Bonshō: Difference between revisions

*Bonshō*
	Bonshō at Ryōan-ji – the lotus-shaped tsuki-za (striking panel) is visible at the front, and the suspended beam known as a shu-moku hangs in the background
Percussion instrument
Other names	Tsurigane; Ōgane;
Classification	Percussion; Idiophone;
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	111.242.121; (Hanging bells without internal strikers)
Developed	Yamato period (based on earlier Chinese bells)
Related instruments
	Bianzhong; Gong; Kane; Suzu;

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Bonshō (梵鐘, Buddhist bells), also known as tsurigane (釣り鐘, hanging bells) or ōgane (大鐘, great bells) are large bells found in Buddhist temples throughout Japan, used to summon the monks to prayer and to demarcate periods of time. Rather than containing a clapper, bonshō are struck from the outside, using either a handheld mallet or a beam suspended on ropes.

The bells are usually made from bronze, using a form of expendable mould casting. They are typically augmented and ornamented with a variety of bosses, raised bands and inscriptions. The earliest of these bells in Japan date to around 600 CE, although the general design is of much earlier Chinese origin and shares some of the features seen in ancient Chinese bells. The bells' penetrating and pervasive tone carries over considerable distances, which led to their use as signals, timekeepers and alarms. In addition, the sound of the bell is thought to have supernatural properties; it is believed, for example, that it can be heard in the underworld.

The spiritual significance of bonshō means that they play an important role in Buddhist ceremonies, particularly the New Year and Bon festivals. Throughout Japanese history these bells have become associated with stories and legends, both fictional, such as the Benkei Bell of Mii-dera, and historical, such as the bell of Hōkō-ji. In modern times, bonshō have become symbols of world peace.

Origin

The bonshō is derived from the bianzhong (henshō (編鐘) in Japanese), an ancient Chinese court instrument comprising a series of tuned bells. One larger additional bell, which eventually developed into the bonshō, was used as a tuning device and a summons to listeners to attend a bianzhong recital.^[1] According to legend, the earliest bonshō may have come from China to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The Nihon Shoki records that Ōtomo no Satehiko brought three bronze bells back to Japan in 562 as spoils of war from Goguryeo.^[2]

Construction

One of the bells at Mii-dera being sounded by a shu-moku

Bonshō are cast in a single piece using two moulds, a core and a shell, in a process that is largely unchanged since the Nara period (710–794).^[3] The core is constructed from a dome of stacked bricks made from hardened sand, whilst the shell is made using a strickle board. This is a large, flat, wooden board shaped like a cross-section of the bell, which is rotated around a vertical axis to shape the clay used for the mould. Inscriptions and decorations are then carved or impressed into the clay.^[4] The shell fits over the core to create a narrow gap, into which the molten bronze is poured at a temperature of over 1,050 °C (1,920 °F). The ratio of the alloy is usually around 17:3 copper to tin; the exact admixture (as well as the speed of the cooling process) can alter the tone of the end product. After the metal has cooled and solidified, the mould is removed by breaking it, therefore a new one has to be created for each bell.^[5] The process has a high failure rate; only around 50 per cent of castings are successful on the first attempt, without cracks or imperfections.^[1]

The casting is traditionally accompanied by the chanting of Buddhist sutras, which may go on for several hours. Buddhist prayer papers, sprigs of sacred mulberry and other ceremonial offerings are added to the molten bronze during the founding process.^[1]^[5]^[6]

There are several parts to a temple bell:^[7]^[8]

Ryūzu (竜頭), the dragon-shaped handle at the top of the bell, by which it is carried or hung
Kasagata (笠形), the domed crown of the bell
Chi (乳, or nyū), bosses around the upper part of the bell that improve its resonance
Koma no tsume (駒の爪), lower rim
Tsuki-za (撞座), striking panel, a reinforced spot where the bell is struck. It is often decorated with a Buddhist lotus or chrysanthemum motif.^[9]
Tatsuki (竜貴), decorative horizontal bands
Mei-bun (銘文), inscription (often giving the bell's history)
Shu-moku (手木), the hanging wooden beam used to strike the tsuki-za

Some bells retain linear impressions arising from joints in the mould used; they are not removed during fettling but are regarded as an aspect of the bell's overall beauty.^[4] The bell's appearance and sound are intended to be in keeping with Japan's wabi-sabi aesthetic.^[3]

Sound

Chomei-ji no Bonshō

Sound of the bell in Chomei Temple, Ōmihachiman

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Japanese temple bells are struck externally with either a hammer or a suspended beam rather than with an internal clapper.^[10]^[11] The sound of the bell is made up of three parts. First is the atari, the impact of the strike. A well-made bell should produce a clean, clear tone. The initial sound of the strike is immediately followed by the prolonged oshi, the reverberation that continues to sound after the bell is struck. This is higher in pitch and is a low rumble with a sorrowful air, rich in harmonics; it lasts for up to ten seconds. Finally comes the okuri or decay, the resonance that is heard as the vibration of the bell dies away, which can last up to a minute. There are also continuous harmonic overtones heard throughout the tolling of the bell.^[1]^[2] These multiple tones create a complex pitch profile.^[12]

The low tone and deep resonance of the bell allow the sound to carry over great distances; a large bonshō can be heard up to 32 kilometres (20 miles) away on a clear day.^[1] The pitch of the bell is carefully judged by its creators, and a difference of a single hertz in the fundamental frequency can require that the bell be recast from scratch.^[5]

Function and significance

Bonshō are sited in Buddhist temples, usually in a specially designated building or tower called a shōrō (鐘楼). They are used to mark the passage of time,^[13] and to call the monks to liturgical services.^[14] In Buddhism, the bell's sound is considered to be calming and to induce a suitable atmosphere for meditation.^[15] Because of their shape (with sloped shoulders and a flat base) the bells are seen as representations of the sitting Buddha, and are accorded similar respect; those striking the bell will first make three bows towards it, just as they would before a statue of Buddha.^[1]

The sonorous sound of the bell was also used to warn of impending typhoons and as a general alert.^[16] Because the ringing of a temple bell could be heard over considerable distances, it was also sometimes used for other signalling purposes; there are records of temple bells being used for military communication from as far back as the Genpei War (1180–1185 CE). Smaller versions were subsequently cast for battlefield use, as the large temple bells were too heavy and unwieldy to transport. These smaller bonshō were used primarily as alarms to warn of enemy attacks; commands were given using drums and conches.^[17]

As part of Japanese New Year celebrations, people queue to ring the temple bells 108 times in a ceremony known as Joyanokane (除夜の鐘, "New Year bells"); the 108 peals of the bell are intended to purge humanity of the 108 earthly temptations.^[18]^[19] During the Buddhist Bon Festival, a special type of bonshō called an ōkubo-ōgane (大久保大鐘, "great hollow bell") is rung. This bell is hung above a well, and it is believed that the sound of the bell resonates down the well into the underworld, to summon the spirits of the dead. At the end of the festival, another bonshō, called an okurikane (送り鐘, "sending-back bell"), is rung to send the spirits back and to represent the end of the summer.^[1]^[20]

During World War II the demand for metal for the war effort resulted in many bells being melted down for scrap. As a result, those that survived are generally regarded as important historic artifacts. More than 70,000 bells (approximately 90 per cent of the bonshō then in existence) were destroyed in this way.^[1]^[21] However, rapid production of bells during the post-war period meant that by 1995 the number of temple bells in Japan had returned to pre-war levels.^[3]

In the latter half of the 20th century, the World Peace Bell Association was set up in Japan, with the purpose of funding and casting temple bells to be placed around the world as symbols of peace.^[22]^[23] Bonshō have also been cast in response to natural disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; several affected communities commissioned bells to commemorate the event.^[3]

Bonshō have occasionally been used as musical instruments in modern compositions. The recorded sound of temple bells was used in Mayuzumi Toshiro's piece Olympic Campanology, used to open the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games.^[24] A temple bell is also used in performances of Jacob Druckman's piece Lamia, in which it is rung while placed on top of a kettledrum.^[25] Modern composers for percussion have sometimes used the temple bell to replace the now common sound of the orchestral tam-tam.^[26]

Notable examples

The oldest known bonshō (and the oldest bell in the world still in use) is the Okikicho bell at Myōshin-ji, which was cast in 698.^[27] The largest is the bell at Chion-in, which was cast in 1636 and weighs 70 metric tons. It requires a team of 17 to sound it.^[28]

During the 17th century the bonshō was also a symbol of a temple's leadership; possession of the bell indicated ownership of the associated temple. As a result, bells were often stolen; the folk hero Benkei is said to have dragged the three-ton bell of Mii-dera temple up Mount Hiei during one such theft.^[29]^[30]^[31] The deep scratches in the Benkei bell, which is still displayed at Mii-dera, are said in the legend to be the result of Benkei's kicking the bell all the way back to the monastery when he discovered that it would not toll for him.^[32] The Benkei bell is also associated with the legendary hero Tawara Tōda, who originally donated it to the Mii-dera temple. He acquired it as a gift from the dragon deity Ryūjin, after saving the god from a giant centipede.^[33]

A close-up of Japanese script carved into a grey metallic surface; several characters are highlighted — *"Kokka ankō"*; the disastrous inscription of the Hōkō-ji bell

