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Salome (/səˈloʊmi, ˈsæləmeɪ/; Hebrew: שְלוֹמִית, romanized: Shlomit, related to שָׁלוֹם, Shalom "peace"; Greek: Σαλώμη),^[1] also known as Salome III,^[2]^[a] was a Jewish princess, the daughter of Herod II and princess Herodias. She was granddaughter of Herod the Great and stepdaughter of Herod Antipas. She is known from the New Testament, where she is not named, and from an account by Josephus. In the New Testament, the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas demands and receives the head of John the Baptist. According to Josephus, she was first married to her uncle Philip the Tetrarch, after whose death in AD 34 she married her cousin Aristobulus of Chalcis, thus becoming queen of Armenia Minor.

The gospel story of her dance at the birthday celebration of her stepfather, who had John the Baptist beheaded at her mother's request, inspired art, literature and music over an extended period of time. Among the paintings are those by Titian and Gustave Moreau. Oscar Wilde's 1891 eponymous play and its 1905 operatic setting by Richard Strauss are among the literary and musical realisations which portrayed her. She also appeared in film, for instance in the 1953 Salome starring Rita Hayworth.

First-century accounts and sources

Salome is commonly identified with the daughter of Herodias who, according to accounts in the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew, danced for Herod Antipas. In his Jewish Antiquities, Josephus mentions marriages and children of the daughter of Herodias named Salome.

New Testament

According to the Gospel of Mark, Herodias bore a grudge against John the Baptist for stating that Herod's marriage to her was unlawful.^[3] Herodias's daughter had danced before Herod at his birthday celebration, and in return she was told she could ask for anything. After consulting with her mother, the girl asked for the head of John.

The account in the Gospel of Mark reads:

But an opportunity came when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his nobles and military commanders and the leading men of Galilee. For when Herodias's daughter came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests. And the king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it to you." And he vowed to her, "Whatever you ask me, I will give you, up to half of my kingdom." And she went out and said to her mother, "For what should I ask?" And she said, "The head of John the Baptist." And she came in immediately with haste to the king and asked, saying, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter." And the king was exceedingly sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he did not want to break his word to her. And immediately the king sent an executioner with orders to bring John's head. He went and beheaded him in the prison and brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, and the girl gave it to her mother.^[4]

The parallel passage in the Gospel of Matthew reads:

But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced before the company and pleased Herod, so that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she might ask. Prompted by her mother, she said, "Give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter." And the king was sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he commanded it to be given. He sent and had John beheaded in the prison, and his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, and she brought it to her mother.^[5]

Some ancient Greek versions of Mark read "Herod's daughter Herodias" (rather than "daughter of the said Herodias").^[6] To scholars using these ancient texts, both mother and daughter had the same name. However, the Latin Vulgate Bible translates the passage as it is above, and western Church Fathers therefore tended to refer to Salome as "Herodias's daughter" or just "the girl". Because she is otherwise unnamed in the Bible, the idea that both mother and daughter were named Herodias gained some currency in early modern Europe.^[3]^[7] The New Revised Standard Version follows this, translating Mark 6:22 as "When his daughter Herodias[a] came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests; and the king said to the girl, 'Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it'", with a footnote: "[a] Other ancient authorities read 'the daughter of Herodias herself'".^[8]

Herodias's daughter is arguably not Salome the disciple, who is a witness to the crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15:40.^[9] However, the apocryphal Book of the Resurrection of Christ, pseudonymically attributed to the apostle Bartholomew, names a "Salome the temptress" as among the women who went to the empty tomb; perhaps reflecting an early tradition that Salome, the daughter of Herodias, was at the tomb.^[10]

Josephus

Salome is mentioned as a stepdaughter of Herod Antipas in Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4):

Herodias [...] was married to Herod,^[b] the son of Herod the Great, who was born of Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high priest, who had a daughter, Salome; after whose birth Herodias took upon her to confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband while he was alive, and was married to Herod, her husband's brother by the father's side, he was tetrarch of Galilee; but her daughter Salome was married to Philip,^[c] the son of Herod, and tetrarch of Trachonitis; and as he died childless, Aristobulus,^[d] the son of Herod,^[e] the brother of Agrippa, married her; they had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus;^[11]

According to William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities:^[12]

^ In Herodian dynasty, there were three women named Salome: Salome I, sister of Herod the Great, Salome II, daughter of Herod the Great, and Salome III, daughter of Herodias.
^ Herod, son of Herod the Great and Mariamne, first husband of Herodias: Herod Philip (I), a.k.a. Herod II
^ Philip, tetrarch of (Ituraea and) Trachonitis, son of Herod (the Great), first husband of Salome: Philip the Tetrarch
^ Aristobulus, son of Herod (of Chalcis), second husband of Salome: Aristobulus of Chalcis
^ Herod, brother of (Herod) Agrippa, father of Aristobulus (of Chalcis): Herod of Chalcis

A tradition based on Joseph situates her birth in the Spanish city of Italica and her death in Lleida.^[13]

Coins

A few coins with portraits of Aristobulus and Salome have been found.^[14]

Depictions in art and media

*The Peacock Skirt*, illustration by Aubrey Beardsley for the English edition of Oscar Wilde's play *Salomé*, 1894

The story of her dance before Herod with the head of John the Baptist on a platter led medieval Christian artists to depict her as the personification of the lascivious woman, a temptress who lures men away from salvation.^[15]

Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, notably in regard to the dance mentioned in the New Testament, which is thought to have had an erotic element to it, and in some later transformations it has further been iconized as the Dance of the Seven Veils. Other elements of Christian tradition concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John's death.^[16] David Flusser, a scholar of early Christianity, believes that her "biographical profile suggests a normal, moral personality".^[17] Nevertheless, a similar motif was struck by Oscar Wilde in his Salome, in which she plays a femme fatale. This parallel representation of the Christian iconography, made even more memorable by Richard Strauss' opera based on Wilde's work, is as consistent with Josephus' account as the traditional Christian depiction; however, according to the Romanized Jewish historian, Salome lived long enough to marry twice and raise several children. Few literary accounts elaborate the biographical data given by Josephus.^[18]

Despite Josephus' account, she was not consistently called Salome until the 19th century when Gustave Flaubert (following Josephus) referred to her as "Salome" in his short story "Herodias".^[19]

Painting and sculpture

This biblical story has long been a favorite of painters. Painters who have done notable representations of Salome include Masolino da Panicale, Filippo Lippi, Benozzo Gozzoli, Leonardo da Vinci followers Andrea Solario and Bernardino Luini, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Titian, Caravaggio, Guido Reni, Fabritius, Henri Regnault, Georges Rochegrosse, Gustave Moreau, Lovis Corinth, Federico Beltran-Masses and Henry Ossawa Tanner.

Titian's version (illustration c.1515) emphasizes the contrast between the innocent girlish face and the brutally severed head. Because of the maid by her side, this Titian painting, like others of the subject, is also considered to be Judith with the Head of Holofernes. Unlike Salome who goes nameless in the Christian bible, Judith is a Judeo-Christian mythical patriot whose story is perhaps less psychological and as she was a widow, may not be particularly girlish nor innocent in representations.^[20]

In Moreau's version (illustration) the figure of Salome is emblematic of the femme fatale, a fashionable trope of fin-de-siecle decadence. In his 1884 novel À rebours, Frenchman Joris-Karl Huysmans describes the depiction of Salome in Moreau's painting:

No longer was she merely the dancing-girl who extorts a cry of lust and concupiscence from an old man by the lascivious contortions of her body; who breaks the will, masters the mind of a King by the spectacle of her quivering bosoms, heaving belly and tossing thighs; she was now revealed in a sense as the symbolic incarnation of world-old Vice, the goddess of immortal Hysteria, the Curse of Beauty supreme above all other beauties by the cataleptic spasm that stirs her flesh and steels her muscles, – a monstrous Beast of the Apocalypse, indifferent, irresponsible, insensible, poisoning.^[21]

Sacred vocal music

Salome appears as a character in Alessandro Stradella's oratorio S. Giovanni Battista [scores] (St. John the Baptist), composed in 1676, which includes "Queste lagrime e sospiri", an aria sung by the Salome character.^[22]

Theatre and literature

In 1877 Gustave Flaubert's Three Tales were published, including "Herodias". In this story, responsibility for John's death is given to Herodias and the priests who fear his religious power. Salome is shown as a young girl who forgets the name of the man whose head she requests as she is asking for it. Jules Massenet's 1881 opera Hérodiade is based on Flaubert's short story.^[23] Playwright Doric Wilson created a modern retelling of the Salome story in Now She Dances!, first produced off-off-Broadway at the Caffe Cino in 1961.^[24]

Oscar Wilde's play

Salome's story was made the subject of a symbolist play by Oscar Wilde that was first banned in London in 1892 while rehearsals were underway and which subsequently premiered in Paris in 1896 under the French name Salomé. In Wilde's play, Salome takes a perverse fancy for Jokanaan (John the Baptist), and causes him to be executed when he spurns her affections. In the finale, Salome takes up Jokanaan's severed head and kisses it.^[25]

At the time, British law forbade the depiction of biblical figures on stage.^[26] Wilde wrote the play originally in French and then published an English translation by his lover Lord Alfred Douglas (titled Salome). To this Granville Bantock composed incidental music, which was premiered at the Court Theatre, London, on 19 April 1918.^[27]

Operas based on Wilde's play

The Wilde play (in a German translation by Hedwig Lachmann) was edited down to a one-act opera by Richard Strauss. The opera, which premiered in Dresden in 1905, is famous for the Dance of the Seven Veils. As with the Wilde play, it turns the action to Salome, reducing her mother to a bit-player, though the opera is less centered on Herod's motivations than the play.^[28]^[29]

Shortly after the success of Strauss' opera, Antoine Mariotte created another opera based on Wilde's original French script. It was premiered on 30 October 1908 at the Grand Théâtre at Lyon. This opera was revived only in 2005 at the Montpellier Festival.^[30]

Ballet

In 1907 Florent Schmitt received a commission from Jacques Rouché to compose a ballet, La tragédie de Salomé, for Loie Fuller to perform at the Théâtre des Arts.^{[citation needed]} Another Salome ballet was composed by the Japanese composer Akira Ifukube in 1948.^{[citation needed]}^[relevant?] Danish choreographer Flemming Flindt's ballet Salome with music by Peter Maxwell Davies premiered in 1978.^[31]^[32]

Poetry

In "Salome" (1896) by the Greek poet Constantine Cavafy, Salome instigates the death of John the Baptist as part of a futile effort to get the interest of "a young sophist who was indifferent to the charms of love". When Salome presents to him John's head, the sophist rejects it, remarking in jest "Dear Salome, I would have liked better to get your own head". Taking the jest seriously, the hopelessly infatuated Salome lets herself be beheaded, and her head is duly brought to the sophist, who however rejects it in disgust and turns back to studying the Dialogues of Plato.^[33]

