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{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}
{{Short description|Species of freshwater gastropod}}
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'''''Physella acuta''''' is a [[species]] of small, left-handed or [[sinistral]], air-breathing [[freshwater snail]], an [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family Physidae. Common names include '''European physa''', '''tadpole snail''', '''bladder snail''', and '''acute bladder snail'''. In addition, ''Physa acuta'', ''Physa heterostropha'' (Say, 1817) and ''Physa integra'' (Haldeman, 1841) are synonyms of ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805).
'''''Physella acuta''''' is a [[species]] of small, left-handed or [[sinistral]], air-breathing [[freshwater snail]], an [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Physidae]]. Common names include '''European physa''', '''tadpole snail''', '''bladder snail''', and '''acute bladder snail'''.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name ''Physella'' means "little bladder", from Greek ''physa'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PHYSA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physa |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Diminutive|diminuative]] ending "-ella". This is in reference to the genus ''Physa'', which ''P. acuta'' has, at times, been placed in. ''Acuta'' is a Latin word meaning sharp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Definition for: acutus, acuta (ID: 696) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict |url=https://latin-dictionary.net/definition/696/acutus-acuta |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=latin-dictionary.net}}</ref>
The etymology of the name ''Physella'' is obscure but could be ultimately from a Greek root. "Physella" (as a place name) is recorded in Giovanni Gemisto's printed edition of Pliny's encyclopedia, perhaps lifted from Ermolao Barbaro's ''Castigationes Plinianae'' where it is recorded as ''Physcella''.<ref>''Greece Reinvented: Transformations of Byzantine Hellenism in Renaissance Italy'' by Han Lamers</ref> The French naturalist [[w:Jacques Draparnaud|Jacques Draparnaud]] was the first to describe a species of the genus ''Physella'' and coined the name.


==Shell description==
==Shell description==
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The shells of ''Physella'' species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous and rather transparent.
The shells of ''Physella'' species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous and rather transparent.

== History ==
⚫
It was once thought that the indigenous distribution of ''Physella acuta'' is [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]].<ref>{{in lang|sk}} Lisický M. J. (1991). [https://archive.org/details/MolluscaSlovenska ''Mollusca Slovenska''] [The Slovak molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo [[Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovenskej akadémie vied]], Bratislava, 344 pp.</ref><ref name="Glöer 2002">Glöer, P. 2002 ''Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas''. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., {{ISBN|3-925919-60-0}}, page 238-239.</ref> However, recent genetic analysis has revealed it to be the same species as ''Physella heterostropha'' of North America.<ref name="Belarus" /> Researchers now increasingly consider ''P. acuta'' to be native to North America, so it may have only later been introduced to Europe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Morningstar |last2=Daniel |year=2021 |title=Acute bladder snail (Physella acuta) - Species Profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1025 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database |language=en}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==


⚫
The freshwater snail ''Physella acuta'' is common in all of North America and Europe including the [[United Kingdom]]. The species seems to have first spread through the Mediterranean regions and then more slowly into Northern Europe.<ref name="Dillon" /><ref name="Belarus" /> This species has been introduced into New Zealand and is widespread throughout both islands in ponds, lakes, and running water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Freshwater Pests of New Zealand|url=https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/pest_guide_potrt_feb_2013.pdf|website=NIWA}}</ref> ''Physella acuta'' is presumed to occur also in [[Southern Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rapalai, B.L.|title=An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana|journal=[[Indago]]|year=2024|volume=41|pages=15–44|doi=10.5281/zenodo.13132605}}</ref> Today, it can be found on all continents besides Antarctica.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
It was once thought that the indigenous distribution of ''Physella acuta'' is [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]].<ref>{{in lang|sk}} Lisický M. J. (1991). [https://archive.org/details/MolluscaSlovenska ''Mollusca Slovenska''] [The Slovak molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo [[Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovenskej akadémie vied]], Bratislava, 344 pp.</ref><ref name="Glöer 2002">Glöer, P. 2002 ''Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas''. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., {{ISBN|3-925919-60-0}}, page 238-239.</ref> However, when ''Physella heterostropha'' is considered to be a synonym, then the indigenous distribution of the species includes North America.<ref name="Belarus"/>


