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{{Short description|4th century bishop of Lycopolis, Egypt}}
{{distinguish|Meletius of Antioch}}
{{distinguish|Meletius of Antioch}}
'''Melitius''' or '''Meletius'''<ref>According to Scott T. Carroll, ''The Melitian Schism: Coptic Christianity and the Egyptian Church'', Ph.D. diss., Miami University, 1989, p. 1, the spelling Meletius is an error.</ref> (died 327) was bishop of [[Lycopolis]] in Egypt. He is known mainly as the founder and namesake of the [[Melitians]] (c. 305), one of several schismatic sects in early church history which were concerned about the ease with which lapsed Christians reentered the Church.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325. | Christian Classics Ethereal Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
'''Melitius''' or '''Meletius'''<ref>According to Scott T. Carroll, ''The Melitian Schism: Coptic Christianity and the Egyptian Church'', Ph.D. diss., Miami University, 1989, p. 1, the spelling Meletius is an error.</ref> (died 327) was bishop of [[Lycopolis]] in Egypt. He is known mainly as the founder and namesake of the [[Melitians]] (c. 305), one of several schismatic sects in early church history which were concerned about the ease with which lapsed Christians reentered the Church.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html|first=Philip |last=Schaff|authorlink=Philip Schaff |title=History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325 |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|chapter=§ 58. Church Schisms }}</ref>


The details of his life are not clear as there are conflicting accounts of it. According to one version he was imprisoned for his Christianity during the [[Diocletian Persecution|persecution under Diocletian]] along with [[Pope Peter I of Alexandria|Peter of Alexandria]].<ref name=EB1911/> Another source has Peter fleeing the scene and a third one has Melitius himself avoiding prison. Apparently, as early as during the persecution itself, Melitius began to refuse to accept in communion those [[Christians]] who had renounced their faith during the persecution and later [[repent]]ed of that choice. Melitius' rigorous stance on this point stood in contrast to the earlier willingness of [[bishop]]s to accept back into communion those who seemed to have truly repented (a pattern which was addressed during previous similar controversies, including those who had lapsed during the [[Persecution of early Christians by the Romans#Persecution under Decius Trajan|Decian persecution]] about 50 years earlier).
The details of his life are not clear as there are conflicting accounts of it. According to one version he was imprisoned for his Christianity during the [[Diocletian Persecution|persecution under Diocletian]] along with [[Pope Peter I of Alexandria|Peter of Alexandria]].<ref name=EB1911/> Another source has Peter fleeing the scene and a third one has Melitius himself avoiding prison. Apparently, as early as during the persecution itself, Melitius began to refuse to accept in communion those [[Christians]] who had renounced their faith during the persecution and later [[repent]]ed of that choice. Melitius' rigorous stance on this point stood in contrast to the earlier willingness of [[bishop]]s to accept back into communion those who seemed to have truly repented (a pattern which was addressed during previous similar controversies, including those who had lapsed during the [[Persecution of early Christians by the Romans#Persecution under Decius Trajan|Decian persecution]] about 50 years earlier).
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As Bishop of Alexandria, Peter would have been recognized as the leader of the Egyptian church and thus Melitius's superior in church hierarchy. Historian Philip Schaff tells us that prior to Peter's death in 311, he spoke out against Melitius's actions and "deposed him as a disturber of the peace of the church".<ref>Schaff, Philip (1885, third edition). ''History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325''; Section 58 on "Church Schisms" (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html</ref>
As Bishop of Alexandria, Peter would have been recognized as the leader of the Egyptian church and thus Melitius's superior in church hierarchy. Historian Philip Schaff tells us that prior to Peter's death in 311, he spoke out against Melitius's actions and "deposed him as a disturber of the peace of the church".<ref>Schaff, Philip (1885, third edition). ''History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325''; Section 58 on "Church Schisms" (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html</ref>