Other music

A descriptive piano piece by Mel Bonis entitled Salomé (1909) is part of her series, Femmes de Légende. ^[34] Archibald Joyce composed three 'valses orientales' throughout his career: Vision of Salome (1909), Passing of Salome (1912), and Phantom of Salome (1945).^[35]

Film

Salome (1923 silent movie)

Starring Alla Nazimova in the title role.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Wilde's Salome has often been made into a film, notably a 1923 silent film, Salome, starring Alla Nazimova in the title role and a 1988 Ken Russell play-within-a-film treatment, Salome's Last Dance, which also includes Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas as characters. Steven Berkoff filmed his stage version of the play in 1992.^[36]

In the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, the principal character Norma Desmond is portrayed as writing a screenplay for a silent film treatment of the legend of Salome, attempting to get the screenplay produced, and performing one of the scenes from her screenplay after going mad.^[37]

She was portrayed by Jayalalitha in the 1973 film Jesus.

Among the numerous art references in Dario Argento's 1977 film, Suspiria, we can see four of Aubrey Beardsley's illustrations for Oscar Wilde's 1891 tragedy, Salome.

Other Salome films include:

Salomé (1918), starring Theda Bara in the title role. Flavius Josephus was credited for the story.^{[citation needed]}
Salomé (1953), starring Rita Hayworth in the title role.^{[citation needed]}
Salomé (1972), starring Carmelo Bene and Donyale Luna in the title role.^{[citation needed]}
Salome (1986), a French-Italian production.^[38]
Salomé (2002), directed by Carlos Saura, using flamenco dance.^{[citation needed]}^[relevant?]
Salome (2013), a film by Al Pacino. Salomé is played by Jessica Chastain.^[39]

References

^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome". Behind the Name.
^ Stanford, Thomas J. F. (2014-05-27). Luke's People: The Men and Women Who Met Jesus and the Apostles. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63087-280-9. Salome III (H). Mark 6:22–28. Called "Herodias" or "daughter of Herodias" by Mark, "daughter of Herodias" by Matthew (Matt 14:6).
^ ^a ^b Sharon Betsworth (2010). The Reign of God is Such as These: A Socio-Literary Analysis of Daughters in the Gospel of Mark. A&C Black. pp. 117–19. ISBN 978-0-567-17531-1.
^ Mark 6:21–28, ESV
^ Matthew 14:6–11, ESV
^ Taylor, V. (1966). The gospel according to St Mark, 2nd Edition. London: Macmillan (pp. 310ff.)
^ F. Scott Spencer (2004). Dancing Girls, Loose Ladies, and Women of the Cloth: The Women in Jesus' Life. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4411-4023-4.
^ "Mark 6:22". New Revised Standard Version.
^ Richard Bauckham (2015). Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4742-3047-6.
^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1913). Coptic Apocrypha in the Dialect of Upper Egypt. London: British Museum, Longmans, Quaritch, Asher, & Oxford University Press. p. 187.
^ Josephus, Flavius (October 1, 2001). Antiquities of the Jews – via Project Gutenberg.
^ William Smith (editor). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 1870. Volume III, p. 698 Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, 4.
^ Adriano Duque (2023). "La légende de Salomé dans la Péninsule Ibérique". OScholars. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Ancient Jewish Coins: The Coins of Herod's Grandchildren (37–96 CE) at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
^ Beth Allison Barr (2008). The Pastoral Care of Women in Late Medieval England. Boydell Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-84383-373-4.
^ (Mark 6:25–27; Matthew 14:8–11)
^ Flusser, David (1 April 1999). "A New Portrait of Salome". Jerusalem Perspective. Vol. 55. pp. 18–23, at p. 21. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ Burton, Fisher D. (2000). Salome. Opera Journeys Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-930841-21-5.
^ Rosina Neginsky (2014). Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4438-6962-1.
^ Denis Hollier (1997). Absent Without Leave: French Literature Under the Threat of War. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-674-21270-1.
^ Huysmans À rebours – Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 24
^ Patricia Petibon and Venice Baroque Orchestra conducted by Andrea Marcon. Rosso: Italian Baroque Arias. Deutsche Grammophon, 2010. DG 477 8763 (track 2)
^ "Hérodiade". Opéra national de Lyon. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
^ Susoyev, Steve (2006). Return to the Caffe Cino. Moving Finger Press. pp. 405–462. ISBN 978-0977421404.
^ Oscar Wilde (2004). The Best of Oscar Wilde: Selected Plays and Writings. Introduction by Sylvan Barnet. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-101-15769-5.
^ Gale (2016). A Study Guide for Oscar Wilde's "Salome". Cengage Learning. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4103-5722-9.
^ William Tydeman; Steven Price (1996). Wilde: Salome. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-521-56545-5.
^ Derrick Puffett (1989). Richard Strauss: Salome. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-35970-2.
^ Burton D. Fisher (2005). Richard Strauss's Salome. Opera Journeys Publishing. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-9771455-1-5. Salome, a young girl tragically confused by the first stirrings of sexual desire, sees the moon as a chaste virginal flower, but nevertheless, is haunted by the repressed memory of her father who was imprisoned and killed in the same cistern as John the Baptist. In the sense of catharsis, one senses not revulsion, but a great torrent of cleansing emotion. Salome brought Freudian psychology to the operatic stage. In the end, Oscar Wilde would have been pleased.
^ Francis Carlin (30 July 2004). "Lost musical treasures unearthed". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Jack Anderson (10 March 2009). "Flemming Flindt, Danish Dancer and Choreographer, Dies at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Mary Clarke (10 March 2009). "Flemming Flindt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ Constantine Cavafy (1976). The Complete Poems of Cavafy. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-15-619820-2.
^ Bonis, Mel (1909). "Salomé, Opus 100". Alphonse LeDuc.
^ Philip Lane. Notes to Naxos CD 8555218 (2022)
^ Alan Perks; Jacqueline Porteous (2009). A2 Drama and Theatre Studies: The Essential Introduction for Edexcel. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-135-27001-8.
^ Georges-Claude Guilbert (2009). Literary Readings of Billy Wilder. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 31–35. ISBN 978-1-4438-0847-7.
^ "Festival de Cannes: Salome". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ McCahill, Mike (2014-09-18). "Salomé review – Al Pacino and Jessica Chastain explore Wilde sex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-30.