After the Hōkō-ji temple burned down at the start of the 17th century, Toyotomi Hideyori sponsored its reconstruction in 1610, and commissioned a large bell as part of that process. The bell's inscription drew the ire of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who had become shōgun after wresting power from the Toyotomi clan when Hideyori's father Hideyoshi died. The inscription, "Kokka ankō" (国家安康, 'Peace and tranquility for the nation'), broke up the characters for the shogun's name (家康) with the kanji for "peace" (安). Tokugawa assumed Toyotomi was implying that peace would require the "dismemberment" of the Tokugawa. He used the subsequent dispute as an excuse to wage war on the Toyotomi clan, resulting in the siege of Osaka and the eventual destruction of the Toyotomi.^[34]^[35]^[36]

A bronze bonshō was among the gifts presented to Commodore Matthew Perry upon his arrival in Japan.^[37] Cast by bellmakers from the Suwa family of Higo Province, it is now held in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.^[38]

The Noh play Dōjōji (道成寺), one of the only Noh plays to feature a prop of any significant size, is based on a legend concerning the bell of Dōjō-ji. In the story a woman named Kiyohime, the spurned mistress of a Buddhist priest named Anchin, traps her lover inside the temple's bell and then kills him by turning into a snake, coiling around the bell, and cooking him in it.^[39] The play was later adapted for kabuki, entitled Musume Dōjōji (娘道成寺, "The Maiden at Dojoji Temple").^[40]

The bell of the Nishi-Arai Daishi Temple in Tokyo was removed in 1943, to be melted down as part of the Japanese war effort. The crew of the USS Pasadena found it on a scrap heap and took it with them to the US as a war trophy, donating it to the city of Pasadena; the city council returned the bell to Tokyo in 1955.^[41] A similar story accompanies the bell of Manpuku-ji, which was taken to the United States on the USS Boston after the war; in this case, however, the Sendai authorities allowed the bell to remain in Boston as a symbol of friendship between the two cities. The Boston bell is the last WWII bonshō in the United States.^[42]

The Japanese Peace Bell at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York was donated by Japan in 1954 as a symbol of world peace. It was created using metal reclaimed from coins and medals provided by donors from around the globe.^[43] Similar bells representing a commitment to the cause of world peace can be found in many civic areas, including Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park.^[44] In 1995, the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, erected a four-ton peace bell – a replica of one of the Hiroshima bells – in the city centre as part of its fiftieth-anniversary celebrations, and to strengthen ties with Japan. The Oak Ridge Friendship Bell is decorated with dates relating to Oak Ridge's connection to Japan (the uranium used in the Hiroshima atomic bomb was produced in Oak Ridge).^[45] In 1998, a local citizen sued the city over the bell, claiming that it was a Buddhist symbol and violated local laws and the US Constitution. The case was ruled in favour of the City of Oak Ridge.^[46]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Gill, Steven Henry (Writer); May, Julian (Producer) (7 March 2010). Heart & Soul: Japan's Buddhist temple bells (Radio documentary). Japan: BBC World Service.
^ ^a ^b Onozuka, Masakazu (2012). "Tsurikane no O-hanashi" [About Tsurikane] (PDF). IHI Gihō = Journal of IHI Technologies (in Japanese). 52 (3): 32–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kazuyoshi, Harada (7 October 2013). "New Bells with an Age-old Sound: Oigo Seisakusho". Features. Nippon.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Cyril Stanley (April 17, 1972). "Penrose Memorial Lecture. Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 116 (2): 109. JSTOR 986166.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Ohjikicho Temple Bell (Myoshinji Temple, Kyoto) The Difference a Single Hz Can Make". The Japanese Craftsman. Murata Manufacturing Company. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
^ Smith, D. Ray (8 June 2008). "Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell – Part 1 of casting ceremony". The Oakridger. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
^ "Buddhist Temples". Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^ "Campanology Word of the Day: Bonshō". Bells.org. 22 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
^ Berkley, Rebecca (2006). The Illustrated Complete Musical Instruments Handbook. Flame tree. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-84451-520-2.
^ Starr, Laura B. (1896). "Japanese Metal Work". The Decorator and Furnisher. 27 (5): 140. doi:10.2307/25583310. JSTOR 25583310.
^ "Human Hearing". New Technologies. Australian Bell. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ Tiemersma, Douwe; Oosterling, Henk (1996). Time and Temporality in Intercultural Perspective. Rodopi. p. 97. ISBN 90-5183-973-1.
^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments: The New Edition. Kodansha International. p. 74. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
^ "Bon-sho (Sacred Bell)". Byodo-in Temple. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^ Price, Percival (1983). Bells and Man. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-318103-8.
^ Turnbull, Stephen (20 June 2012). War in Japan 1467–1615. Osprey Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-78200-018-1.
^ Baroni, Helen J. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
^ "In with the New around the World". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2013 – via HighBeam Research.
^ Horton, Sarah (2007). Living Buddhist Statues in Early Medieval and Modern Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4039-6420-5. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
^ "What is a Bonsho（梵鐘 temple bell）? : Temples". Japan Two. JESTO Ltd. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^ "Bells & Gongs for Peace (&/or International Friendship) Around the World". Peace Monuments Around the World. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
^ "About World Peace Bell". World Peace Bell Association. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
^ Shimazu, Takehito (1994). "The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works". Leonardo Music Journal. 4: 103. doi:10.2307/1513190. JSTOR 1513190. S2CID 193084745.
^ Frank, Andrew (June 1982). "Lamia, for Soprano and Orchestra by Jacob Druckman". Notes. 38 (4): 930. doi:10.2307/940004. JSTOR 940004.
^ Beck, John H. (26 November 2013). Encyclopedia of Percussion. Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-317-74768-0.
^ Rossing, Thomas (2000). Science of Percussion Instruments. World Scientific. p. 179. ISBN 978-981-02-4158-2.
^ "Ōgane (Large Bell) and the Daishōrō (Great Bell Tower)[Buildings]". Chion-In. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ Beardsley, Richard King (1969). Studies in Japanese Culture. University of Michigan Press. pp. 54–55.
^ Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion. Brill Archive. 1964. p. 172.
^ Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.
^ Michener, James Albert (1954). The Floating World. University of Hawaii Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-8248-0873-0.
^ Ashkenazi, Michael (1 January 2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.
^ Sadler, A L (7 September 2010). The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-203-84508-0.
^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1966). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. The Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 292.
^ Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Nipon o Daï Itsi Ran; ou, Annales des Empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 410. nipon o dai itsi ran.
^ Mansfield, Stephen (29 April 2009). Tokyo: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-972965-4.
^ Houchins, Chang Su (1995). "Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology (37): 111. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
^ Keene, Donald (1970). 20 Plays of the Nō Theatre. Columbia University Press. pp. 238–252. ISBN 0-231-03455-5.
^ P Malm, William. "Musume Dojoji". The International Shakuhachi Society. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
^ "Big Buddhist Bell Back Home". LIFE. Time Inc. 12 September 1955. p. 87. ISSN 0024-3019.
^ Crawford, Francine (10 March 2012). "The Story of the Japanese Temple Bell in the Back Bay Fens". BackBay Patch. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ "Japanese Peace Bell". UN Tour. United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
^ Weinberg, Alvin M. (December 1993). "Chapters from the Life of a Technological Fixer". Minerva. 31 (4): 447–448. doi:10.1007/bf01096449. JSTOR 41820913. S2CID 144549127.
^ Weinberg, Alvin M. (December 1999). "Scientific Millenarianism". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 143 (4): 534. JSTOR 3181986.
^ Kiernan, Denise (11 March 2014). The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II. Simon and Schuster. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4516-1753-5.

[BBC-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Gill, Steven Henry (Writer); May, Julian (Producer) (7 March 2010). Heart & Soul: Japan's Buddhist temple bells (Radio documentary). Japan: BBC World Service.

[Onozuka2012-2] Onozuka, Masakazu (2012). "Tsurikane no O-hanashi" [About Tsurikane] (PDF). IHI Gihō = Journal of IHI Technologies (in Japanese). 52 (3): 32–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

[nippon-3] Kazuyoshi, Harada (7 October 2013). "New Bells with an Age-old Sound: Oigo Seisakusho". Features. Nippon.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014.

[Smith1972-4] Smith, Cyril Stanley (April 17, 1972). "Penrose Memorial Lecture. Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 116 (2): 109. JSTOR 986166.

[murata-5] "The Ohjikicho Temple Bell (Myoshinji Temple, Kyoto) The Difference a Single Hz Can Make". The Japanese Craftsman. Murata Manufacturing Company. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

[Oakridger-6] Smith, D. Ray (8 June 2008). "Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell – Part 1 of casting ceremony". The Oakridger. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

[Frederic2002-7] Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.

[8] "Buddhist Temples". Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

[9] "Campanology Word of the Day: Bonshō". Bells.org. 22 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.

[Berkley2006-10] Berkley, Rebecca (2006). The Illustrated Complete Musical Instruments Handbook. Flame tree. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-84451-520-2.

[11] Starr, Laura B. (1896). "Japanese Metal Work". The Decorator and Furnisher. 27 (5): 140. doi:10.2307/25583310. JSTOR 25583310.