==Beneficial Pests==
⚫
''Physella acuta'' is a common species which is common in all of North America and Europe including the [[United Kingdom]]. The species seems to have first spread through the Mediterranean regions and then more slowly into Northern Europe.<ref name="Dillon"/><ref name="Belarus"/> This species has been introduced into New Zealand and is widespread throughout both islands in ponds, lakes, and running water <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013|title=Freshwater Pests of New Zealand|url=https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/pest_guide_potrt_feb_2013.pdf|website=NIWA}}</ref>
Physella acuta is a relatively common freshwater aquarium pest. It usually spreads by laying its eggs on plants like [[Alternanthera reineckii]], [[Leptochilus pteropus]], or other small aquatic plants, which are then bought and taken home. Once in the tank, it becomes a non-harmful pest. Although Physella acuta can be annoying and reproduce quickly compared to other [[snails]], they can actually be beneficial for your aquarium. They clean [[algae]] efficiently due to their speed and reproductive rate, and they help break down old food and [[feces]], ensuring a healthier tank environment.


=== In the United Kingdom ===
=== In the United Kingdom ===
Within the United Kingdom, ''P. acuta'' is considered to be an [[invasive species]]. The "European ''Physa''" or "common bladder snail", as it is commonly known in [[England]], is a prolific species that has undergone [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalisation]]. The European ''Physa'' has been observed on several great Rivers, streams and tributaries within England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland including the [[River Severn]] and the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001702159|title = Physella acuta &#124; NBN Atlas}}</ref> The ecological impact of this invasive species to the [[Native species|native]] floral and faunal species of the [[United Kingdom]] was assessed by the United Kingdom Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG) as "Unknown"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?speciesId=2674|title = European physa, Physella acuta - GB non-native species secretariat}}</ref> under the [[Water Framework Directive]] guidelines for Alien species.
Within the United Kingdom, ''P. acuta'' is considered to be an [[invasive species]]. It is prolific and has undergone [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalisation]]. ''P. acuta'' has been observed on several great Rivers, streams and tributaries within England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland including the [[River Severn]] and the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001702159|title = Physella acuta &#124; NBN Atlas}}</ref> The ecological impact of this invasive species to the [[Native species|native]] floral and faunal species of the [[United Kingdom]] was assessed by the United Kingdom Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG) as "Unknown"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?speciesId=2674|title = European physa, Physella acuta - GB non-native species secretariat}}</ref> under the [[Water Framework Directive]] guidelines for Alien species.


=== In Europe ===
=== In Europe ===
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and others
and others


The distribution also includes [[Mediterranean]] regions and [[Africa]].<ref name="Benson"/>
The distribution also includes [[Mediterranean]] regions and [[Africa]].<ref name="Benson">Amy Benson. 2007. ''Physella acuta''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1025 Revision Date: 4/22/2004</ref>


=== In the Americas ===
=== In the Americas ===
The distribution includes the United States east of the Rocky Mountains<ref name=":0" />
The <!-- non-indigenous -->distribution includes the United States: [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Virginia]].<ref name="Benson">Amy Benson. 2007. ''Physella acuta''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1025 Revision Date: 4/22/2004</ref>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cuba|Cuba]] – native, also with ''[[Tarebia granifera]]'' it is the most common freshwater snail in Cuba<ref name="Vázquez 2010">Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". ''[[Tropical Conservation Science]]'' '''3'''(2): 190–199. [http://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v3/10-06-28_190-199_Perera&Valderrama.html HTM], [http://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v3/10-06-28_190-199_Perera&Valderrama.pdf PDF].</ref>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cuba|Cuba]] – native, the most common freshwater snail there alongside ''[[Tarebia granifera]]''<ref name="Vázquez 2010">Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". ''[[Tropical Conservation Science]]'' '''3'''(2): 190–199. [http://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v3/10-06-28_190-199_Perera&Valderrama.html HTM], [http://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v3/10-06-28_190-199_Perera&Valderrama.pdf PDF].</ref>
*Chile invasive<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Collado|first=Gonzalo A.|date=March 2017|title=Unraveling cryptic invasion of a freshwater snail in Chile based on molecular and morphological data|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-016-1255-y|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=567–578|doi=10.1007/s10531-016-1255-y|s2cid=34260702|issn=0960-3115}}</ref>
*Chile – invasive<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Collado|first=Gonzalo A.|date=March 2017|title=Unraveling cryptic invasion of a freshwater snail in Chile based on molecular and morphological data|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10531-016-1255-y|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=567–578|doi=10.1007/s10531-016-1255-y|bibcode=2017BiCon..26..567C |s2cid=34260702|issn=0960-3115}}</ref>