External links

Video Lecture on Salome by Dr. Henry Abramson

[3] In Herodian dynasty, there were three women named Salome: Salome I, sister of Herod the Great, Salome II, daughter of Herod the Great, and Salome III, daughter of Herodias.

[12] Herod, son of Herod the Great and Mariamne, first husband of Herodias: Herod Philip (I), a.k.a. Herod II

[13] Philip, tetrarch of (Ituraea and) Trachonitis, son of Herod (the Great), first husband of Salome: Philip the Tetrarch

[14] Aristobulus, son of Herod (of Chalcis), second husband of Salome: Aristobulus of Chalcis

[15] Herod, brother of (Herod) Agrippa, father of Aristobulus (of Chalcis): Herod of Chalcis

[1] Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome". Behind the Name.

[2] Stanford, Thomas J. F. (2014-05-27). Luke's People: The Men and Women Who Met Jesus and the Apostles. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63087-280-9. Salome III (H). Mark 6:22–28. Called "Herodias" or "daughter of Herodias" by Mark, "daughter of Herodias" by Matthew (Matt 14:6).

[Betsworth2010-4] Sharon Betsworth (2010). The Reign of God is Such as These: A Socio-Literary Analysis of Daughters in the Gospel of Mark. A&C Black. pp. 117–19. ISBN 978-0-567-17531-1.

[5] Mark 6:21–28, ESV

[6] Matthew 14:6–11, ESV

[7] Taylor, V. (1966). The gospel according to St Mark, 2nd Edition. London: Macmillan (pp. 310ff.)

[Spencer2004-8] F. Scott Spencer (2004). Dancing Girls, Loose Ladies, and Women of the Cloth: The Women in Jesus' Life. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4411-4023-4.

[9] "Mark 6:22". New Revised Standard Version.

[Bauckham2015-10] Richard Bauckham (2015). Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4742-3047-6.

[11] Budge, E. A. Wallis (1913). Coptic Apocrypha in the Dialect of Upper Egypt. London: British Museum, Longmans, Quaritch, Asher, & Oxford University Press. p. 187.

[16] Josephus, Flavius (October 1, 2001). Antiquities of the Jews – via Project Gutenberg.

[17] William Smith (editor). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 1870. Volume III, p. 698 Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, 4.

[18] Adriano Duque (2023). "La légende de Salomé dans la Péninsule Ibérique". OScholars. Retrieved 14 February 2013.

[19] Ancient Jewish Coins: The Coins of Herod's Grandchildren (37–96 CE) at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org

[Barr2008-20] Beth Allison Barr (2008). The Pastoral Care of Women in Late Medieval England. Boydell Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-84383-373-4.

[21] (Mark 6:25–27; Matthew 14:8–11)

[22] Flusser, David (1 April 1999). "A New Portrait of Salome". Jerusalem Perspective. Vol. 55. pp. 18–23, at p. 21. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

[Burton2000-23] Burton, Fisher D. (2000). Salome. Opera Journeys Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-930841-21-5.

[Neginsky2014-24] Rosina Neginsky (2014). Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4438-6962-1.

[Hollier1997-25] Denis Hollier (1997). Absent Without Leave: French Literature Under the Threat of War. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-674-21270-1.

[26] Huysmans À rebours – Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 24

[27] Patricia Petibon and Venice Baroque Orchestra conducted by Andrea Marcon. Rosso: Italian Baroque Arias. Deutsche Grammophon, 2010. DG 477 8763 (track 2)

[28] "Hérodiade". Opéra national de Lyon. Retrieved 2024-06-10.

[29] Susoyev, Steve (2006). Return to the Caffe Cino. Moving Finger Press. pp. 405–462. ISBN 978-0977421404.

[Wilde2004-30] Oscar Wilde (2004). The Best of Oscar Wilde: Selected Plays and Writings. Introduction by Sylvan Barnet. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-101-15769-5.

[Gale2016-31] Gale (2016). A Study Guide for Oscar Wilde's "Salome". Cengage Learning. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4103-5722-9.

[TydemanPrice1996-32] William Tydeman; Steven Price (1996). Wilde: Salome. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-521-56545-5.

[Puffett1989-33] Derrick Puffett (1989). Richard Strauss: Salome. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-35970-2.

[Fisher2005-34] Burton D. Fisher (2005). Richard Strauss's Salome. Opera Journeys Publishing. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-9771455-1-5. Salome, a young girl tragically confused by the first stirrings of sexual desire, sees the moon as a chaste virginal flower, but nevertheless, is haunted by the repressed memory of her father who was imprisoned and killed in the same cistern as John the Baptist. In the sense of catharsis, one senses not revulsion, but a great torrent of cleansing emotion. Salome brought Freudian psychology to the operatic stage. In the end, Oscar Wilde would have been pleased.