[ausbell-12] "Human Hearing". New Technologies. Australian Bell. Retrieved 2 September 2014.

[TiemersmaOosterling1996-13] Tiemersma, Douwe; Oosterling, Henk (1996). Time and Temporality in Intercultural Perspective. Rodopi. p. 97. ISBN 90-5183-973-1.

[Malm2000-14] Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments: The New Edition. Kodansha International. p. 74. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.

[15] "Bon-sho (Sacred Bell)". Byodo-in Temple. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

[Price1983-16] Price, Percival (1983). Bells and Man. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-318103-8.

[Turnbull2012-17] Turnbull, Stephen (20 June 2012). War in Japan 1467–1615. Osprey Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-78200-018-1.

[Baroni2002-18] Baroni, Helen J. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.

[19] "In with the New around the World". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2013 – via HighBeam Research.

[Horton2007-20] Horton, Sarah (2007). Living Buddhist Statues in Early Medieval and Modern Japan. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4039-6420-5. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.

[21] "What is a Bonsho（梵鐘 temple bell）? : Temples". Japan Two. JESTO Ltd. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

[22] "Bells & Gongs for Peace (&/or International Friendship) Around the World". Peace Monuments Around the World. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

[23] "About World Peace Bell". World Peace Bell Association. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.

[24] Shimazu, Takehito (1994). "The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works". Leonardo Music Journal. 4: 103. doi:10.2307/1513190. JSTOR 1513190. S2CID 193084745.

[25] Frank, Andrew (June 1982). "Lamia, for Soprano and Orchestra by Jacob Druckman". Notes. 38 (4): 930. doi:10.2307/940004. JSTOR 940004.

[Beck2013-26] Beck, John H. (26 November 2013). Encyclopedia of Percussion. Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-317-74768-0.

[Rossing2000-27] Rossing, Thomas (2000). Science of Percussion Instruments. World Scientific. p. 179. ISBN 978-981-02-4158-2.

[28] "Ōgane (Large Bell) and the Daishōrō (Great Bell Tower)[Buildings]". Chion-In. Retrieved 18 August 2023.

[Beardsley1969-29] Beardsley, Richard King (1969). Studies in Japanese Culture. University of Michigan Press. pp. 54–55.

[30] Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion. Brill Archive. 1964. p. 172.

[Ashkenazi2003_page_97-31] Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.

[Michener1954-32] Michener, James Albert (1954). The Floating World. University of Hawaii Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-8248-0873-0.

[Ashkenazi2003_page_270-33] Ashkenazi, Michael (1 January 2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.

[Sadler2010-34] Sadler, A L (7 September 2010). The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-203-84508-0.

[35] Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1966). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. The Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 292.

[36] Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Nipon o Daï Itsi Ran; ou, Annales des Empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 410. nipon o dai itsi ran.

[Mansfield2009-37] Mansfield, Stephen (29 April 2009). Tokyo: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-972965-4.

[smithsonian-38] Houchins, Chang Su (1995). "Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology (37): 111. Retrieved 5 September 2014.

[39] Keene, Donald (1970). 20 Plays of the Nō Theatre. Columbia University Press. pp. 238–252. ISBN 0-231-03455-5.

[40] P Malm, William. "Musume Dojoji". The International Shakuhachi Society. Retrieved 2024-12-04.

[Inc1955-41] "Big Buddhist Bell Back Home". LIFE. Time Inc. 12 September 1955. p. 87. ISSN 0024-3019.

[42] Crawford, Francine (10 March 2012). "The Story of the Japanese Temple Bell in the Back Bay Fens". BackBay Patch. Retrieved 17 May 2013.

[43] "Japanese Peace Bell". UN Tour. United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.

[44] Weinberg, Alvin M. (December 1993). "Chapters from the Life of a Technological Fixer". Minerva. 31 (4): 447–448. doi:10.1007/bf01096449. JSTOR 41820913. S2CID 144549127.

[45] Weinberg, Alvin M. (December 1999). "Scientific Millenarianism". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 143 (4): 534. JSTOR 3181986.