=== In Asia ===
=== In Asia ===


* India <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=P. |last2=Aditya |first2=G. |date=2021-05-04 |title=Invasion of the freshwater snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in selected ponds of North Dinajpur, India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/3/MRN-1628 |journal=Journal of Environmental Biology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=577–581 |doi=10.22438/jeb/42/3/mrn-1628 |issn=0254-8704}}</ref>
* India <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=P. |last2=Aditya |first2=G. |date=2021-05-04 |title=Invasion of the freshwater snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in selected ponds of North Dinajpur, India |journal=Journal of Environmental Biology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=577–581 |doi=10.22438/jeb/42/3/mrn-1628 |issn=0254-8704|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Uzbekistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vinarski |first=Maxim V. |date=2017-04-01 |title=The history of an invasion: phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail Physella acuta through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1314 |doi=10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |issn=1573-1464}}</ref>
* Uzbekistan <ref name="Vinarski 1299–1314">{{Cite journal |last=Vinarski |first=Maxim V. |date=2017-04-01 |title=The history of an invasion: phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail Physella acuta through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1314 |doi=10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |bibcode=2017BiInv..19.1299V |s2cid=254292899 |issn=1573-1464}}</ref>
* Kazakhstan<ref name="Vinarski 1299–1314"/>
* Kazakhstan<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vinarski |first=Maxim V. |date=2017-04-01 |title=The history of an invasion: phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail Physella acuta through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1314 |doi=10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3 |issn=1573-1464}}</ref>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
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== Interspecific relationship ==
== Interspecific relationship ==
This species successfully co-exists with other alien gastropods: for example with ''[[Potamopyrgus antipodarum]]'' in many streams, lakes and ponds in New Zealand and with ''[[Lithoglyphus naticoides]]'' in the Danube River.<ref name="Belarus"/>
This species successfully co-exists with other alien gastropods: for example with ''[[Potamopyrgus antipodarum]]'' in many streams, lakes and ponds in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom; and with ''[[Lithoglyphus naticoides]]'' in the Danube River.<ref name="Belarus"/> The presence of ''P. acuta'' may encourage proliferation of invasive non-native [[macrophytes]] such as Nuttall's waterweed (''[[Elodea nuttallii]]'')
Within the United Kingdom, this species has also been to observed to coexists with Jenkins' Spire-Snail (''[[Potamopyrgus antipodarum]]'') in many aquatic habitats. The presence of the European physa may encourage proliferation of invasive non-native [[macrophytes]] such as Nuttall's waterweed (''[[Elodea nuttallii]]'')


