EMD SD45: Difference between revisions

Specifications
Specifications
Configuration:;
• AAR	C-C
Gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length	65 feet 8 inches (20.02 m); 65 feet 9+1⁄2 inches (20.053 m) on some units starting early 1968.
Loco weight	368,000 pounds (167,000 kg)
Prime mover	EMD 20-645E3
Engine type	V20 diesel
Generator	AR10B
Cylinders	20

Type and origin
Type and origin
Power type	Diesel
Builder	General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
Model	SD45
Build date	Dec. 1965 – Dec. 1971
Total produced	1,260

EMD SD45
EMD SD45
	Great Northern 400 in service at the Minnesota Transportation Museum
Power type
Type and origin
Power type	Diesel
Builder	General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
Model	SD45
Build date	Dec. 1965 – Dec. 1971
Total produced	1,260
Configuration:;
Specifications
Configuration:;
• AAR	C-C
Gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length	65 feet 8 inches (20.02 m); 65 feet 9+1⁄2 inches (20.053 m) on some units starting early 1968.
Loco weight	368,000 pounds (167,000 kg)
Prime mover	EMD 20-645E3
Engine type	V20 diesel
Generator	AR10B
Cylinders	20
Maximum speed
Performance figures
Maximum speed	71 miles per hour (114 km/h)
Power output	3,600 hp (2,680 kW)
Tractive effort	Starting: 92,000 lbf (410 kN); Continuous: 82,100 lbf (365 kN) @ 11 mph (18 km/h)

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The SD45 is a six-axle diesel-electric locomotive class built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1965 and 1971. It has an EMD 645E3 twenty-cylinder engine generating 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) on the same frame as the SD38, SD39, SD40, and SDP40. As of 2023, most SD45s have been retired, scrapped or rebuilt to SD40-2 standards.

Design

A total of 1,260 were built for American railroads before the SD45-2 replaced it in 1972, along with the related SD45T-2 'Tunnel Motor'.^{[citation needed]}

SD45s had several teething problems. Reliability was not as high as anticipated; the twenty-cylinder prime mover was prone to crankshaft failure from engine block flex. Though it produced 600 horsepower (450 kW) more than the 16-645E3 in the SD40, some railroads felt the extra horsepower was not worth it, even after EMD strengthened the block to eliminate crankshaft failures. At low speeds when tractive effort was adhesion-limited, the SD45 provided no advantage over the SD40.^{[citation needed]}

Buyers included the Burlington Northern, Southern Pacific, Santa Fe, Pennsylvania Railroad, the Great Northern Railway, Union Pacific and the Northern Pacific Railway. Many SD45s still exist, some rebuilt with sixteen-cylinder 645s for lease companies. SD45s and SD45-2s owned by Montana Rail Link retain their 20-cylinder prime movers. Wisconsin Central used to roster a large fleet of SD45s, but its sale to CN has resulted in the retirement of the entire fleet, with mass scrappings. Montana Rail Link is also starting to sell some for scrap.^{[citation needed]}

EMD built seven examples of an experimental modification of the SD45, designated SD45X. The SD45X trialed several new features, including a more powerful EMD 645E3 engine producing up to 4,200 horsepower (3,130 kW) and a newly designed truck intended to have higher adhesion. Changes to the body included the use of different radiator fans and a flat rather than beveled end to the long hood. Six of the SD45X locomotives were purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, with the seventh kept by EMD.^[3]

Accidents and incidents

On February 20, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotive #7502 was involved in a wreck that derailed 48-cars of an 82-car train and three of these cars had contained residue from chlorine, phosphoric acid and hydrocarbons.^[4]
On May 12, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotives #7551 (formerly #8985) and #7549 (formerly #9038) were both destroyed in the 1989 Cajon Pass Runaway when they crashed along Duffy Street in San Bernardino, California.^[5]

Rebuilds

SD45u

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway has rebuilt 115 units into what had become the EMD SD45u.^[6] They were all renumbered as 5300-5483 between 1979 and 1989.^[6]^[7]

SD44R

In 1981, the Southern Pacific Transportation Company had rebuilt a single SD45 (SP SD45 #8837) into a single locomotive model designated the SD44R and numbered it #7399.