[Kiernan2014-46] Kiernan, Denise (11 March 2014). The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II. Simon and Schuster. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4516-1753-5.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{italic title}}
 {{Infobox instrument
-| name                  = ''Bonshō''
+| name                  ={{transl|ja|Bonshō}}
 | image                 = File:RyoanJi-Kane.jpg
 | image_size            = 200
 | alt                   =A large, greenish-grey bell hangs from a beamed wooden ceiling
-| caption               =''Bonshō'' at [[Ryōan-ji]] – the lotus-shaped ''tsuki-za'' (striking panel) is visible at the front, and the suspended beam known as a ''shu-moku'' hangs in the background
+| caption               ={{transliteration|ja|Bonshō}} at [[Ryōan-ji]] – the lotus-shaped {{transliteration|ja|tsuki-za}} (striking panel) is visible at the front, and the suspended beam known as a {{transliteration|ja|shu-moku}} hangs in the background
 | background            =percussion
-| names                 =''tsurigane'', ''ōgane''
+| names                 ={{plainlist|
+* {{transliteration|ja|Tsurigane}}
-| classification        =[[Percussion]], [[Idiophone]]
+* {{transliteration|ja|Ōgane}}
+}}
+| classification        ={{plainlist|
+* [[Percussion]]
+* [[Idiophone]]
+}}
 | hornbostel_sachs      =111.242.121
 | hornbostel_sachs_desc =Hanging bells without internal strikers
 | developed             =[[Yamato period]] (based on earlier Chinese bells)
-| related               =[[Bianzhong]], [[Gong]], [[Kane (instrument)|Kane]], [[Suzu]]
+| related               ={{plainlist|
+* {{transliteration|zh|[[Bianzhong]]}}
+* [[Gong]]
+* {{transliteration|ja|[[Kane (instrument)|Kane]]}}
+* {{transliteration|ja|[[Suzu (bell)|Suzu]]}}
 }}
+}}
-{{Nihongo|'''''Bonshō'''''|[[wiktionary:梵鐘|梵鐘]]|extra=Buddhist bells|lead=yes}}, also known as {{Nihongo|'''''tsurigane''''' |[[wiktionary:釣り鐘|釣り鐘]]|extra=hanging bells}} or {{Nihongo|'''''ōgane'''''|[[wiktionary:大鐘|大鐘]]|extra=great bells}} are large [[bell (instrument)|bells]] found in [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples throughout Japan]], used to summon the monks to prayer and to demarcate periods of time. Rather than containing a clapper, ''bonshō'' are struck from the outside, using either a handheld mallet or a beam suspended on ropes.
+{{Nihongo3|Buddhist bells|[[wiktionary:梵鐘|梵鐘]]|'''Bonshō'''}}, also known as {{Nihongo3|hanging bells|[[wiktionary:釣り鐘|釣り鐘]]|'''tsurigane'''}} or {{Nihongo3|great bells|[[wiktionary:大鐘|大鐘]]|'''ōgane'''}} are large [[bell (instrument)|bells]] found in [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples throughout Japan]], used to summon the monks to prayer and to demarcate periods of time. Rather than containing a clapper, {{transliteration|ja|bonshō}} are struck from the outside, using either a handheld mallet or a beam suspended on ropes.
-The bells are usually made from bronze, using a form of [[Casting (metalworking)#Expendable mold casting|expendable mould casting]]. They are typically augmented and ornamented with a variety of [[Boss (architecture)|bosses]], raised bands and inscriptions. The earliest of these bells in Japan date to around 600 [[Common Era|CE]], although the general design is of much earlier Chinese origin and shares some of the features seen in ancient Chinese bells. The bells' penetrating and pervasive tone carries over considerable distances, which led to their use as signals, timekeepers and alarms. In addition, the sound of the bell is thought to have supernatural properties; it is believed, for example, that it can be heard in [[Diyu|the underworld]]. The spiritual significance of ''bonshō'' means that they play an important role in Buddhist ceremonies, particularly the [[Japanese New Year|New Year]] and [[Bon Festival|Bon]] festivals. Throughout Japanese history these bells have become associated with stories and legends, both fictional, such as the Benkei Bell of [[Mii-dera]], and historical, such as the bell of [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō-ji]]. In modern times, ''bonshō'' have become symbols of [[world peace]].
+The bells are usually made from bronze, using a form of [[Casting (metalworking)#Expendable mold casting|expendable mould casting]]. They are typically augmented and ornamented with a variety of [[Boss (architecture)|bosses]], raised bands and inscriptions. The earliest of these bells in Japan date to around 600 [[Common Era|CE]], although the general design is of much earlier Chinese origin and shares some of the features seen in ancient Chinese bells. The bells' penetrating and pervasive tone carries over considerable distances, which led to their use as signals, timekeepers and alarms. In addition, the sound of the bell is thought to have supernatural properties; it is believed, for example, that it can be heard in [[Diyu|the underworld]].
+The spiritual significance of {{transliteration|ja|bonshō}} means that they play an important role in Buddhist ceremonies, particularly the [[Japanese New Year|New Year]] and [[Bon Festival|Bon]] festivals. Throughout Japanese history these bells have become associated with stories and legends, both fictional, such as the Benkei Bell of [[Mii-dera]], and historical, such as the bell of [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō-ji]]. In modern times, {{transliteration|ja|bonshō}} have become symbols of [[world peace]].
 ==Origin==
-The ''bonshō'' is derived from the ''[[bianzhong]]'' (''{{transl|ja|henshō}}'' {{lang|ja|編鐘}} in Japanese), an ancient Chinese court instrument comprising a series of tuned bells. One larger additional bell, which eventually developed into the ''bonshō'', was used as a tuning device and a summons to listeners to attend a ''bianzhong'' recital.<ref name=BBC>{{cite AV media| people=Gill, Steven Henry  (Writer); May, Julian  (Producer) | date=7 March 2010 | title=Heart & Soul: Japan's Buddhist temple bells | medium=Radio documentary | location=Japan | publisher=BBC World Service| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p006dg47}}</ref> According to legend, the earliest ''bonshō'' may have come from China to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' records that [[Ōtomo no Satehiko]] brought three bronze bells back to Japan in 562 as spoils of war from [[Goguryeo]].<ref name=Onozuka2012>{{cite journal |last1=Onozuka |first1=Masakazu |title=Tsurikane no O-hanashi |trans-title=About Tsurikane |journal=IHI Gihō = Journal of IHI Technologies |date=2012 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=32–35 |url=http://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/d19e6c36aac51b32247eb17d844a3506.pdf |language=Japanese |accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref>
+The {{transl|ja|bonshō}} is derived from the {{transl|zh|[[bianzhong]]}} ({{nihongo||編鐘|henshō}} in Japanese), an ancient Chinese court instrument comprising a series of tuned bells. One larger additional bell, which eventually developed into the {{transl|ja|bonshō}}, was used as a tuning device and a summons to listeners to attend a {{transl|zh|bianzhong}} recital.<ref name=BBC>{{cite AV media| people=Gill, Steven Henry  (Writer); May, Julian  (Producer) | date=7 March 2010 | title=Heart & Soul: Japan's Buddhist temple bells | medium=Radio documentary | location=Japan | publisher=BBC World Service| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p006dg47}}</ref> According to legend, the earliest {{transl|ja|bonshō}} may have come from China to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The {{transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}} records that [[Ōtomo no Satehiko]] brought three bronze bells back to Japan in 562 as spoils of war from [[Goguryeo]].<ref name=Onozuka2012>{{cite journal |last1=Onozuka |first1=Masakazu |title=Tsurikane no O-hanashi |trans-title=About Tsurikane |journal=IHI Gihō = Journal of IHI Technologies |date=2012 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=32–35 |url=http://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/d19e6c36aac51b32247eb17d844a3506.pdf |language=ja |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620000616/https://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/d19e6c36aac51b32247eb17d844a3506.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ==Construction==
-[[File:Miidera-kannondo5313.ogv|thumb|200px|alt=A large bell, seen from below, is rung by being struck by a hanging beam|One of the bells at Mii-dera being sounded by a ''shu-moku'']]
+[[File:Miidera-kannondo5313.ogv|thumb|200px|alt=A large bell, seen from below, is rung by being struck by a hanging beam|One of the bells at Mii-dera being sounded by a {{transl|ja|shu-moku}}]]
-''Bonshō'' are cast in a single piece using two moulds, a core and a shell, in a process that is largely unchanged since the [[Nara period]] (710–794).<ref name=nippon>{{cite web |last1=Kazuyoshi |first1=Harada |title=New Bells with an Age-old Sound: Oigo Seisakusho |url=http://www.nippon.com/en/features/c00614/ |website=Features |publisher=Nippon.com |accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref> The core is constructed from a dome of stacked bricks made from hardened sand, whilst the shell is made using a [[wikt:strickle|strickle board]]. This is a large, flat, wooden board shaped like a cross-section of the bell, which is rotated around a vertical axis to shape the clay used for the mould. Inscriptions and decorations are then carved or impressed into the clay.<ref name=Smith1972>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Cyril Stanley |title=Penrose Memorial Lecture. Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=April 17, 1972 |volume=116 |issue=2 |page=109 |jstor=986166 }}</ref> The shell fits over the core to create a narrow gap, into which the molten bronze is poured at a temperature of over {{convert|1050|C|F}}. The ratio of the alloy is usually around 17:3 copper to tin; the exact admixture (as well as the speed of the cooling process) can alter the tone of the end product. After the metal has cooled and solidified, the mould is removed by breaking it, therefore a new one has to be created for each bell.<ref name=murata>{{cite web |title=The Ohjikicho Temple Bell (Myoshinji Temple, Kyoto) The Difference a Single Hz Can Make |url=http://www.murata.com/en-eu/about/newsroom/techmag/metamorphosis15/works/01 |work=The Japanese Craftsman |publisher=Murata Manufacturing Company |accessdate=16 May 2013}}</ref> The process has a high failure rate; only around 50 per cent of castings are successful on the first attempt, without cracks or imperfections.<ref name=BBC/>
+{{transl|ja|Bonshō}} are cast in a single piece using two moulds, a core and a shell, in a process that is largely unchanged since the [[Nara period]] (710–794).<ref name=nippon>{{cite web |last1=Kazuyoshi |first1=Harada |title=New Bells with an Age-old Sound: Oigo Seisakusho |url=http://www.nippon.com/en/features/c00614/ |website=Features |date=7 October 2013 |publisher=Nippon.com |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> The core is constructed from a dome of stacked bricks made from hardened sand, whilst the shell is made using a [[wikt:strickle|strickle board]]. This is a large, flat, wooden board shaped like a cross-section of the bell, which is rotated around a vertical axis to shape the clay used for the mould. Inscriptions and decorations are then carved or impressed into the clay.<ref name=Smith1972>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Cyril Stanley |title=Penrose Memorial Lecture. Metallurgical Footnotes to the History of Art |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=April 17, 1972 |volume=116 |issue=2 |page=109 |jstor=986166 }}</ref> The shell fits over the core to create a narrow gap, into which the molten bronze is poured at a temperature of over {{convert|1050|C|F}}. The ratio of the alloy is usually around 17:3 copper to tin; the exact admixture (as well as the speed of the cooling process) can alter the tone of the end product. After the metal has cooled and solidified, the mould is removed by breaking it, therefore a new one has to be created for each bell.<ref name=murata>{{cite web |title=The Ohjikicho Temple Bell (Myoshinji Temple, Kyoto) The Difference a Single Hz Can Make |url=http://www.murata.com/en-eu/about/newsroom/techmag/metamorphosis15/works/01 |work=The Japanese Craftsman |publisher=Murata Manufacturing Company |access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref> The process has a high failure rate; only around 50 per cent of castings are successful on the first attempt, without cracks or imperfections.<ref name=BBC/>
-[[File:Bonsho bits.png|thumb|left|Diagram showing the various parts of a Japanese temple bell]]The casting is traditionally accompanied by the chanting of Buddhist [[sutra]]s, which may go on for several hours. Buddhist prayer papers, sprigs of sacred mulberry and other ceremonial offerings are added to the molten bronze during the founding process.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=murata/><ref name=Oakridger>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=D. Ray |title=Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell&nbsp;– Part 1 of casting ceremony |url=http://www.oakridger.com/article/20080708/NEWS/307089975 |accessdate=16 May 2013 |newspaper=The Oakridger |date=8 June 2008}}</ref>
+[[File:Bonsho bits.png|thumb|left|Diagram showing the various parts of a Japanese temple bell]]
+The casting is traditionally accompanied by the chanting of Buddhist [[sutra]]s, which may go on for several hours. Buddhist prayer papers, sprigs of sacred mulberry and other ceremonial offerings are added to the molten bronze during the founding process.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=murata/><ref name=Oakridger>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=D. Ray |title=Oak Ridge International Friendship Bell&nbsp;– Part 1 of casting ceremony |url=http://www.oakridger.com/article/20080708/NEWS/307089975 |access-date=16 May 2013 |newspaper=The Oakridger |date=8 June 2008}}</ref>
-There are several parts to a temple bell:<ref name="Frederic2002">{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Frédéric |title=Japan Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA81 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buddhist Temples |url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/cultural/experience/e.html |publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization |accessdate=15 May 2013}}</ref>