== Predators ==
== Predators ==
The bladder snail is a frequent prey of many snail-eating predators, such as
The bladder snail is a frequent prey of many snail-eating predators, such as
*[[Anomalochromis]]
*''[[Anomalochromis]]''
*[[Badis badis]]
*''[[Badis badis]]''
*[[Carinotetraodon travancoricus]]
*''[[Carinotetraodon travancoricus]]''
*[[Puntius titteya]]
*''[[Puntius titteya]]''
*[[Ambastaia sidthimunki]]
*''[[Ambastaia sidthimunki]]''
*[[Chromobotia macracanthus]]
*''[[Chromobotia macracanthus]]''
*[[Clea helena]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Pranesh |last2=Das |first2=Rajat |last3=Nandy |first3=Gargi |last4=Aditya |first4=Gautam |date=2022-10-25 |title=Preferring what others avoid: differences in the vulnerability of freshwater snails to the exotic and native predators |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w |issn=1573-5117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmakar |first=R. |last2=Paul |first2=P. |last3=Aditya |first3=G. |date=2022-03-11 |title=Predation and prey preference of the exotic snail Anentome helena on two freshwater snails: implications for species invasion |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/2/MRN-2048 |journal=Journal of Environmental Biology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=293–298 |doi=10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-2048 |issn=0254-8704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Pranesh |last2=Mondal |first2=Debasish |last3=Aditya |first3=Gautam |date=2022-03-01 |title=Influencing the way they compete: Exotic predator mediated non-consumptive effects on two co-occurring freshwater snails |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09918-6 |journal=Aquatic Ecology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=285–298 |doi=10.1007/s10452-021-09918-6 |issn=1573-5125}}</ref>
*''[[Clea helena]]''<ref name="Paul">{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pranesh |last2=Das |first2=Rajat |last3=Nandy |first3=Gargi |last4=Aditya |first4=Gautam |date=2022-10-25 |title=Preferring what others avoid: differences in the vulnerability of freshwater snails to the exotic and native predators|journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w |s2cid=253133418 |issn=1573-5117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karmakar |first1=R. |last2=Paul |first2=P. |last3=Aditya |first3=G. |date=2022-03-11 |title=Predation and prey preference of the exotic snail Anentome helena on two freshwater snails: implications for species invasion |journal=Journal of Environmental Biology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=293–298 |doi=10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-2048 |issn=0254-8704|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pranesh |last2=Mondal |first2=Debasish |last3=Aditya |first3=Gautam |date=2022-03-01 |title=Influencing the way they compete: Exotic predator mediated non-consumptive effects on two co-occurring freshwater snails |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09918-6 |journal=Aquatic Ecology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=285–298 |doi=10.1007/s10452-021-09918-6 |bibcode=2022AqEco..56..285P |s2cid=254189482 |issn=1573-5125}}</ref>
*[[Sternotherus carinatus]]
*''[[Sternotherus carinatus]]''
*[[Glossiphonia]] weberi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Pranesh |last2=Das |first2=Rajat |last3=Nandy |first3=Gargi |last4=Aditya |first4=Gautam |date=2022-10-25 |title=Preferring what others avoid: differences in the vulnerability of freshwater snails to the exotic and native predators |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w |issn=1573-5117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Pranesh |last2=Karmakar |first2=Rupsha |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Swagata |last4=Barua |first4=Ankita |last5=Banerjee |first5=Sampa |last6=Aditya |first6=Gautam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Predation of Glossiphonia weberi (Blanchard, 1897) on the invasive snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in the presence of an alternative prey |url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/limre-2021-0019 |journal=Limnological Review |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2478/limre-2021-0019 |issn=2300-7575}}</ref>
*''[[Glossiphonia]] weberi''<ref name="Paul"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pranesh |last2=Karmakar |first2=Rupsha |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Swagata |last4=Barua |first4=Ankita |last5=Banerjee |first5=Sampa |last6=Aditya |first6=Gautam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Predation of ''Glossiphonia weberi'' (Blanchard, 1897) on the invasive snail ''Physella acuta'' (Draparnaud, 1805) in the presence of an alternative prey|journal=Limnological Review |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.2478/limre-2021-0019|doi-broken-date=15 November 2024|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2300-7575/21/4/201|access-date=15 November 2024|issn=2300-7575|via=MDPI|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==