The supporters that Melitius drew around him included twenty-eight other bishops, at least some of whom he personally ordained, and the objections against him included that he ordained people in regions where he lacked authority.<ref>Athanasius of Alexandria's list of people attached to Melitius. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xiii.ii.ii.ii.html</ref> His group went by the name Church of the Martyrs, inherently objecting to the reacceptance by other bishops of people who chose to avoid the risk of martyrdom.<!-- His group went by the name Church of the Martyrs, inherently objecting to the reacceptance by other bishops of people who chose to avoid the risk of martyrdom. [I'm not at all sure this statement is accurate, the use of the name comes from Epiphanius' Panarion but it may be based on a confusion with the Donatists' self-description in those terms --> Melitius' influence extended into [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911), Eleventh Edition. Article on "Meletius of Lycopolis"</ref>
The supporters that Melitius drew around him included twenty-eight other bishops, at least some of whom he personally ordained, and the objections against him included that he ordained people in regions where he lacked authority.<ref>Athanasius of Alexandria's list of people attached to Melitius. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xiii.ii.ii.ii.html</ref> His group went by the name [[Church of the Martyrs]], inherently objecting to the reacceptance by other bishops of people who chose to avoid the risk of martyrdom.<!-- His group went by the name Church of the Martyrs, inherently objecting to the reacceptance by other bishops of people who chose to avoid the risk of martyrdom. [I'm not at all sure this statement is accurate, the use of the name comes from Epiphanius' Panarion but it may be based on a confusion with the Donatists' self-description in those terms --> Melitius' influence extended into [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911), Eleventh Edition. Article on "Meletius of Lycopolis"</ref>


It is believed by some that Melitius ordained [[Arius]], known for the [[Arian controversy]], as a priest. Scholarly opinions are divided on whether this is the case.<ref>Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). ''When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome'', Harcourt. The text linked suggests of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of [[W. H. C. Frend]] in ''Rise of Christianity'', p. 493; see p. 245.</ref>
It is believed by some that Melitius ordained [[Arius]], known for the [[Arian controversy]], as a priest. Scholarly opinions are divided on whether this is the case.<ref>Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). ''When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome'', Harcourt. The text linked suggests of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of [[W. H. C. Frend]] in ''Rise of Christianity'', p. 493; see p. 245.</ref>


The [[First Council of Nicaea#The Melitian Schism|Council of Nicaea]] in 325 attempted to create peace with the Melitians.<ref>According to the work of the historians [[Socrates Scholasticus]] and [[Sozomenus]], http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.vi.xxiv.html</ref><ref name=EB1911/> Melitius was allowed to remain bishop of Lycopolis,<ref name=EB1911/> but was no longer to ordain bishops outside his region. The bishops he had already ordained were accepted under certain restrictions, and had to be reordained.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Meletius of Lycopolis}}</ref> Melitius's death followed in 327, and he was succeeded as leader by his handpicked successor, [[John Akhaph]].<ref>Carroll, ''Melitian Schism'', p. 115.</ref> The effort to bring unity proved unsuccessful. His followers sided with the [[Arianism|Arians]] in their controversy and existed as a separate sect until the fifth century.<ref name=EB1911>{{1911|wstitle=Meletius of Lycopolis|volume=18|page=94|inline=1}}</ref>
The [[First Council of Nicaea#The Melitian Schism|Council of Nicaea]] in 325 attempted to create peace with the Melitians.<ref>According to the work of the historians [[Socrates Scholasticus]] and [[Sozomenus]], http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.vi.xxiv.html</ref><ref name=EB1911/> Melitius was allowed to remain bishop of Lycopolis,<ref name=EB1911/> but was no longer to ordain bishops outside his region. The bishops he had already ordained were accepted under certain restrictions, and had to be reordained.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Meletius of Lycopolis}}</ref> Melitius's death followed in 327, and he was succeeded as leader by his handpicked successor, [[John Arkhaph]].<ref>Carroll, ''Melitian Schism'', p. 115.</ref> The effort to bring unity proved unsuccessful. His followers sided with the [[Arianism|Arians]] in their controversy and existed as a separate sect until the fifth century.<ref name=EB1911>{{1911|wstitle=Meletius of Lycopolis|volume=18|page=94|inline=1}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [https://www.fourthcentury.com/documents-concerning-the-meletian-schism/ Documents Concerning the Melitian Schism] - List of English translations of documents during Melitian schism including letters to and from Melitius from ''Fourth-Century Christianity''