+There are several parts to a temple bell:<ref name="Frederic2002">{{cite book |first=Louis |last=Frédéric |title=Japan Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA81 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buddhist Temples |url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/cultural/experience/e.html |publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
-* {{Nihongo|''Ryūzu''|竜頭}}, the dragon-shaped handle at the top of the bell, by which it is carried or hung
-* {{Nihongo|''Kasagata'' |笠形}}, the domed crown of the bell
+* {{Nihongo||竜頭|Ryūzu}}, the dragon-shaped handle at the top of the bell, by which it is carried or hung
-* {{Nihongo|''Chi'' or ''nyū''|乳}}, bosses around the upper part of the bell that improve its resonance
+* {{Nihongo||笠形|Kasagata}}, the domed crown of the bell
+* {{Nihongo||乳|Chi|or {{transl|ja|nyū}}}}, bosses around the upper part of the bell that improve its resonance
-* {{Nihongo|''Koma no tsume''|駒の爪}}, lower rim
+* {{Nihongo||駒の爪|Koma no tsume}}, lower rim
-* {{Nihongo|''Tsuki-za''|撞座}}, striking panel, a reinforced spot where the bell is struck. It is often decorated with a [[Padma (attribute)|Buddhist lotus motif]].
+* {{Nihongo||撞座|Tsuki-za}}, striking panel, a reinforced spot where the bell is struck. It is often decorated with a [[Padma (attribute)|Buddhist lotus]] or chrysanthemum motif.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campanology Word of the Day: Bonshō |url=https://www.bells.org/blog/campanology-word-day-bonsho |website=Bells.org |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>
-* {{Nihongo|''Tatsuki''|竜貴}}, decorative horizontal bands
-* {{Nihongo|''Mei-bun''|銘文}}, inscription (often giving the bell's history)
+* {{Nihongo||竜貴|Tatsuki}}, decorative horizontal bands
-* {{Nihongo|''Shu-moku''|手木}}, the hanging wooden beam used to strike the ''tsuki-za''
+* {{Nihongo||銘文|Mei-bun}}, inscription (often giving the bell's history)
+* {{Nihongo||手木|Shu-moku}}, the hanging wooden beam used to strike the {{transl|ja|tsuki-za}}
-Some bells retain linear impressions arising from joints in the mould used; they are not removed during [[wikt:fettle|fettling]] but are regarded as an aspect of the bell's overall beauty.<ref name=Smith1972/> The bell's appearance and sound are intended to be in keeping with Japan's [[wabi-sabi]] aesthetic.<ref name=nippon/>
+Some bells retain linear impressions arising from joints in the mould used; they are not removed during [[wikt:fettle|fettling]] but are regarded as an aspect of the bell's overall beauty.<ref name=Smith1972/> The bell's appearance and sound are intended to be in keeping with Japan's {{transl|ja|[[wabi-sabi]]}} aesthetic.<ref name=nippon/>
 ==Sound==
-{{listen |filename=Bonsyou5599.ogg |title=Chomei-ji no Bonshō |description=Sound of the bell in Chomei Temple, [[Ōmihachiman, Shiga|Ōmihachiman]] }}
+{{listen |filename=Bonsyou5599.ogg |title=Chomei-ji no Bonshō |description=Sound of the bell in Chomei Temple, [[Ōmihachiman, Shiga|Ōmihachiman]]}}
-Japanese temple bells are struck externally with either a hammer or a suspended beam rather than with an internal clapper.<ref name="Berkley2006">{{cite book |first=Rebecca |last=Berkley |title=The Illustrated Complete Musical Instruments Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5dOLjmHqKMC |year=2006 |publisher=Flame tree |isbn=978-1-84451-520-2 |page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=Laura B. |title=Japanese Metal Work |journal=The Decorator and Furnisher |date=1896|volume=27 |issue=5 |page=140 |doi=10.2307/25583310 |jstor=25583310 }}</ref> The sound of the bell is made up of three parts. First is the ''atari'', the impact of the strike. A well-made bell should produce a clean, clear tone. The initial sound of the strike is immediately followed by the prolonged ''oshi'', the reverberation that continues to sound after the bell is struck. This is higher in pitch and is a low rumble with a sorrowful air, rich in harmonics; it lasts for up to ten seconds. Finally comes the ''okuri'' or decay, the resonance that is heard as the vibration of the bell dies away, which can last up to a minute. There are also continuous harmonic [[overtone]]s heard throughout the tolling of the bell.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=Onozuka2012/> These multiple tones create a complex pitch profile.<ref name=ausbell>{{cite web |title=Human Hearing |url=http://www.ausbell.com.au/new_tech.html |website=New Technologies |publisher=Australian Bell |accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>
+Japanese temple bells are struck externally with either a hammer or a suspended beam rather than with an internal clapper.<ref name="Berkley2006">{{cite book |first=Rebecca |last=Berkley |title=The Illustrated Complete Musical Instruments Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5dOLjmHqKMC |year=2006 |publisher=Flame tree |isbn=978-1-84451-520-2 |page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=Laura B. |title=Japanese Metal Work |journal=The Decorator and Furnisher |date=1896|volume=27 |issue=5 |page=140 |doi=10.2307/25583310 |jstor=25583310 }}</ref> The sound of the bell is made up of three parts. First is the {{transl|ja|atari}}, the impact of the strike. A well-made bell should produce a clean, clear tone. The initial sound of the strike is immediately followed by the prolonged {{transl|ja|oshi}}, the reverberation that continues to sound after the bell is struck. This is higher in pitch and is a low rumble with a sorrowful air, rich in harmonics; it lasts for up to ten seconds. Finally comes the {{transl|ja|okuri}} or decay, the resonance that is heard as the vibration of the bell dies away, which can last up to a minute. There are also continuous harmonic [[overtone]]s heard throughout the tolling of the bell.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=Onozuka2012/> These multiple tones create a complex pitch profile.<ref name=ausbell>{{cite web |title=Human Hearing |url=http://www.ausbell.com.au/new_tech.html |website=New Technologies |publisher=Australian Bell |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref>
-The low tone and deep resonance of the bell allow the sound to carry over great distances; a large ''bonshō'' can be heard up to {{convert|32|km|miles}} away on a clear day.<ref name=BBC/> The pitch of the bell is carefully judged by its creators, and a difference of a single [[hertz]] in the fundamental frequency can require that the bell be recast from scratch.<ref name=murata/>
+The low tone and deep resonance of the bell allow the sound to carry over great distances; a large {{transl|ja|bonshō}} can be heard up to {{convert|32|km|miles}} away on a clear day.<ref name=BBC/> The pitch of the bell is carefully judged by its creators, and a difference of a single [[hertz]] in the fundamental frequency can require that the bell be recast from scratch.<ref name=murata/>
 ==Function and significance==
-''Bonshō'' are sited in Buddhist temples, usually in a specially designated building or tower called a {{Nihongo|''[[shōrō]]''|鐘楼}}. They are used to mark the passage of time,<ref name="TiemersmaOosterling1996">{{cite book |first1=Douwe |last1=Tiemersma |first2=Henk |last2=Oosterling |title=Time and Temporality in Intercultural Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nfFaHjkBwC&pg=PA97|year=1996 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-5183-973-1 |page=97}}</ref> and to call the monks to [[Zen#Zen chanting and liturgy|liturgical services]].<ref name="Malm2000">{{cite book |first=William P. |last=Malm |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments: The New Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm/page/74 74]}}</ref> In Buddhism, the bell's sound is considered to be calming and to induce a suitable atmosphere for meditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bon-sho (Sacred Bell) |url=http://www.byodo-in.com/bon-sho.htm |publisher=Byodo-in Temple |accessdate=15 May 2013}}</ref> Because of their shape (with sloped shoulders and a flat base) the bells are seen as representations of the sitting Buddha, and are accorded similar respect; those striking the bell will first make three bows towards it, just as they would before a statue of Buddha.<ref name=BBC/>
+{{transl|ja|Bonshō}} are sited in Buddhist temples, usually in a specially designated building or tower called a {{Nihongo||鐘楼|[[shōrō]]}}. They are used to mark the passage of time,<ref name="TiemersmaOosterling1996">{{cite book |first1=Douwe |last1=Tiemersma |first2=Henk |last2=Oosterling |title=Time and Temporality in Intercultural Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nfFaHjkBwC&pg=PA97|year=1996 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-5183-973-1 |page=97}}</ref> and to call the monks to [[Zen#Chanting and rituals|liturgical services]].<ref name="Malm2000">{{cite book |first=William P. |last=Malm |title=Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments: The New Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2395-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionaljapan0000malm/page/74 74]}}</ref> In Buddhism, the bell's sound is considered to be calming and to induce a suitable atmosphere for meditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bon-sho (Sacred Bell) |url=http://www.byodo-in.com/bon-sho.htm |publisher=Byodo-in Temple |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Because of their shape (with sloped shoulders and a flat base) the bells are seen as representations of the sitting Buddha, and are accorded similar respect; those striking the bell will first make three bows towards it, just as they would before a statue of Buddha.<ref name=BBC/>
-The sonorous sound of the bell was also used to warn of impending typhoons and as a general alert.<ref name="Price1983">{{cite book |first=Percival |last=Price |title=Bells and Man |url=https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric |url-access=registration |year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-318103-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric/page/48 48]}}</ref> Because the ringing of a temple bell could be heard over considerable distances, it was also sometimes used for other signalling purposes; there are records of temple bells being used for military communication from as far back as the [[Genpei War]] (1180–1185 CE). Smaller versions were subsequently cast for battlefield use, as the large temple bells were too heavy and unwieldy to transport. These smaller ''bonshō'' were used primarily as alarms to warn of enemy attacks; commands were given using [[drum]]s and [[Conch (instrument)|conches]].<ref name="Turnbull2012">{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Turnbull |title=War in Japan 1467–1615 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QABf_hogS4C&pg=PA29 |date=20 June 2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-018-1 |page=29}}</ref>
+The sonorous sound of the bell was also used to warn of impending typhoons and as a general alert.<ref name="Price1983">{{cite book |first=Percival |last=Price |title=Bells and Man |url=https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric |url-access=registration |year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-318103-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bellsman00pric/page/48 48]}}</ref> Because the ringing of a temple bell could be heard over considerable distances, it was also sometimes used for other signalling purposes; there are records of temple bells being used for military communication from as far back as the [[Genpei War]] (1180–1185 CE). Smaller versions were subsequently cast for battlefield use, as the large temple bells were too heavy and unwieldy to transport. These smaller {{transl|ja|bonshō}} were used primarily as alarms to warn of enemy attacks; commands were given using [[drum]]s and [[Conch (instrument)|conches]].<ref name="Turnbull2012">{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Turnbull |title=War in Japan 1467–1615 |date=20 June 2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-018-1 |page=29 }}</ref>
-As part of [[Japanese New Year]] celebrations, people queue to ring the temple bells 108 times in a ceremony known as {{Nihongo|[[Japanese New Year#Bell ringing|''Joyanokane'']]|除夜の鐘|extra=New Year bells}}; the 108 peals of the bell are intended to purge humanity of the [[108 (number)#Buddhism|108 earthly temptations]].<ref name="Baroni2002">{{cite book |first=Helen J. |last=Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC&pg=PA306 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In with the New around the World |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921204310/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |work=The Scotsman |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |url-access=subscription |accessdate=15 May 2013}}</ref> During the Buddhist [[Bon Festival]], a special type of ''bonshō'' called an {{Nihongo|''ōkubo-ōgane''|大久保大鐘|extra=great hollow bell}} is rung. This bell is hung above a well, and it is believed that the sound of the bell resonates down the well into the [[Diyu|underworld]], to summon the spirits of the dead. At the end of the festival, another ''bonshō'', called an {{Nihongo|''okurikane''|送り鐘|extra=sending-back bell}}, is rung to send the spirits back and to represent the end of the summer.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=Horton2007>{{cite book|last1=Horton|first1=Sarah|title=Living Buddhist Statues in Early Medieval and Modern Japan|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6420-5|page=132|url=http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103752/http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|archivedate=2014-10-06}}</ref>