''P. acuta'' is a self-compatible [[hermaphrodite]]. In natural populations, ''P. acuta'' preferentially reproduces by [[outcrosses|outcrossing]].<ref name = Noel2016>Noël E, Chemtob Y, Janicke T, Sarda V, Pélissié B, Jarne P, David P. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite. Evolution. 2016 Mar;70(3):625-40. doi: 10.1111/evo.12886. Epub 2016 Mar 9. PMID: 26899922</ref> When individuals from such populations [[autogamy|self-fertilize]] they show a high degree of [[inbreeding depression]]. However, in exprerimentally constrained lines (where mates were often unavailable), after about 20 generations of self-fertilization, most of the inbreeding depression was purged.<ref name = Noel2016/>
''P. acuta'' is a self-compatible [[hermaphrodite]]. In natural populations, ''P. acuta'' preferentially reproduces by [[outcrosses|outcrossing]].<ref name="Noel2016">Noël E, Chemtob Y, Janicke T, Sarda V, Pélissié B, Jarne P, David P. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite. Evolution. 2016 Mar;70(3):625-40. doi: 10.1111/evo.12886. Epub 2016 Mar 9. PMID 26899922</ref> When individuals from such populations [[autogamy|self-fertilize]] they show a high degree of [[inbreeding depression]]. However, in experimentally constrained lines (where mates were often unavailable), after about 20 generations of self-fertilization, most of the inbreeding depression was purged.<ref name = Noel2016/>

== In the aquarium ==
''P. acuta'' is one of a variety of snails often called "pest snails" in freshwater fishkeeping, due to their tendency to be inadvertently introduced into tanks via hitching a ride on ornamental plants, combined with how readily and quickly they reproduce due in part to their ability to self-fertilize. Others will however intentionally keep bladder snails, as their diet and ease of care can prove to make them a useful part of a tank's [[clean-up crew]].


==References==
==References==
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* https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012447/http://www.aquarium-kosmos.de/inhalt/50/blasenschnecken-physella-acuta
* https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012447/http://www.aquarium-kosmos.de/inhalt/50/blasenschnecken-physella-acuta
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1694040}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1694040}}
https://buceplant.com/blogs/aquascaping-guides-and-tips/all-about-pest-snails-in-the-planted-aquarium#:~:text=Although%20they%20are%20often%20called,uneaten%20food%2C%20and%20rotting%20plants.


[[Category:Physidae]]
[[Category:Physidae]]

Latest revision as of 04:10, 7 December 2024

Physella acuta
A live individual of Physella acuta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superorder: Hygrophila
Family: Physidae
Genus: Physella
Species:
P. acuta
Binomial name
Physella acuta
Synonyms

Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805
Physella heterostropha (Say, 1817)[2]
Physella integra (Haldeman, 1841)[2]
Physa globosa Haldeman, 1841
Haitia acuta

Physella acuta is a species of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Physidae. Common names include European physa, tadpole snail, bladder snail, and acute bladder snail.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Physella means "little bladder", from Greek physa,[3] and the diminuative ending "-ella". This is in reference to the genus Physa, which P. acuta has, at times, been placed in. Acuta is a Latin word meaning sharp.[4]

Shell description

[edit]
Shell of Physella acuta

Snails in the family Physidae have shells that are sinistral, which means that if the shell is held with the aperture facing the observer and the spire pointing up, then the aperture is on the left-hand side.

The shells of Physella species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no operculum. The shells are thin and corneous and rather transparent.

History

[edit]

It was once thought that the indigenous distribution of Physella acuta is Mediterranean.[5][6] However, recent genetic analysis has revealed it to be the same species as Physella heterostropha of North America.[7] Researchers now increasingly consider P. acuta to be native to North America, so it may have only later been introduced to Europe.[8]

Distribution

[edit]

The freshwater snail Physella acuta is common in all of North America and Europe including the United Kingdom. The species seems to have first spread through the Mediterranean regions and then more slowly into Northern Europe.[2][7] This species has been introduced into New Zealand and is widespread throughout both islands in ponds, lakes, and running water.[9] Physella acuta is presumed to occur also in Southern Africa.[10] Today, it can be found on all continents besides Antarctica.[8]

Beneficial Pests

[edit]

Physella acuta is a relatively common freshwater aquarium pest. It usually spreads by laying its eggs on plants like Alternanthera reineckii, Leptochilus pteropus, or other small aquatic plants, which are then bought and taken home. Once in the tank, it becomes a non-harmful pest. Although Physella acuta can be annoying and reproduce quickly compared to other snails, they can actually be beneficial for your aquarium. They clean algae efficiently due to their speed and reproductive rate, and they help break down old food and feces, ensuring a healthier tank environment.