[Carlin2004-35] Francis Carlin (30 July 2004). "Lost musical treasures unearthed". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[AndersonNYT2009-36] Jack Anderson (10 March 2009). "Flemming Flindt, Danish Dancer and Choreographer, Dies at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 May 2017.

[ClarkeGuardian2009-37] Mary Clarke (10 March 2009). "Flemming Flindt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2017.

[Cavafy1976-38] Constantine Cavafy (1976). The Complete Poems of Cavafy. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-15-619820-2.

[39] Bonis, Mel (1909). "Salomé, Opus 100". Alphonse LeDuc.

[40] Philip Lane. Notes to Naxos CD 8555218 (2022)

[PerksPorteous2009-41] Alan Perks; Jacqueline Porteous (2009). A2 Drama and Theatre Studies: The Essential Introduction for Edexcel. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-135-27001-8.

[Guilbert2009-42] Georges-Claude Guilbert (2009). Literary Readings of Billy Wilder. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 31–35. ISBN 978-1-4438-0847-7.

[festival-cannes.com-43] "Festival de Cannes: Salome". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2009.

[44] McCahill, Mike (2014-09-18). "Salomé review – Al Pacino and Jessica Chastain explore Wilde sex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-30.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Daughter of Herod II and Herodias}}
-[[de:Salome]] [[ja:&#12469;&#12525;&#12513;]]
+{{about|the daughter of Herodias}}
+{{distinguish|Salome I|Salome (daughter of Herod the Great)}}
+[[File:Salome with the Baptist's head - Charles Mellin.jpg|thumb|Salome with [[John the Baptist]]'s head, by [[Charles Mellin]] (1597–1649)]]
+'''Salome''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|l|oʊ|m|i|,_|ˈ|s|æ|l|ə|m|eɪ}}; {{langx|he|שְלוֹמִית|Shlomit}}, related to {{lang|he|שָׁלוֹם}}, {{transl|he|[[Shalom]]}} "peace"; {{langx|el|Σαλώμη}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/salome|title=Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome|first=Mike|last=Campbell|website=Behind the Name}}</ref> also known as '''Salome III''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanford |first=Thomas J. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ANBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT360 |title=Luke's People: The Men and Women Who Met Jesus and the Apostles |date=2014-05-27 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-63087-280-9 |quote=Salome III (H). Mark 6:22–28. Called "Herodias" or "daughter of Herodias" by Mark, "daughter of Herodias" by Matthew (Matt 14:6). |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|In [[Herodian dynasty]], there were three women named Salome: [[Salome I]], sister of Herod the Great, [[Salome II]], daughter of Herod the Great, and Salome III, daughter of&nbsp;Herodias.}} was a [[Jews|Jewish]] princess, the daughter of [[Herod II]] and princess [[Herodias]]. She was granddaughter of [[Herod the Great]] and stepdaughter of [[Herod Antipas]]. She is known from the [[New Testament]], where she is not named, and from an account by [[Josephus]]. In the New Testament, the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas demands and receives the head of [[John the Baptist]]. According to Josephus, she was first married to her uncle [[Philip the Tetrarch]], after whose death in AD 34 she married her cousin [[Aristobulus of Chalcis]], thus becoming queen of [[Lesser Armenia|Armenia Minor]].
-'''Salom&eacute;''', like [[Dismas]], or the various names of the [[Magi|Three Magi]], is a name given to a character in the [[Bible]] whose name is not given in the Bible itself.  The name "Salom&eacute;" is preserved in the ''Jewish Antiquities'' of [[Josephus]].
+The [[gospel]] story of her dance at the birthday celebration of her stepfather, who had [[Beheading of John the Baptist|John the Baptist beheaded]] at her mother's request, inspired art, literature and music over an extended period of time. Among the paintings are those by [[Titian]] and [[Gustave Moreau]]. [[Oscar Wilde]]'s 1891 [[Salome (play)|eponymous play]] and its [[Salome (opera)|1905 operatic setting]] by [[Richard Strauss]] are among the literary and musical realisations which portrayed her. She also appeared in film, for instance in the [[Salome (1953 film)|1953 ''Salome'']] starring [[Rita Hayworth]].
-She was the step-daughter of [[Herod Antipas]], and danced before Herod and her mother [[Herodias]] at the occasion of Herod's birthday, and by doing so caused the death of [[John the Baptist]].  The New Testament suggests that Salom&eacute; caused John to be executed because of his complaints that Herod's marriage to Herodias was [[adultery|adulterous]]; and that Herodias put her up to the demand that John be executed, something the king was initially reluctant to do.  According to [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 6:21-29:
+==First-century accounts and sources==
-<div style="float:right; width:320px; padding:10px;">
+Salome is commonly identified with the daughter of [[Herodias]] who, according to accounts in the [[Gospel of Mark]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]], danced for [[Herod Antipas]]. In his ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Jewish Antiquities]]'', [[Josephus]] mentions marriages and children of the daughter of Herodias named Salome.
-<center>
-<small>
-[[Image:Titian-salome.jpg|Salome, by Titian]]<br>
-''Salomé, by [[Titian]]''
-</small>
-</center>
-</div>
-:And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee; And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee.  And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom.  And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist.
+===New Testament===
-:And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of John the Baptist.  And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her.  And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison,  and brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother.  And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb.  ([[King James Version of the Bible|KJV]])