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:4th-century Romans]]
[[Category:4th-century Egyptian bishops]]
[[Category:4th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Egyptian bishops]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]

Latest revision as of 22:09, 4 December 2024

Not to be confused with Meletius of Antioch.

Melitius or Meletius[1] (died 327) was bishop of Lycopolis in Egypt. He is known mainly as the founder and namesake of the Melitians (c. 305), one of several schismatic sects in early church history which were concerned about the ease with which lapsed Christians reentered the Church.[2]

The details of his life are not clear as there are conflicting accounts of it. According to one version he was imprisoned for his Christianity during the persecution under Diocletian along with Peter of Alexandria.[3] Another source has Peter fleeing the scene and a third one has Melitius himself avoiding prison. Apparently, as early as during the persecution itself, Melitius began to refuse to accept in communion those Christians who had renounced their faith during the persecution and later repented of that choice. Melitius' rigorous stance on this point stood in contrast to the earlier willingness of bishops to accept back into communion those who seemed to have truly repented (a pattern which was addressed during previous similar controversies, including those who had lapsed during the Decian persecution about 50 years earlier).

As Bishop of Alexandria, Peter would have been recognized as the leader of the Egyptian church and thus Melitius's superior in church hierarchy. Historian Philip Schaff tells us that prior to Peter's death in 311, he spoke out against Melitius's actions and "deposed him as a disturber of the peace of the church".[4]

The supporters that Melitius drew around him included twenty-eight other bishops, at least some of whom he personally ordained, and the objections against him included that he ordained people in regions where he lacked authority.[5] His group went by the name Church of the Martyrs, inherently objecting to the reacceptance by other bishops of people who chose to avoid the risk of martyrdom. Melitius' influence extended into Palestine.[6]

It is believed by some that Melitius ordained Arius, known for the Arian controversy, as a priest. Scholarly opinions are divided on whether this is the case.[7]

The Council of Nicaea in 325 attempted to create peace with the Melitians.[8][3] Melitius was allowed to remain bishop of Lycopolis,[3] but was no longer to ordain bishops outside his region. The bishops he had already ordained were accepted under certain restrictions, and had to be reordained.[9] Melitius's death followed in 327, and he was succeeded as leader by his handpicked successor, John Arkhaph.[10] The effort to bring unity proved unsuccessful. His followers sided with the Arians in their controversy and existed as a separate sect until the fifth century.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ According to Scott T. Carroll, The Melitian Schism: Coptic Christianity and the Egyptian Church, Ph.D. diss., Miami University, 1989, p. 1, the spelling Meletius is an error.
  2. ^ Schaff, Philip. "§ 58. Church Schisms". History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  3. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Meletius of Lycopolis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
  4. ^ Schaff, Philip (1885, third edition). History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325; Section 58 on "Church Schisms" (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html
  5. ^ Athanasius of Alexandria's list of people attached to Melitius. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xiii.ii.ii.ii.html
  6. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1911), Eleventh Edition. Article on "Meletius of Lycopolis"
  7. ^ Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome, Harcourt. The text linked suggests of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of W. H. C. Frend in Rise of Christianity, p. 493; see p. 245.
  8. ^ According to the work of the historians Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomenus, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.iii.vi.xxiv.html
  9. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Meletius of Lycopolis" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. ^ Carroll, Melitian Schism, p. 115.
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