SD45R

The Southern Pacific Transportation Company had rebuilt a total of 167 EMD SD45 units into EMD SD45R diesel locomotives at their own Sacramento Shops under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program and renumbered their units as 7400 through 7566. Most of them in their SD45 form were classified by the Southern Pacific as EF636-1, EF636-2, EF636-3, EF636-4, EF636-5 and EF636-6, but when they were all rebuilt under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program, they were classified as EF636LR-1, EF636R-2 and EF636LR-3.^[8]

Original owners

Railroad	Quantity	Road Numbers	Notes
Electro-Motive Diesel (demonstrators)	4	4351-4354
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway	125	1800-1889, 5590-5624	1884 rebuilt to SD45u renumbered to 5300-5483 between 1979 and 1989.
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad	10	1024-1033
Burlington Northern Railroad	96	6472-6567
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad	15	516-530
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad	10	4000-4009
Chicago and North Western Railway	61	901-920, 937-977
Colorado and Southern Railway	7	868-874
Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad	26	5315-5340
Erie Lackawanna Railway	34	3601-3634
Great Northern Railway	27	400-426
Norfolk and Western Railway	115	1700-1814
Northern Pacific Railway	30	3600-3629
Penn Central Transportation Company	5	6235-6239
Pennsylvania Railroad	130	6105-6234
Reading Company	5	7600-7604
Seaboard Coast Line Railroad	35	2010-2044
Southern Railway	70	3100-3169
Southern Pacific Transportation Company	317	8800-8963, 8982–9051, 9069-9151	Most rebuilt to SD45R locomotives. 7551 and 7549 destroyed 1989 Cajon Pass Runaway and scrapped.
St. Louis-San Francisco Railway	49	900-948
St. Louis Southwestern Railway	39	8964-8981, 9052–9068, 9152-9155
Union Pacific Railroad	50	3600-3649
Totals	1,260

Preservation

Erie Lackawanna No. 3607 is preserved at the St. Louis National Museum of Transportation. Restored to EL colors, this unit is a static display.
Great Northern 400, named "Hustle Muscle", was the first production SD45. It is preserved by the Great Northern Railway Historical Society, based out of Saint Paul, Minnesota. It was in active service on the Minnesota Transportation Museum's Osceola and St. Croix Valley Railway until it suffered a crankshaft failure in its original 20-645E3 engine, requiring a replacement engine to be installed. BNSF Railway overhauled a 20-645E3 engine from a retired ex-ATSF SD45-2 and donated and installed the new engine in January 2019.^{[citation needed]}
Kansas City Southern No. 1200 is at the Rail Museum of Heroica Matamoros in Matamoros, Mexico on static display
Norfolk and Western No. 1776, a high-hood unit, is a static display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation.
Northern Pacific 3617 is preserved at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum. It has been restored to active service.^[9]^[10]
Seaboard Coast Line No. 2024 is preserved at the Southern Appalachia Railway Museum^[11] in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and is currently painted in the Clinchfield Railroad scheme as of December 2017.^[12]
Southern Pacific 7457 is a static display at the Utah State Railroad Museum in Ogden, Utah.
Wisconsin Central No. 7525 is at the Illinois Railway Museum and is operable. It is one of two WC SD45 units to be painted in an Operation Lifesaver scheme.

References

^ Foster 1996, p. 58
^ Solomon 2014, p. 277
^ Marre, Louis A. (1995). Diesel locomotives : the first 50 years : a guide to diesels built before 1972. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Pub. Co. p. 81. ISBN 0-89024-258-5. OCLC 34531120.
^ Archives, L. A. Times (1989-02-21). "The State : Train Derails; 150 Evacuated". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
^ NTSB (1990), pp. vi–vii
^ ^a ^b "ATSF EMD SD45/SD45u Power Roster". old.atsfrr.org. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
^ Extra Twenty-two Hundred South - Issues 112-118. Dover Printing. 1997. p. 9.
^ "SP Rebuild Programs". utahrails.net. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
^ Glischinski, Steve (15 September 2015). "NP SD45 appears on a photo freight in Minnesota". Trains. Retrieved 16 September 2015. (subscription required)
^ "Museum volunteers return Northern Pacific SD45 to operation". 11 March 2021.
^ "Seaboard Coast Line SD45 being restored for museum". Trains. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015. (subscription required)
^ "Historic locomotives to pull 75th Santa Train".

Sources

Foster, Gerald L. (1996). A Field Guide to Trains of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-3957-0112-0.
Pinkepank, Jerry. Diesel Spotters Guide 2.
Solomon, Brian (2014). GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4612-9.
Diesel Spotter's Guide, Volume 2. Kalmbach, 1994.
White, Dr. W. J. How Diesel Electric Locomotives Operate. Peat. 1998.