+According to the Gospel of Mark, Herodias bore a grudge against [[John the Baptist]] for stating that Herod's marriage to her was unlawful.<ref name="Betsworth2010">{{cite book|author=Sharon Betsworth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctZXwDmc4MwC&pg=PA117|title=The Reign of God is Such as These: A Socio-Literary Analysis of Daughters in the Gospel of Mark|publisher=A&C Black|year=2010|isbn=978-0-567-17531-1|pages=117–19}}</ref> Herodias's daughter had danced before [[Herod Antipas|Herod]] at his birthday celebration, and in return she was told she could ask for anything. After consulting with her mother, the girl asked for the head of John.
-This Salom&eacute; is probably not the same Salom&eacute; who is said to be a witness to the [[Crucifixion]] of [[Jesus Christ]] in Mark 15:40.
-This Biblical story has long been a favourite of [[painting|painters]], since it offers a chance to depict [[orientalism|oriental]] splendour, semi-[[nude]] women, and exotic scenery under the guise of a Biblical subject.  Painters who have done notable representations of Salomé include [[Titian]] and [[Gustave Moreau]].
+The account in the Gospel of Mark reads:<blockquote>But an opportunity came when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his nobles and military commanders and the leading men of Galilee. For when Herodias's daughter came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests. And the king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it to you." And he vowed to her, "Whatever you ask me, I will give you, up to half of my kingdom." And she went out and said to her mother, "For what should I ask?" And she said, "The head of John the Baptist." And she came in immediately with haste to the king and asked, saying, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter." And the king was exceedingly sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he did not want to break his word to her. And immediately the king sent an executioner with orders to bring John's head. He went and beheaded him in the prison and brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, and the girl gave it to her mother.<ref>{{bibleref2|Mark|6:21–28|ESV}}, [[English Standard Version|ESV]]</ref></blockquote>
-This story was made the subject of a [[play]] by [[Oscar Wilde]] that premiered in [[Paris]] in [[1896]].  In Wilde's play, Salom&eacute; takes a perverse fancy for [[John the Baptist]], and causes him to be executed when John spurns her affections.  In the finale, Salom&eacute; takes up John's severed head and kisses it.  Because [[United Kingdom|British]] law forbade the depiction of Bible characters on stage, Wilde wrote the play originally in [[French language|French]], and then produced an [[English language|English]] translation.  Wilde, unfortunately, struggled with his French, and the play was proofread and corrected by [[Marcel Schwob]].
+The [[parallel passage]] in the Gospel of Matthew reads:
-The Wilde play was turned into an [[opera]] by [[Richard Strauss]].  The Strauss opera, much more than the Wilde play itself, is a part of the standard repertoire.  Strauss's opera is famous for the ''Dance of the Seven Veils''.
+{{quote|But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced before the company and pleased Herod, so that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she might ask. Prompted by her mother, she said, "Give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter." And the king was sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he commanded it to be given. He sent and had John beheaded in the prison, and his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, and she brought it to her mother.<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|14:6–11|ESV}}, [[English Standard Version|ESV]]</ref>}}
-=== See also ===
-*[[List of names for the Biblical nameless]]
+Some ancient Greek versions of Mark read "Herod's daughter Herodias" (rather than "daughter of the said Herodias").<ref>Taylor, V. (1966). ''The gospel according to St Mark'', 2nd Edition. London: Macmillan (pp. 310ff.)</ref> To scholars using these ancient texts, both mother and daughter had the same name. However, the [[Vulgate|Latin Vulgate Bible]] translates the passage as it is above, and western [[Church Fathers]] therefore tended to refer to Salome as "Herodias's daughter" or just "the girl". Because she is otherwise unnamed in the Bible, the idea that both mother and daughter were named Herodias gained some currency in early modern Europe.<ref name="Betsworth2010"/><ref name="Spencer2004">{{cite book|author=F. Scott Spencer|title=Dancing Girls, Loose Ladies, and Women of the Cloth: The Women in Jesus' Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNyoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-4023-4|page=52}}</ref> The [[New Revised Standard Version]] follows this, translating Mark 6:22 as "When his daughter Herodias[a] came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests; and the king said to the girl, 'Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it{{'"}}, with a footnote: "[a] Other ancient authorities read 'the daughter of Herodias herself{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6%3A22&version=NRSV|title=Mark 6:22|work=[[New Revised Standard Version]]}}</ref>
-----
+Herodias's daughter is arguably not [[Salome (disciple)|Salome the disciple]], who is a witness to the [[crucifixion of Jesus]] in Mark 15:40.<ref name="Bauckham2015">{{cite book|author=Richard Bauckham|title=Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCOdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-3047-6|page=44}}</ref> However, the apocryphal ''[[Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle|Book of the Resurrection of Christ]]'', pseudonymically attributed to the apostle Bartholomew, names a "Salome the temptress" as among the women who went to the empty tomb; perhaps reflecting an early tradition that Salome, the daughter of Herodias, was at the tomb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/copticapocryphai00budguoft|title=Coptic Apocrypha in the Dialect of Upper Egypt|last=Budge|first=E. A. Wallis|publisher=British Museum, Longmans, Quaritch, Asher, & Oxford University Press<!-- All five publishers mentioned, unclear which one published the copy archived by the Internet Archive -->|year=1913|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/copticapocryphai00budguoft/page/187 187]}}</ref>