In the United Kingdom

[edit]

Within the United Kingdom, P. acuta is considered to be an invasive species. It is prolific and has undergone naturalisation. P. acuta has been observed on several great Rivers, streams and tributaries within England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland including the River Severn and the River Thames.[11] The ecological impact of this invasive species to the native floral and faunal species of the United Kingdom was assessed by the United Kingdom Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG) as "Unknown"[12] under the Water Framework Directive guidelines for Alien species.

In Europe

[edit]

This species is found in:

and others

The distribution also includes Mediterranean regions and Africa.[17]

In the Americas

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The distribution includes the United States east of the Rocky Mountains[8]

In Asia

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Ecology

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Habitat

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This species lives in freshwater rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and swamps.[17]

Physella acuta is frequently found in anthropogenic reservoirs, occurring in warm water discharges from power stations and in some rivers, but very rarely and not numerously in clay pit ponds. It can survive well under temporary harsh conditions (extreme temperature and water pollution), as long as they are short-lived.[7]

Feeding habits

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These snails eat dead plant and animal matter and various other detritus.

Because Physella acuta forages mainly on epiphytic vegetation and on the macrophytes, whereas other gastropods (Planorbis planorbis, Radix ovata) exploit the algal cover or phytobentos on the bottom, competition between Physella acuta and other gastropods appears to be minimal.[7]

Interspecific relationship

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This species successfully co-exists with other alien gastropods: for example with Potamopyrgus antipodarum in many streams, lakes and ponds in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom; and with Lithoglyphus naticoides in the Danube River.[7] The presence of P. acuta may encourage proliferation of invasive non-native macrophytes such as Nuttall's waterweed (Elodea nuttallii)

Predators

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The bladder snail is a frequent prey of many snail-eating predators, such as

Reproduction

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P. acuta is a self-compatible hermaphrodite. In natural populations, P. acuta preferentially reproduces by outcrossing.[26] When individuals from such populations self-fertilize they show a high degree of inbreeding depression. However, in experimentally constrained lines (where mates were often unavailable), after about 20 generations of self-fertilization, most of the inbreeding depression was purged.[26]

In the aquarium

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P. acuta is one of a variety of snails often called "pest snails" in freshwater fishkeeping, due to their tendency to be inadvertently introduced into tanks via hitching a ride on ornamental plants, combined with how readily and quickly they reproduce due in part to their ability to self-fertilize. Others will however intentionally keep bladder snails, as their diet and ease of care can prove to make them a useful part of a tank's clean-up crew.

References

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This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text (but not under GFDL) from reference.[7]