+As part of [[Japanese New Year]] celebrations, people queue to ring the temple bells 108 times in a ceremony known as {{Nihongo3|"New Year bells"|除夜の鐘|[[Japanese New Year#Bell ringing|Joyanokane]]}}; the 108 peals of the bell are intended to purge humanity of the [[108 (number)#Buddhism|108 earthly temptations]].<ref name="Baroni2002">{{cite book |first=Helen J. |last=Baroni |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smNM4ElP3XgC&pg=PA306 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |page=306}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In with the New around the World |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921204310/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18717038.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |work=The Scotsman |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> During the Buddhist [[Bon Festival]], a special type of {{transl|ja|bonshō}} called an {{Nihongo3|"great hollow bell"|大久保大鐘|ōkubo-ōgane}} is rung. This bell is hung above a well, and it is believed that the sound of the bell resonates down the well into the [[Diyu|underworld]], to summon the spirits of the dead. At the end of the festival, another {{transl|ja|bonshō}}, called an {{Nihongo3|"sending-back bell"|送り鐘|okurikane}}, is rung to send the spirits back and to represent the end of the summer.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=Horton2007>{{cite book|last1=Horton|first1=Sarah|title=Living Buddhist Statues in Early Medieval and Modern Japan|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6420-5|page=132|url=http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103752/http://librarum.org/book/50669/145|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref>
-During [[World War II]] the demand for metal for the war effort resulted in many bells being melted down for scrap. As a result, those that survived are generally regarded as important historic artifacts. More than 70,000 bells (approximately 90 per cent of the ''bonshō'' then in existence) were destroyed in this way.<ref name=BBC/><ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Bonsho（梵鐘 temple bell）? : Temples |url=http://www.japantwo.com/en/culture/architecture/temples/temple-bell.php |work=Japan Two |publisher=JESTO Ltd. |accessdate=15 May 2013}}</ref> However, rapid production of bells during the post-war period meant that by 1995 the number of temple bells in Japan had returned to pre-war levels.<ref name=nippon/>
+During [[World War II]] the demand for metal for the war effort resulted in many bells being melted down for scrap. As a result, those that survived are generally regarded as important historic artifacts. More than 70,000 bells (approximately 90 per cent of the {{transl|ja|bonshō}} then in existence) were destroyed in this way.<ref name=BBC/><ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Bonsho（梵鐘 temple bell）? : Temples |url=http://www.japantwo.com/en/culture/architecture/temples/temple-bell.php |work=Japan Two |publisher=JESTO Ltd. |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> However, rapid production of bells during the post-war period meant that by 1995 the number of temple bells in Japan had returned to pre-war levels.<ref name=nippon/>
-In the latter half of the twentieth century, the [[World Peace Bell Association]] was set up in Japan, with the purpose of funding and casting temple bells to be placed around the world as symbols of peace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bells & Gongs for Peace (&/or International Friendship) Around the World |url=http://peace.maripo.com/p_bells.htm |publisher=Peace Monuments Around the World |accessdate=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About World Peace Bell |url=http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |publisher=World Peace Bell Association |accessdate=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819204903/http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Bonshō'' have also been cast in response to natural disasters such as the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]; several affected communities commissioned bells to commemorate the event.<ref name=nippon/>
+In the latter half of the 20th century, the [[World Peace Bell Association]] was set up in Japan, with the purpose of funding and casting temple bells to be placed around the world as symbols of peace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bells & Gongs for Peace (&/or International Friendship) Around the World |url=http://peace.maripo.com/p_bells.htm |publisher=Peace Monuments Around the World |access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About World Peace Bell |url=http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |publisher=World Peace Bell Association |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819204903/http://www009.upp.so-net.ne.jp/wpba/e_peacebell.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{transl|ja|Bonshō}} have also been cast in response to natural disasters such as the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]; several affected communities commissioned bells to commemorate the event.<ref name=nippon/>
-''Bonshō'' have occasionally been used as musical instruments in modern compositions. The recorded sound of temple bells was used in [[Mayuzumi Toshiro]]'s piece ''Olympic Campanology'', used to open the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shimazu |first1=Takehito |title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works |journal=Leonardo Music Journal |date=1994 |volume=4 |page=103 |doi=10.2307/1513190 |jstor=1513190|s2cid=193084745 }}</ref> A temple bell is also used in performances of [[Jacob Druckman]]'s piece ''Lamia'', in which it is rung while placed on top of a [[Timpani|kettledrum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Andrew |title=''Lamia, for Soprano and Orchestra'' by Jacob Druckman |journal=Notes |date=June 1982 |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=930 |doi=10.2307/940004 |jstor=940004}}</ref> Modern composers for percussion have sometimes used the temple bell to replace the now common sound of the [[Gong#Chau gong (tam-tam)|orchestral tam-tam]].<ref name="Beck2013">{{cite book |first=John H. |last=Beck |title=Encyclopedia of Percussion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ|date=26 November 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |page=292}}</ref>
+{{transl|ja|Bonshō}} have occasionally been used as musical instruments in modern compositions. The recorded sound of temple bells was used in [[Mayuzumi Toshiro]]'s piece ''Olympic Campanology'', used to open the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shimazu |first1=Takehito |title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works |journal=Leonardo Music Journal |date=1994 |volume=4 |page=103 |doi=10.2307/1513190 |jstor=1513190|s2cid=193084745 }}</ref> A temple bell is also used in performances of [[Jacob Druckman]]'s piece ''Lamia'', in which it is rung while placed on top of a [[Timpani|kettledrum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Andrew |title=''Lamia, for Soprano and Orchestra'' by Jacob Druckman |journal=Notes |date=June 1982 |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=930 |doi=10.2307/940004 |jstor=940004}}</ref> Modern composers for percussion have sometimes used the temple bell to replace the now common sound of the [[Gong#Chau gong (tam-tam)|orchestral tam-tam]].<ref name="Beck2013">{{cite book |first=John H. |last=Beck |title=Encyclopedia of Percussion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ|date=26 November 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |page=292}}</ref>
 ==Notable examples==
-The oldest known ''bonshō'' (indeed, the oldest bell in the world still in use) is the Okikicho bell at [[Myōshin-ji]], which was cast in 698.<ref name="Rossing2000">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Rossing |title=Science of Percussion Instruments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FCUngEACAAJ&q=thomas+rossing+science+of+percussion+instruments |year=2000 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-4158-2 |page=179}}</ref> The largest is the bell at [[Chion-in]], which was commissioned in 1633 and weighs 74 tons. It requires a twenty-five man team to sound it.<ref name="Hearn">{{cite book|first=Lafcadio|last=Hearn|title=Lafcadio Hearn Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpraAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|publisher=Brighthouse|pages=61 (footnote)|id=GGKEY:94BGWZS0H8R}}</ref>
+The oldest known {{transl|ja|bonshō}} (and the oldest bell in the world still in use) is the Okikicho bell at [[Myōshin-ji]], which was cast in 698.<ref name="Rossing2000">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Rossing |title=Science of Percussion Instruments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FCUngEACAAJ&q=thomas+rossing+science+of+percussion+instruments |year=2000 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-4158-2 |page=179}}</ref> The largest is the bell at [[Chion-in]], which was cast in 1636 and weighs 70 metric tons. It requires a team of 17 to sound it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ōgane (Large Bell) and the Daishōrō (Great Bell Tower)[Buildings] |url=https://www.chion-in.or.jp/en/highlight/building/daishoro.php |publisher=Chion-In |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
-[[File:Chikanobu The Giant Bell.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=An ukiyo-e woodblock print, in three panels, depicting a muscular man dragging a large bell up a hillside|[[Toyohara Chikanobu]], ''The Giant Bell'', c. 1890 [[ukiyo-e]] triptych depicting [[Benkei]] stealing the [[Mii-dera]] ''bonshō'']]
+[[File:Chikanobu The Giant Bell.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=An ukiyo-e woodblock print, in three panels, depicting a muscular man dragging a large bell up a hillside|[[Toyohara Chikanobu]], ''The Giant Bell'', {{circa|1890}} {{transl|ja|[[ukiyo-e]]}} triptych depicting [[Benkei]] stealing the [[Mii-dera]] {{transl|ja|bonshō}}]]
-During the seventeenth century the ''bonshō ''was also a symbol of a temple's leadership; possession of the bell indicated ownership of the associated temple. As a result, bells were often stolen; the folk hero [[Benkei]] is said to have dragged the three-ton bell of [[Mii-dera]] temple up [[Mount Hiei]] during one such theft.<ref name="Beardsley1969">{{cite book |first=Richard King |last=Beardsley| title=Studies in Japanese Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rz7rAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=54–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA172 |year=1964 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=172}}</ref><ref name="Ashkenazi2003 page 97">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Ashkenazi |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/97 97]}}</ref> The deep scratches in the Benkei bell, which is still displayed at Mii-dera, are said in the legend to be the result of Benkei's kicking the bell all the way back to the monastery when he discovered that it would not toll for him.<ref name="Michener1954">{{cite book|first=James Albert|last=Michener|title=The Floating World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWH3P_CuEPsC&pg=PA292|year=1954|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0873-0|page=292}}</ref> The Benkei bell is also associated with the legendary hero [[My Lord Bag of Rice|Tawara Tōda]], who originally donated it to the Mii-dera temple. He acquired it as a gift from the dragon deity [[Ryūjin]], after saving the god from a giant centipede.<ref name="Ashkenazi2003 page 270">{{cite book |last=Ashkenazi |first=Michael |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/270 270]}}</ref>
+During the 17th century the {{transl|ja|bonshō}} was also a symbol of a temple's leadership; possession of the bell indicated ownership of the associated temple. As a result, bells were often stolen; the folk hero [[Benkei]] is said to have dragged the three-ton bell of [[Mii-dera]] temple up [[Mount Hiei]] during one such theft.<ref name="Beardsley1969">{{cite book |first=Richard King |last=Beardsley| title=Studies in Japanese Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rz7rAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=54–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA172 |year=1964 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=172}}</ref><ref name="Ashkenazi2003 page 97">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Ashkenazi |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/97 97]}}</ref> The deep scratches in the Benkei bell, which is still displayed at Mii-dera, are said in the legend to be the result of Benkei's kicking the bell all the way back to the monastery when he discovered that it would not toll for him.<ref name="Michener1954">{{cite book|first=James Albert|last=Michener|title=The Floating World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWH3P_CuEPsC&pg=PA292|year=1954|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0873-0|page=292}}</ref> The Benkei bell is also associated with the legendary hero [[My Lord Bag of Rice|Tawara Tōda]], who originally donated it to the Mii-dera temple. He acquired it as a gift from the dragon deity [[Ryūjin]], after saving the god from a giant centipede.<ref name="Ashkenazi2003 page 270">{{cite book |last=Ashkenazi |first=Michael |title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk |url-access=registration |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-467-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofjapane0000ashk/page/270 270]}}</ref>
-[[File:Hokoji-BellDetail-M1767.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.5|alt=A close-up of Japanese script carved into a grey metallic surface; several characters are highlighted|"''Kokka ankō''"; the disastrous inscription of the Hōkō-ji bell]]
+[[File:Hokoji-BellDetail-M1767.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.5|alt=A close-up of Japanese script carved into a grey metallic surface; several characters are highlighted|{{transl|ja|"Kokka ankō"}}; the disastrous inscription of the Hōkō-ji bell]]