-'''Salome''' is also the name of a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Telenovela|Spanish soap opera]], starting actress [[Edith Gonzalez]]. The Mexican soap opera is not related to the biblical story, the Wilde play or the Strauss opera.
+===Josephus===
-----
+Salome is mentioned as a stepdaughter of Herod Antipas in Josephus's ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4):<blockquote>Herodias [...] was married to [[Herod II|Herod]],{{efn|Herod, son of Herod the Great and Mariamne, first husband of Herodias: Herod Philip (I), a.k.a. [[Herod II]]}} the son of [[Herod the Great]], who was born of [[Mariamne (third wife of Herod)|Mariamne]], the daughter of [[Simon son of Boethus|Simon the high priest]], who had a daughter, Salome; after whose birth Herodias took upon her to confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband while he was alive, and was married to [[Herod Antipas|Herod]], her husband's brother by the father's side, he was [[Herodian tetrarchy|tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]]; but her daughter Salome was married to [[Philip the Tetrarch|Philip]],{{efn|Philip, tetrarch of (Ituraea and) Trachonitis, son of Herod (the Great), first husband of Salome: [[Philip the Tetrarch]]}} the son of Herod, and tetrarch of [[Trachonitis]]; and as he died childless, [[Aristobulus of Chalcis|Aristobulus]],{{efn|Aristobulus, son of Herod (of Chalcis), second husband of Salome: [[Aristobulus of Chalcis]]}} the son of [[Herod of Chalcis|Herod]],{{efn|Herod, brother of (Herod) Agrippa, father of Aristobulus (of Chalcis): [[Herod of Chalcis]]}} the brother of [[Herod Agrippa|Agrippa]], married her; they had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus;<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2848|title=Antiquities of the Jews|first=Flavius|last=Josephus|date=October 1, 2001|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref></blockquote>
+According to [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]]'s ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]'':<ref>[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] (editor). ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''. 1870. [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3032.html Volume III, p. 698] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506024127/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3032.html |date=2008-05-06 }}, 4.</ref>
+{{notelist}}
+A tradition based on Joseph situates her birth in the Spanish city of [[Italica]] and her death in [[Lleida]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Adriano Duque|url=https://oscholars.wordpress.com/special-issues/contents/duque/|title= La légende de Salomé dans la Péninsule Ibérique|work=OScholars|date=2023|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>
-'''Salomé''' is also a commune of the [[Nord]] ''[[département]]'', in northern [[France]].
+===Coins===
+[[File:Aristobulus and Salome.jpg|thumb|Salome depicted as Queen of Armenia Minor, on the right. On the left, her husband Aristobulus]]
+A few coins with portraits of Aristobulus and Salome have been found.<ref>
+[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/HerodsGrandchildren.html Ancient Jewish Coins: The Coins of Herod's Grandchildren (37–96 CE)] at {{url|www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>
+==Depictions in art and media==
+[[File:Fra Filippo Lippi - Herod's Banquet (detail) - WGA13288.jpg|thumb|''Herod's Banquet'' (detail) by [[Fra Filippo Lippi]] (15th century)]]
+[[File:Vecelli, Tiziano - Judith - c. 1515.jpg|thumb|[[Salome (Titian, Rome)|''Salome'' by Titian]], c. 1515, ([[Galleria Doria Pamphilj]], Rome)]]
+[[File:Salomé con la cabeza del Bautista, de Mariano Salvador Maella (Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando).jpg|thumb|''Salome with the Head of the Baptist'', 1761, [[Mariano Salvador Maella]]]]
+[[File:Regnault, Henri, Salomé.jpg|thumb|''[[Salomé (Henri Regnault)|Salomé]]'', by [[Henri Regnault]] (1870)]]
+[[File:The Apparition, Gustave Moreau 1876.jpg|thumb|''[[L'Apparition|Salome and the Apparition of the Baptist's Head]]'', watercolor by [[Gustave Moreau]] (1876)]]
+[[File:Beardsley-peacockskirt.PNG|thumb|''[[The Peacock Skirt]]'', illustration by [[Aubrey Beardsley]] for the English edition of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s play ''[[Salomé (play)|Salomé]]'', 1894]]
+[[File:Vardges_Surenyants_Salome.jpg|thumb|''Salome'' (1907) by [[Vardges Sureniants]] ([[National Gallery of Armenia]])]]
+[[File:Willem Arondeus - Salome - Metropolitan Museum.jpg|thumb|''Salome'' (1916), by [[Willem Arondeus]], Metropolitan Museum]]
+The story of her dance before Herod with the head of John the Baptist on a platter led medieval Christian artists to depict her as the personification of the lascivious woman, a temptress who lures men away from salvation.<ref name="Barr2008">{{cite book|author=Beth Allison Barr|title=The Pastoral Care of Women in Late Medieval England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUPxsRqVrEYC&pg=PA73|year=2008|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-373-4|page=73}}</ref>
+Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, notably in regard to the dance mentioned in the New Testament, which is thought to have had an erotic element to it, and in some later transformations it has further been iconized as the ''[[Dance of the Seven Veils]]''. Other elements of Christian tradition concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John's death.<ref>(Mark 6:25–27; Matthew 14:8–11)</ref> [[David Flusser]], a scholar of early Christianity, believes that her "biographical profile suggests a normal, moral personality".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Flusser |first=David |date=1 April 1999 |title=A New Portrait of Salome |magazine=Jerusalem Perspective |volume=55 |pages=18-23, at p. 21 |url=https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/6041/ |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> Nevertheless, a similar motif was struck by [[Oscar Wilde]] in his ''[[Salome (play)|Salome]]'', in which she plays a [[femme fatale]]. This parallel representation of the Christian iconography, made even more memorable by [[Salome (opera)|Richard Strauss' opera]] based on Wilde's work, is as consistent with Josephus' account as the traditional Christian depiction; however, according to the Romanized Jewish historian, Salome lived long enough to marry twice and raise several children. Few literary accounts elaborate the biographical data given by Josephus.<ref name="Burton2000">{{cite book|author=Burton, Fisher D.|title=Salome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lwEmpE9aoUC&pg=PA23|year=2000|publisher=Opera Journeys Publishing|isbn=978-1-930841-21-5|page=23}}</ref>