  1. ^ Draparnaud J.-P.-R. 1805. Histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Ouvrage posthume. Avec XIII planches. pp. [1-9], j-viij [= 1-8], 1-134, [Plates 1-13]. Paris, Montpellier. (Plassan, Renaud).
  2. ^ a b c Dillon R. T., Wethington A. R., Rhett J. M. & Smith T. P. 2002. Populations of the European freshwater pulmonate Physa acuta are not reproductively isolated from American Physa heterostopha or Physa integra. Invertebrate Biology, 121: 226-234. (abstract)
  3. ^ "Definition of PHYSA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  4. ^ "Latin Definition for: acutus, acuta (ID: 696) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict". latin-dictionary.net. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  5. ^ (in Slovak) Lisický M. J. (1991). Mollusca Slovenska [The Slovak molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 344 pp.
  6. ^ Glöer, P. 2002 Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., ISBN 3-925919-60-0, page 238-239.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Vitaliy Semenchenko, Tatiana Laenko & Vladimir Razlutskij. 2008. A new record of the North American gastropod Physella acuta (Draparnaud 1805) from the Neman River Basin, Belarus. Aquatic Invasions (2008) Volume 3, Issue 3: 359–360.
  8. ^ a b c Morningstar; Daniel (2021). "Acute bladder snail (Physella acuta) - Species Profile". USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  9. ^ "Freshwater Pests of New Zealand" (PDF). NIWA. 2013.
  10. ^ Rapalai, B.L. (2024). "An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana". Indago. 41: 15–44. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13132605.
  11. ^ "Physella acuta | NBN Atlas".
  12. ^ "European physa, Physella acuta - GB non-native species secretariat".
  13. ^ a b (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1–37. PDF.
  14. ^ Beran, L. (2002) Vodní měkkýši České Republiky – rozšíření a jeho změny, stanoviště, šíření, ohrožení a ochrana, červený seznam. Aquatic molluscs of the Czech Republic – distribution and its changes, habitats, dispersal, threat and protection, Red List. – Sborník přírodovědného klubu v Uherském Hradišti, Supplementum 10, 258 pp. (in Czech)
  15. ^ MollBase – Physella acuta – Spitze Blasenschnecke – Verbreitungsatlas Schleswig-Holstein 1991
  16. ^ "Physella acuta". 2005.
  17. ^ a b Amy Benson. 2007. Physella acuta. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1025 Revision Date: 4/22/2004
  18. ^ Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". Tropical Conservation Science 3(2): 190–199. HTM, PDF.
  19. ^ Collado, Gonzalo A. (March 2017). "Unraveling cryptic invasion of a freshwater snail in Chile based on molecular and morphological data". Biodiversity and Conservation. 26 (3): 567–578. Bibcode:2017BiCon..26..567C. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1255-y. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 34260702.
  20. ^ Paul, P.; Aditya, G. (2021-05-04). "Invasion of the freshwater snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in selected ponds of North Dinajpur, India". Journal of Environmental Biology. 42 (3): 577–581. doi:10.22438/jeb/42/3/mrn-1628. ISSN 0254-8704.
  21. ^ a b Vinarski, Maxim V. (2017-04-01). "The history of an invasion: phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail Physella acuta through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia". Biological Invasions. 19 (4): 1299–1314. Bibcode:2017BiInv..19.1299V. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1339-3. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 254292899.
  22. ^ a b Paul, Pranesh; Das, Rajat; Nandy, Gargi; Aditya, Gautam (2022-10-25). "Preferring what others avoid: differences in the vulnerability of freshwater snails to the exotic and native predators". Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-022-05062-w. ISSN 1573-5117. S2CID 253133418.
  23. ^ Karmakar, R.; Paul, P.; Aditya, G. (2022-03-11). "Predation and prey preference of the exotic snail Anentome helena on two freshwater snails: implications for species invasion". Journal of Environmental Biology. 43 (2): 293–298. doi:10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-2048. ISSN 0254-8704.
  24. ^ Paul, Pranesh; Mondal, Debasish; Aditya, Gautam (2022-03-01). "Influencing the way they compete: Exotic predator mediated non-consumptive effects on two co-occurring freshwater snails". Aquatic Ecology. 56 (1): 285–298. Bibcode:2022AqEco..56..285P. doi:10.1007/s10452-021-09918-6. ISSN 1573-5125. S2CID 254189482.
  25. ^ Paul, Pranesh; Karmakar, Rupsha; Chatterjee, Swagata; Barua, Ankita; Banerjee, Sampa; Aditya, Gautam (2021-12-01). "Predation of Glossiphonia weberi (Blanchard, 1897) on the invasive snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in the presence of an alternative prey". Limnological Review. 21 (4): 201–208. doi:10.2478/limre-2021-0019 (inactive 15 November 2024). ISSN 2300-7575. Retrieved 15 November 2024 – via MDPI.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  26. ^ a b Noël E, Chemtob Y, Janicke T, Sarda V, Pélissié B, Jarne P, David P. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite. Evolution. 2016 Mar;70(3):625-40. doi: 10.1111/evo.12886. Epub 2016 Mar 9. PMID 26899922

Further reading

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  • Naranjo-García E. & Appleton C. C. (2009). "The architecture of the physid musculature of Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae)". African Invertebrates 50(1): 1-11. Abstract
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https://buceplant.com/blogs/aquascaping-guides-and-tips/all-about-pest-snails-in-the-planted-aquarium#:~:text=Although%20they%20are%20often%20called,uneaten%20food%2C%20and%20rotting%20plants.

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