Bibliography

"Railroad Accident Report – Derailment of Southern Pacific Transportation Company Freight Train on May 12, 1989, and Subsequent Rupture of Calnev Petroleum Pipeline on May 25, 1989 – San Bernardino, California" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 19 June 1990. Retrieved 3 August 2006.

External links

EMD SD45 Original Owners

[1] Foster 1996, p. 58

[2] Solomon 2014, p. 277

[:7-3] Marre, Louis A. (1995). Diesel locomotives : the first 50 years : a guide to diesels built before 1972. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Pub. Co. p. 81. ISBN 0-89024-258-5. OCLC 34531120.

[4] Archives, L. A. Times (1989-02-21). "The State : Train Derails; 150 Evacuated". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-09-30.

[NTSB_DOC26-5] NTSB (1990), pp. vi–vii

[:0-6] "ATSF EMD SD45/SD45u Power Roster". old.atsfrr.org. Retrieved 2023-10-29.

[:1-7] Extra Twenty-two Hundred South - Issues 112-118. Dover Printing. 1997. p. 9.

[8] "SP Rebuild Programs". utahrails.net. Retrieved 2023-09-30.

[9] Glischinski, Steve (15 September 2015). "NP SD45 appears on a photo freight in Minnesota". Trains. Retrieved 16 September 2015. (subscription required)

[10] "Museum volunteers return Northern Pacific SD45 to operation". 11 March 2021.

[11] "Seaboard Coast Line SD45 being restored for museum". Trains. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015. (subscription required)

[12] "Historic locomotives to pull 75th Santa Train".