-After the [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō-ji]] temple burned down at the start of the seventeenth century, [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] sponsored its reconstruction in 1610, and commissioned a large bell as part of that process. The bell's inscription drew the ire of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], who had become ''[[shōgun]]'' after wresting power from the Toyotomi clan when Hideyori's father [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Hideyoshi]] died. The inscription, {{Nihongo|"''Kokka ankō''"|国家安康}} ("Peace and tranquility for the nation"), broke up the characters for the shogun's name ({{nihongo2|家康}}) with the [[kanji]] character for "peace" ({{Nihongo2|安}}). Tokugawa assumed Toyotomi was implying that peace would require the "dismemberment" of the Tokugawa. He used the subsequent dispute as an excuse to wage war on the Toyotomi clan, resulting in the [[Siege of Osaka]] and the eventual destruction of the Toyotomi.<ref name="Sadler2010">{{cite book|first=A L|last=Sadler|title=The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9mxTBIyZJkC&pg=PA273 |date=7 September 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-84508-0|page=273}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard A. B. |title=Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869| year=1966 |publisher=The Ponsonby Memorial Society |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aLpAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Titsingh |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Titsingh |title=Nipon o Daï Itsi Ran; ou, Annales des Empereurs du Japon |year=1834 |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog/page/n467 410] |url=https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog|quote=nipon o dai itsi ran. }}</ref>
+After the [[Hōkō-ji (Kyoto)|Hōkō-ji]] temple burned down at the start of the 17th century, [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] sponsored its reconstruction in 1610, and commissioned a large bell as part of that process. The bell's inscription drew the ire of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], who had become {{transl|ja|[[shōgun]]}} after wresting power from the Toyotomi clan when Hideyori's father [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Hideyoshi]] died. The inscription, {{Nihongo3|'Peace and tranquility for the nation'|国家安康|"Kokka ankō"}}, broke up the characters for the shogun's name ({{nihongo2|家康}}) with the [[kanji]] for "peace" ({{Nihongo2|安}}). Tokugawa assumed Toyotomi was implying that peace would require the "dismemberment" of the Tokugawa. He used the subsequent dispute as an excuse to wage war on the Toyotomi clan, resulting in the [[siege of Osaka]] and the eventual destruction of the Toyotomi.<ref name="Sadler2010">{{cite book|first=A L|last=Sadler|title=The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9mxTBIyZJkC&pg=PA273 |date=7 September 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-84508-0|page=273}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=Richard A. B. |title=Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869| year=1966 |publisher=The Ponsonby Memorial Society |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aLpAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Titsingh |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Titsingh |title=Nipon o Daï Itsi Ran; ou, Annales des Empereurs du Japon |year=1834 |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog/page/n467 410] |url=https://archive.org/details/niponodaitsiran00ringoog|quote=nipon o dai itsi ran.}}</ref>
-A bronze ''bonshō'' was among the gifts presented to [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Matthew Perry]] upon [[Perry Expedition|his arrival]] in Japan.<ref name="Mansfield2009">{{cite book |last=Mansfield |first=Stephen |title=Tokyo: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrr-CKuAjkUC&pg=PA82 |date=29 April 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972965-4 |page=82}}</ref> Cast by bellmakers from the Suwa family of [[Higo Province]], it is now held in the collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite journal |last1=Houchins |first1=Chang Su |title=Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology |date=1995 |issue=37 |page=111 |url=http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Anthropology/pdf_lo/SCtA-0037.pdf |accessdate=5 September 2014}}</ref>
+A bronze {{transl|ja|bonshō}} was among the gifts presented to [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Matthew Perry]] upon [[Perry Expedition|his arrival]] in Japan.<ref name="Mansfield2009">{{cite book |last=Mansfield |first=Stephen |title=Tokyo: A Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrr-CKuAjkUC&pg=PA82 |date=29 April 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972965-4 |page=82}}</ref> Cast by bellmakers from the Suwa family of [[Higo Province]], it is now held in the collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite journal |last1=Houchins |first1=Chang Su |title=Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology |date=1995 |issue=37 |page=111 |url=http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Anthropology/pdf_lo/SCtA-0037.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
-The [[Noh]] play {{nihongo|[[Dōjōji (Noh play)|''Dōjōji'']]|道成寺}}, one of the only Noh plays to feature a [[Theatrical property|prop]] of any significant size, is based on a legend concerning the bell of [[Dōjō-ji]]. In the story a woman named [[Kiyohime]], the spurned mistress of a Buddhist priest named Anchin, traps her lover inside the temple's bell and then kills him by turning into a snake, coiling around the bell, and cooking him in it.<ref>{{cite book |title=20 Plays of the Nō Theatre |author=Keene, Donald |author-link=Donald Keene |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1970 |isbn=0-231-03455-5 |pages=238–252}}</ref>
+The [[Noh]] play {{nihongo||道成寺|[[Dōjōji (Noh play)|Dōjōji]]}}, one of the only Noh plays to feature a [[Theatrical property|prop]] of any significant size, is based on a legend concerning the bell of [[Dōjō-ji]]. In the story a woman named [[Kiyohime]], the spurned mistress of a Buddhist priest named Anchin, traps her lover inside the temple's bell and then kills him by turning into a snake, coiling around the bell, and cooking him in it.<ref>{{cite book |title=20 Plays of the Nō Theatre |author=Keene, Donald |author-link=Donald Keene |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1970 |isbn=0-231-03455-5 |pages=238–252}}</ref> The play was later adapted for [[kabuki]], entitled {{nihongo3|"The Maiden at Dojoji Temple"|娘道成寺|[[Musume Dōjōji]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.komuso.com/pieces/pieces.pl?piece=2417|title=Musume Dojoji |work=The International Shakuhachi Society|first=William |last=P Malm|access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>
-The bell of the [[Adachi, Tokyo#Nishiarai Daishi|Nishi-Arai Daishi Temple]] in Tokyo was removed in 1943, to be melted down as part of the Japanese war effort. The crew of the [[USS Pasadena (CL-65)|USS ''Pasadena'']] found it on a scrap heap and took it with them to the US as a war trophy, donating it to the city of [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]; the city council returned the bell to Tokyo in 1955.<ref name="Inc1955">{{cite journal |journal=LIFE |title=Big Buddhist Bell Back Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87| date=12 September 1955 |publisher=Time Inc |page=87 |issn=0024-3019}}</ref> A similar story accompanies the bell of [[Manpuku-ji]], which was taken to the United States on the [[USS Boston (CA-69)|USS ''Boston'']] after the war; in this case, however, the [[Sendai]] authorities allowed the bell to remain in [[Boston]] as a symbol of friendship between the two cities. The Boston bell is the last WWII ''bonshō'' in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crawford |first=Francine |title=The Story of the Japanese Temple Bell in the Back Bay Fens |url=http://patch.com/massachusetts/backbay/bp--the-story-of-the-japanese-temple-bell-in-the-back-bay-fens |publisher=BackBay Patch |accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref>
+The bell of the [[Adachi, Tokyo#Nishiarai Daishi|Nishi-Arai Daishi Temple]] in Tokyo was removed in 1943, to be melted down as part of the Japanese war effort. The crew of the [[USS Pasadena (CL-65)|USS ''Pasadena'']] found it on a scrap heap and took it with them to the US as a war trophy, donating it to the city of [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]; the city council returned the bell to Tokyo in 1955.<ref name="Inc1955">{{cite magazine |magazine=LIFE |title=Big Buddhist Bell Back Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA87| date=12 September 1955 |publisher=Time Inc |page=87 |issn=0024-3019}}</ref> A similar story accompanies the bell of [[Manpuku-ji]], which was taken to the United States on the [[USS Boston (CA-69)|USS ''Boston'']] after the war; in this case, however, the [[Sendai]] authorities allowed the bell to remain in [[Boston]] as a symbol of friendship between the two cities. The Boston bell is the last WWII {{transl|ja|bonshō}} in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crawford |first=Francine |title=The Story of the Japanese Temple Bell in the Back Bay Fens |date=10 March 2012 |url=http://patch.com/massachusetts/backbay/bp--the-story-of-the-japanese-temple-bell-in-the-back-bay-fens |publisher=BackBay Patch |access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>
-The [[Japanese Peace Bell]] at the [[headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York was donated by Japan in 1954 as a symbol of world peace. It was created using metal reclaimed from coins and medals provided by donors from around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese Peace Bell |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |work=UN Tour |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928182232/http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |archivedate=28 September 2013 }}</ref> Similar bells representing a commitment to the cause of world peace can be found in many civic areas, including [[Hiroshima]]'s [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park#Peace Bells|Peace Memorial Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=Alvin M. |title=Chapters from the Life of a Technological Fixer |journal=Minerva|date=December 1993 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=447–448 |jstor=41820913 |doi=10.1007/bf01096449|s2cid=144549127 }}</ref> In 1995, the city of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], erected a four-ton peace bell&nbsp;– a replica of one of the Hiroshima bells&nbsp;– in the city centre as part of its fiftieth-anniversary celebrations, and to strengthen ties with Japan. The Oak Ridge Friendship Bell is decorated with dates relating to Oak Ridge's connection to Japan (the [[Uranium 235|uranium]] used in the [[Little Boy|Hiroshima atomic bomb]] was produced in Oak Ridge).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Alvin M. |title=Scientific Millenarianism |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=December 1999 |volume=143 |issue=4 |page=534 |jstor=3181986}}</ref> In 1998, a local citizen sued the city over the bell, claiming that it was a Buddhist symbol and violated local laws and the [[Constitution of the United States of America|US Constitution]]. The case was ruled in favour of the City of Oak Ridge.<ref name="Kiernan2014">{{cite book |first=Denise |last=Kiernan |title=The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zav6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307 |date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-1753-5 |page=308}}</ref>
+The [[Japanese Peace Bell]] at the [[headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York was donated by Japan in 1954 as a symbol of world peace. It was created using metal reclaimed from coins and medals provided by donors from around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese Peace Bell |url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |work=UN Tour |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928182232/http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/untour/subjap.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> Similar bells representing a commitment to the cause of world peace can be found in many civic areas, including [[Hiroshima]]'s [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park#Peace Bells|Peace Memorial Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=Alvin M. |title=Chapters from the Life of a Technological Fixer |journal=Minerva|date=December 1993 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=447–448 |jstor=41820913 |doi=10.1007/bf01096449|s2cid=144549127 }}</ref> In 1995, the city of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], erected a four-ton peace bell&nbsp;– a replica of one of the Hiroshima bells&nbsp;– in the city centre as part of its fiftieth-anniversary celebrations, and to strengthen ties with Japan. The Oak Ridge Friendship Bell is decorated with dates relating to Oak Ridge's connection to Japan (the [[Uranium 235|uranium]] used in the [[Little Boy|Hiroshima atomic bomb]] was produced in Oak Ridge).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Alvin M. |title=Scientific Millenarianism |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=December 1999 |volume=143 |issue=4 |page=534 |jstor=3181986}}</ref> In 1998, a local citizen sued the city over the bell, claiming that it was a Buddhist symbol and violated local laws and the [[Constitution of the United States of America|US Constitution]]. The case was ruled in favour of the City of Oak Ridge.<ref name="Kiernan2014">{{cite book |first=Denise |last=Kiernan |title=The Girls of Atomic City: The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zav6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307 |date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-1753-5 |page=308}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+* {{transl|ja|[[Dōtaku]]}}, a type of bell that was developed during the [[Yayoi period]]
-* ''[[Kane (instrument)|Kane]]'', another suspended bell used in Buddhism
-* ''[[Suzu]]'', bell used in [[Shinto shrine]]s
+* {{transl|ja|[[Kane (instrument)|Kane]]}}, another suspended bell used in Buddhism
+* {{transl|ja|[[Suzu (bell)|Suzu]]}}, bell used in [[Shinto shrine]]s
-* ''[[Dōtaku]]'', a type of bell that was developed during the [[Yayoi period]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 87: / Line 104: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Bonsho}}
-[[Category:Bells (instrument)]]
+[[Category:Bells (percussion)]]
 [[Category:Japanese Buddhist architecture]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

