpondomise eMcwangele [ama-Mpondomise ngokuma] “Nje ngoko namagama ezixela ziintsuthu ezi ngobuhlanga”
- Nyathi uMsuthu, uMphuthi, uRhahla, uRhabani, uTsiki, uNhose; Oogaxel’umbengo, boya beNyathi, Amathol’enkomo zikaNyathi, abeSuthu, ebePhuth'ephuthini! Oozishuba zimdakana phesheya komlanjana wegqili, Izilwana zona zehla ezintabeni ngeziluluthwana, Nje ngoko namagama ezixela ziintsuthu ezi ngobuhlanga” sithetha ngenzala ka Nose (Nhose) kubafazi bakhe abathathu kuMawushe, uMatshezi naye umaMhlwane. Esikhoyo isikululwana sesabo oonyana neenkulu zakhe,uQhaziyana uGeorge kwa noLanga. Ziintsuthu zaseQuthini (Sotho) ngokomlandu kodwa ngenxa yemfuduko/ mfeguza zokhokho bafumaneka Eastern Cape kuTsolo kwela maMpondomise eMcwangele [amaMpondomise ngokuma]
Culture and religion
[edit]Among the Mpondomise people, most practise African religions alongside Christianity. African religions encompass ancestral worship (or veneration) and sometimes some Totemism in which a spiritual meaning is attached to some animals and plants, which may be deified. For Mpondomise people this is uMajola (mole snake).[24] This snake is revered and venerated. They believe that it visits a newborn "to prepare it for a successful and safe adult life. It comes as a friend and protector. The friendship it expresses is not anchored in a benign demonstration of goodwill but rather an active expression of solidarity and striving to support and encourage long-term success of the young and growing members of the human race."[25] A visitation from uMajola signifies good fortune. It also means the ancestors are showing their favour on the visited people or family. Killing the snake is believed to have severe physiological and psychological consequences. This last part is central to the plot of the famous Xhosa novel Ingqumbo yeminyanya ("The Wrath of the Ancestors").[26] The snake is common in South Africa in the provinces where generally abaMbo (and by extension amaMpondomise) mostly reside: KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape.
Notable People
[edit]- Steve Komphela – South African football manager and a former footballer.
- Fikile Mbalula – South African politician.
- Raymond Mhlaba – South African politician and first Premier of the Eastern Cape.
- Thulas Nxesi – South African politician.
- Enoch Sontonga – South African composer of the national anthem.
- Mvuyo Tom – South African doctor, administrator and academic.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Census 2011. "O.R.Tambo District (Administrative location of the Ama-Mpondomise Royal houses in Tsolo and iQumbu)". adrianfrith. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Mpondo people, Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)
- ^ a b Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
- ^ HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA (2020). "In the matter between: KING PHAHLO ROYAL FAMILY and DOSINI ROYAL FAMILY" (PDF): 1. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Timothy J. Stapleton (2016). Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-59884-837-3.
- ^ Hammond-Tooke, W.D (1968). "The Morphology of Mpondomise Descent Groups". Africa. 38 (1): 26–46. doi:10.2307/1157337. JSTOR 1157337. S2CID 145575810. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ News24. "The white man never learns". Retrieved 6 April 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Xhosa Culture. "Ama-Xesibe Fikeni Monument To Remember Chief Fikeni & Wives".
- ^ UKZN (2017). "Aba-Mbo people history". DISA. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Finding our Mkhize past". Archive and Public Culture. UCT. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Daily Dispatch. "Know African history and identity before reviving mental colonialism". Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Mpinga, Senzwa. "Even though this clan is so big it has a clear history of its origin. Their history is as follows".
- ^ Soga, John Henderson (1930). The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni-people, Aba-Mbo-people, Ama-Lala-people). Witwatersrand University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-06682-2
- ^ Mkhize, Siyabonga (2009). Uhlanga Lwas'eMbo. Sibiside Publishers. ISBN 978-0-620-43055-5
- ^ Cabashe, Andile. "Mpondomise Conflict". Nguni.
- ^ Dikane, Sofia. "AmaMpondomise". Analysis.
- ^ Legal Brief. "AmaMpondomise kingship must be reinstated – ruling". Legalbrief.
- ^ Scheub, Harold (2009). Shadows: Deeper Into Story. UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press. ISBN 9781893311862.
- ^ Dispatch. "High court dismisses Dosini bid to appeal Phahlo royal crown".
- ^ Dispatch. "High court dismisses Dosini bid to appeal Pahlo royal crown".
- ^ Jackson, A.O. (1975). The ethnic composition of the Ciskei and Transkei. Ciskei (South Africa): Department of Bantu Administration and Development.
- ^ a b Zenani, N.M.; Bhotomane, N.; Scheub, H. (2006). South African voices: The way we travelled : oral history and poetry. Parallel Press, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries. p. 22. ISBN 9781893311718. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Sowetan Live (2008). "Mbalula goes to the mountain". Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Bongela, S.K. (2001). "IsiHlonipho among AmaXhosa" (PDF). University of South Africa: 57. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ SA History. "Order Companions O.R". Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Jordan, A.C. (1940). Ingqumbo Yeminyanya - The Wrath of the Ancestors. Ad Donker. ISBN 9780868522289.