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@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | length = {{convert|65|ft|8|in}};                                  {{convert|65|ft|9+1/2|in}} on some units starting early 1968.
 | locoweight = {{convert|368000|lb}}
-| primemover = [[EMD 645]]
+| primemover = [[EMD 645|EMD 20-645E3]]
 | enginetype = [[V20 engine|V20]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
 | generator = AR10B
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 A total of 1,260 were built for [[United States|American]] railroads before the [[EMD SD45-2|SD45-2]] replaced it in 1972, along with the related [[EMD SD45T-2|SD45T-2]] 'Tunnel Motor'.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
-SD45s had several teething problems. Reliability was not as high as anticipated; the twenty-cylinder prime mover was prone to [[crankshaft]] failure from engine block flex. Though it produced {{convert|600|hp|sigfig=2}} more than the 16-645E3 in the [[EMD SD40|SD40]], some railroads felt the extra horsepower wasn't worth it, even after EMD strengthened the block to eliminate crankshaft failures. At low speeds, when tractive effort was adhesion-limited, the SD45 provided no advantage over the SD40.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
+SD45s had several teething problems. Reliability was not as high as anticipated; the twenty-cylinder prime mover was prone to [[crankshaft]] failure from engine block flex. Though it produced {{convert|600|hp|sigfig=2}} more than the 16-645E3 in the [[EMD SD40|SD40]], some railroads felt the extra horsepower was not worth it, even after EMD strengthened the block to eliminate crankshaft failures. At low speeds when tractive effort was adhesion-limited, the SD45 provided no advantage over the SD40.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
 Buyers included the [[Burlington Northern]], [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]], [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]], [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]], [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] and the [[Northern Pacific Railway]]. Many SD45s still exist, some rebuilt with sixteen-cylinder 645s for lease companies. SD45s and SD45-2s owned by [[Montana Rail Link]] retain their 20-cylinder prime movers. [[Wisconsin Central Ltd.|Wisconsin Central]] used to roster a large fleet of SD45s, but its sale to [[Canadian National Railway|CN]] has resulted in the retirement of the entire fleet, with mass scrappings. Montana Rail Link is also starting to sell some for scrap.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
+EMD built seven examples of an experimental modification of the SD45, designated SD45X. The SD45X trialed several new features, including a more powerful EMD 645E3 engine producing up to 4,200 horsepower (3,130 kW) and a newly designed truck intended to have higher adhesion. Changes to the body included the use of different radiator fans and a flat rather than beveled end to the long hood. Six of the SD45X locomotives were purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, with the seventh kept by EMD.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Marre |first=Louis A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34531120 |title=Diesel locomotives : the first 50 years : a guide to diesels built before 1972 |date=1995 |publisher=Kalmbach Pub. Co |isbn=0-89024-258-5 |location=Waukesha, WI |pages=81 |oclc=34531120}}</ref>
 == Accidents and incidents ==
+* On February 20, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotive #7502 was involved in a wreck that derailed 48-cars of an 82-car train and three of these cars had contained residue from [[chlorine]], [[phosphoric acid]] and [[hydrocarbons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1989-02-21 |title=The State : Train Derails; 150 Evacuated |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-21-mn-171-story.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
-=== SD45R ===
+* On May 12, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotives #[[Southern Pacific 7551|7551]] (formerly #8985) and #7549 (formerly #9038) were both destroyed in the [[San Bernardino train disaster|1989 Cajon Pass Runaway]] when they crashed along Duffy Street in [[San Bernardino, California]].<ref name="NTSB_DOC26">{{harvp|NTSB|1990|pp=vi–vii}}</ref>
-{{Main|EMD SD45R#Accidents and incidents}}
-* February 20, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotive #7502 was involved in a wreck that derailed 48-cars of an 82-car train and three of these cars had contained residue from [[chlorine]], [[phosphoric acid]] and [[hydrocarbons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1989-02-21 |title=The State : Train Derails; 150 Evacuated |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-21-mn-171-story.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* On May 12, 1989, Southern Pacific SD45R locomotives #[[Southern Pacific 7551|7551]] (formerly #8985) and #7549 (formerly #9038) were both destroyed the [[San Bernardino train disaster|1989 Cajon Pass Runaway]] when they crashed along Duffy Street in [[San Bernardino, California]].<ref name="NTSB_DOC26">{{harvp|NTSB|1990|pp=vi–vii}}</ref>
 == Rebuilds ==
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 === SD45u ===
 The [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] has rebuilt 115 units into what had become the EMD SD45u.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ATSF EMD SD45/SD45u Power Roster |url=https://old.atsfrr.org/resources/CrossetGene/master_diesel_roster/SD45/reference.htm |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=old.atsfrr.org}}</ref> They were all renumbered as 5300-5483 between 1979 and 1989.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzhWAAAAMAAJ&q=EMD+SD45U |title=Extra Twenty-two Hundred South - Issues 112-118 |publisher=Dover Printing |year=1997 |pages=9}}</ref>
+=== SD44R ===
+In 1981, the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]] had rebuilt a single SD45 (SP SD45 #8837) into a single locomotive model designated the SD44R and numbered it #7399.
 === SD45R ===
-{{Main|EMD SD45R}}The [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]] had rebuilt a total of 167 EMD SD45 units into EMD SD45R [[diesel locomotive]]s at their own Sacramento Shops under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program and renumbered their units as 7400 through 7566. Most of them in their SD45 form were classified by the Southern Pacific as EF636-1, EF636-2, EF636-3, EF636-4, EF636-5 and EF636-6, but when they were all rebuilt under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program, they were classified as EF636LR-1, EF636R-2 and EF636LR-3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP Rebuild Programs |url=https://utahrails.net/sp/sp-r8-grip.php#m-99 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=utahrails.net}}</ref>
+The [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]] had rebuilt a total of 167 EMD SD45 units into EMD SD45R [[diesel locomotive]]s at their own Sacramento Shops under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program and renumbered their units as 7400 through 7566. Most of them in their SD45 form were classified by the Southern Pacific as EF636-1, EF636-2, EF636-3, EF636-4, EF636-5 and EF636-6, but when they were all rebuilt under the Southern Pacific's M-99 rebuild program, they were classified as EF636LR-1, EF636R-2 and EF636LR-3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP Rebuild Programs |url=https://utahrails.net/sp/sp-r8-grip.php#m-99 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=utahrails.net}}</ref>
 == Original owners ==
@@ Line 52: / Line 55: @@
 !Quantity
 !Road Numbers
+!Notes
 |-
 |[[Electro-Motive Diesel]] (demonstrators)
 |4
 |4351-4354
+|
 |-
 |[[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]]
 |125
-|1800-1889, 5590-5624. 1884 rebuilt to [[EMD SD45u|SD45u]] renumbered to 5300-5483 between 1979 and 1989.
+|1800-1889, 5590-5624