v t e Bells
Background and terminology	Bell Bell-cot Bellfounding Bell-gable Bell pattern Bell tower / Campanile Bell-ringer Bell shrine Belfry Bourdon Campanology (index) Peal Ring of bells Strike tone Striking clock Zvonnitsa
Types	Agogô Altar bell Aluphone Babendil Bell tree Bianzhong Bicycle bell Bonshō Call bell Cat bell Church bell Cowbell Crotal bell Dead bell Doorbell Dōtaku Ghanta Handbell Jingle bell Kane Mini-ring Ship's bell Servant bell Standing bell Suzu Tintinnabulum Tubular bells
Ringing styles	Chiming Carillon Chime Canpanò Ellacombe apparatus Russian Orthodox bell ringing Blagovest Full circle ringing Change ringing Call changes Method ringing Bolognese bell ringing Veronese bell ringing
Notable bells	List of heaviest bells Balangiga bells Bell of Good Luck Bell of King Seongdeok Big Ben Freedom Bell Great Bell of Dhammazedi Great Tom Ivan the Great Bell Tower Japanese Peace Bell Justice Bell Liberty Bell Maria Gloriosa Mingun Bell Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Olympic Bell Petersglocke Sigismund Bell Swan Bells Temple Bell (Boston) Tsar Bell World Peace Bells Kentucky Yongle Big Bell
Bell founders and foundries	Bergholtz [sv] Bilbie family Andrey Chokhov Cockey Royal Eijsbouts Kashpir Ganusov Vanden Gheyn Gillett & Johnston Grassmayr Miles Graye Hatch Pieter and François Hemony Christopher Hodson Franciscus Illenfeld Juutila Marinelli McShane Meneely John Murphy Olsen Nauen Glockengießerei Otto Paccard Petit & Fritsen Richard Phelps Rudhall John and William Rufford Saarlouiser Glockengießerei Schilling [de] Taylor Hugh Watts Warner Whitechapel Geert van Wou
Related	Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg Liberty Bell Memorial Museum Liberty Bell Museum National Bell Festival Ringing organizations Freedom Bell, American Legion All the Bells

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