+|1884 rebuilt to [[EMD SD45u|SD45u]] renumbered to 5300-5483 between 1979 and 1989.
 |-
 |[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad]]
 |10
 |1024-1033
+|
 |-
 |[[Burlington Northern Railroad]]
 |96
 |6472-6567
+|
 |-
 |[[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]
 |15
 |516-530
+|
 |-
 |[[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]
 |10
 |4000-4009
+|
 |-
 |[[Chicago and North Western Transportation Company|Chicago and North Western Railway]]
 |61
 |901-920, 937-977
+|
 |-
 |[[Colorado and Southern Railway]]
 |7
 |868-874
+|
 |-
 |[[Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad]]
 |26
 |5315-5340
+|
 |-
 |[[Erie Lackawanna Railway]]
 |34
 |3601-3634
+|
 |-
 |[[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]]
 |27
 |400-426
+|
 |-
 |[[Norfolk and Western Railway]]
 |115
 |1700-1814
+|
 |-
 |[[Northern Pacific Railway]]
 |30
 |3600-3629
+|
 |-
 |[[Penn Central Transportation Company]]
 |5
 |6235-6239
+|
 |-
 |[[Pennsylvania Railroad]]
 |130
 |6105-6234
+|
 |-
 |[[Reading Company]]
 |5
 |7600-7604
+|
 |-
 |[[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad]]
 |35
 |2010-2044
+|
 |-
 |[[Southern Railway (U.S.)|Southern Railway]]
 |70
 |3100-3169
+|
 |-
 |[[Southern Pacific Transportation Company]]
 |317
-|8800-8963, 8982–9051, 9069-9151 most rebuilt to [[EMD SD45R|SD45R]] locomotives. 7551 and 7549 destroyed [[San Bernardino train disaster|1989 Cajon Pass Runaway]] and scrapped.
+|8800-8963, 8982–9051, 9069-9151
+|Most rebuilt to [[EMD SD45R|SD45R]] locomotives. 7551 and 7549 destroyed [[San Bernardino train disaster|1989 Cajon Pass Runaway]] and scrapped.
 |-
 |[[St. Louis-San Francisco Railway]]
 |49
 |900-948
+|
 |-
 |[[St. Louis Southwestern Railway]]
 |39
 |8964-8981, 9052–9068, 9152-9155
+|
 |-
 |[[Union Pacific Railroad]]
 |50
 |3600-3649
+|
 |-
-!Totals !! 1,260 !!
+!Totals !! 1,260 !! !!
 |}
 == Preservation ==
+[[File:NP_3617_in_2015.JPG|thumb|NP 3617, a preserved SD45 in Minnesota]]
 * [[Erie Lackawanna Railway|Erie Lackawanna]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 3607 is preserved at the St. Louis [[National Museum of Transportation]]. Restored to EL colors, this unit is a static display.
 * [[Great Northern 400]], named "Hustle Muscle", was the first production SD45. It is preserved by the [[Great Northern Railway Historical Society]], based out of [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]]. It was in active service on the [[Minnesota Transportation Museum]]'s [[Osceola and St. Croix Valley Railway]] until it suffered a crankshaft failure in its original 20-645E3 engine, requiring a replacement engine to be installed. BNSF Railway overhauled a 20-645E3 engine from a retired ex-ATSF SD45-2 and donated and installed the new engine in January 2019.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
 * [[Kansas City Southern Railway|Kansas City Southern]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 1200 is at the Rail Museum of Heroica Matamoros in [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros, Mexico]] on static display
 * [[Norfolk and Western Railway|Norfolk and Western]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 1776, a high-hood unit, is a static display at the [[Virginia Museum of Transportation]].
-* [[Northern Pacific 3617]] is preserved at the [[Lake Superior Railroad Museum]]. It has been restored to active service.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/09/15-np-sd45 | title=NP SD45 appears on a photo freight in Minnesota | work=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] | date=15 September 2015 | access-date=16 September 2015 | author=Glischinski, Steve}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/museum-volunteers-return-northern-pacific-sd45-to-operation/|title = Museum volunteers return Northern Pacific SD45 to operation| date=11 March 2021 }}</ref> [[File:NP_3617_in_2015.JPG|thumb|NP 3617, a preserved SD45 in Minnesota]]
+* [[Northern Pacific 3617]] is preserved at the [[Lake Superior Railroad Museum]]. It has been restored to active service.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/09/15-np-sd45 | title=NP SD45 appears on a photo freight in Minnesota | work=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] | date=15 September 2015 | access-date=16 September 2015 | author=Glischinski, Steve}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/museum-volunteers-return-northern-pacific-sd45-to-operation/|title = Museum volunteers return Northern Pacific SD45 to operation| date=11 March 2021 }}</ref>
-* [[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad|Seaboard Coast Line]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 2024 is preserved at the [[Southern Appalachia Railway Museum]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/09/09-scl-sd45 | title=Seaboard Coast Line SD45 being restored for museum | work=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] | date=9 September 2015 | access-date=10 September 2015}} {{subscription required}}</ref> in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge, Tennessee,]] and is currently painted in the Clinchfield Railroad scheme as of December 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://heraldcourier.com/news/historic-locomotives-to-pull-75th-santa-train/article_daeea32e-c560-11e7-b807-6f540d32fd9c.html | title=Historic locomotives to pull 75th Santa Train}}</ref>
+* [[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad|Seaboard Coast Line]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 2024 is preserved at the [[Southern Appalachia Railway Museum]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/09/09-scl-sd45 | title=Seaboard Coast Line SD45 being restored for museum | work=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] | date=9 September 2015 | access-date=10 September 2015}} {{subscription required}}</ref> in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], and is currently painted in the Clinchfield Railroad scheme as of December 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://heraldcourier.com/news/historic-locomotives-to-pull-75th-santa-train/article_daeea32e-c560-11e7-b807-6f540d32fd9c.html | title=Historic locomotives to pull 75th Santa Train}}</ref>
-* [[Southern Pacific 7457]] is a static display at the [[Union Station (Ogden, Utah)|Utah State Railroad Museum]] in [[Ogden, Utah|Ogden, Utah.]]
+* [[Southern Pacific 7457]] is a static display at the [[Union Station (Ogden, Utah)|Utah State Railroad Museum]] in [[Ogden, Utah]].
 * [[Wisconsin Central Ltd.|Wisconsin Central]] {{Abbr|No.|Number}} 7525 is at the [[Illinois Railway Museum]] and is operable. It is one of two WC SD45 units to be painted in an [[Operation Lifesaver]] scheme.
-==See also==
-*[[EMD SD45u]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 171: / Line 195: @@
 *{{cite web |date=19 June 1990 |title=Railroad Accident Report – Derailment of Southern Pacific Transportation Company Freight Train on May 12, 1989, and Subsequent Rupture of Calnev Petroleum Pipeline on May 25, 1989 – San Bernardino, California |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/RAR9002.pdf#page190 |accessdate=3 August 2006 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |ref=CITEREFNTSB1990}}
 {{Refend}}
+== Further reading ==
+* {{cite magazine |last=Strapac |first=Joseph A. |date=November 1970 |title=Espee's SD-45X's |url=http://magazine.trainlife.com/pne_1970_11/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131229/http://magazine.trainlife.com/pne_1970_11/ |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |magazine=[[Pacific RailNews|Pacific News]] |pages=3–5 |issue=109 |issn=0030-879X}}
 == External links ==
@@ Line 181: / Line 209: @@
 [[Category:Electro-Motive Division locomotives|SD45]]
 [[Category:C-C locomotives]]
-[[Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States]]
+[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States]]
 [[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1965]]
 [[Category:Freight locomotives]]

v t e Road switchers built by GM-EMD
Four-axle road switchers	BL1 BL2 BL20-2 GP7, GP7B GP9, GP9B GP15-1 GP15AC GP15T GP15D GP18 GP20 GP20D GP22ECO GP28 GP30, GP30B GP35 GP38 GP38AC GP38-2/38-2L/38-2W GP38H-3 GP39 GP39DC GP39X GP39-2 GP40 GP40X GP40-2 GP40P GP40P-2 GP40TC GP49 GP50 GP59 GP60, GP60B, GP60M
Six-axle road switchers	SD7 SD9 SD18 SD22ECO SD24 SD28 SD30C-ECO SD32ECO SD35 SDP35 SD38/SD38M/SDP38 SD38AC SD38-2 SD39 SDL39 SD40 SD40X SD40A SD40-2 SD40-2W SD40T-2 SD40-2S SDP40 SDP40F SD45 SD45X SD45-2 SD45T-2 SDP45 SD50 SD50F SD60 SD60F SD60I SD60M SD70 SD70I SD70M SD70MAC SD70M-2 SD70ACe SD75M/SD75I SD80MAC SD89MAC SD90MAC
Eight-axle road switchers	DD35 DD35A DDA40X DDM45 SD70ACe-BB
See also: List of EMD locomotives