+Despite Josephus' account, she was not consistently called Salome until the 19th century when [[Gustave Flaubert]] (following Josephus) referred to her as "Salome" in his short story "[[Three Tales (Flaubert)#Herodias|Herodias]]".<ref name="Neginsky2014">{{cite book|author=Rosina Neginsky|title=Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|year= 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6962-1|page=150}}</ref>
+===Painting and sculpture===
+This biblical story has long been a favorite of painters. Painters who have done notable representations of Salome include [[Masolino da Panicale]], [[Filippo Lippi]], [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], Leonardo da Vinci followers [[Andrea Solario]] and [[Bernardino Luini]], [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Guido Reni]], [[Carel Fabritius|Fabritius]], [[Henri Regnault]], [[Georges Rochegrosse]], [[Gustave Moreau]], [[Lovis Corinth]], [[Federico Beltran-Masses]] and [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]].
+[[Salome (Titian, Rome)|Titian's version]] (''illustration'' c.1515) emphasizes the contrast between the innocent girlish face and the brutally severed head. Because of the maid by her side, this Titian painting, like others of the subject, is also considered to be ''[[Book of Judith|Judith]] with the Head of [[Holofernes]]''. Unlike Salome who goes nameless in the Christian bible, Judith is a Judeo-Christian mythical patriot whose story is perhaps less psychological and as she was a widow, may not be particularly girlish nor innocent in representations.<ref name="Hollier1997">{{cite book|author=Denis Hollier|title=Absent Without Leave: French Literature Under the Threat of War|url=https://archive.org/details/absentwithoutlea0000holl|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-21270-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/absentwithoutlea0000holl/page/104 104]}}</ref>
+In Moreau's version (''illustration'') the figure of Salome is emblematic of the femme fatale, a fashionable [[Trope (literature)|trope]] of [[fin-de-siecle]] decadence. In his 1884 novel ''[[À rebours]]'', Frenchman [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]] describes the depiction of Salome in Moreau's painting:
+<blockquote>No longer was she merely the dancing-girl who extorts a cry of lust and concupiscence from an old man by the lascivious contortions of her body; who breaks the will, masters the mind of a King by the spectacle of her quivering bosoms, heaving belly and tossing thighs; she was now revealed in a sense as the symbolic incarnation of world-old Vice, the goddess of immortal Hysteria, the Curse of Beauty supreme above all other beauties by the cataleptic spasm that stirs her flesh and steels her muscles, – a monstrous Beast of the Apocalypse, indifferent, irresponsible, insensible, poisoning.<ref>Huysmans ''À rebours'' – Toni Bentley (2002) ''Sisters of Salome'': 24</ref></blockquote>
+[[File:Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg|thumb|Salome by [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], 1906]]
+===Sacred vocal music===
+Salome appears as a character in [[Alessandro Stradella]]'s [[oratorio]] {{Interlanguage link multi|S. Giovanni Battista|scores|3=S. Giovanni Battista, G.3.3 (Stradella, Alessandro)|lt=''S. Giovanni Battista''}} (St. John the Baptist), composed in 1676, which includes "Queste lagrime e sospiri", an aria sung by the Salome character.<ref>[[Patricia Petibon]] and [[Venice Baroque Orchestra]] conducted by [[Andrea Marcon]]. [http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/en/cat/4778763 ''Rosso: Italian Baroque Arias''.] [[Deutsche Grammophon]], 2010. DG 477 8763 (track 2)</ref>
+===Theatre and literature===
+In 1877 [[Gustave Flaubert]]'s ''[[Three Tales (Flaubert)|Three Tales]]'' were published, including "Herodias". In this story, responsibility for John's death is given to Herodias and the priests who fear his religious power. Salome is shown as a young girl who forgets the name of the man whose head she requests as she is asking for it. [[Jules Massenet]]'s 1881 opera ''[[Hérodiade]]'' is based on Flaubert's short story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hérodiade |url=https://www.opera-lyon.com/en/programme/season-2022-2023/opera/herodiade |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Opéra national de Lyon |language=en}}</ref> Playwright [[Doric Wilson]] created a modern retelling of the Salome story in ''Now She Dances!'', first produced [[off-off-Broadway]] at the [[Caffe Cino]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Susoyev|first=Steve|title=Return to the Caffe Cino|publisher=Moving Finger Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0977421404|pages=405–462}}</ref>
+====Oscar Wilde's play====
+{{Main|Salome (play)}}
+Salome's story was made the subject of a [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] play by [[Oscar Wilde]] that was first banned in London in 1892 while rehearsals were underway and which subsequently premiered in Paris in 1896 under the French name ''[[Salomé (play)|Salomé]]''. In Wilde's play, Salome takes a perverse fancy for Jokanaan (John the Baptist), and causes him to be executed when he spurns her affections. In the finale, Salome takes up Jokanaan's severed head and kisses it.<ref name="Wilde2004">{{cite book|author=Oscar Wilde|title=The Best of Oscar Wilde: Selected Plays and Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfUN6AC3--kC&pg=PT7|year= 2004|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-15769-5|page=7|others=Introduction by Sylvan Barnet}}</ref>
+At the time, British law forbade the depiction of biblical figures on stage.<ref name="Gale2016">{{cite book|author=Gale|title=A Study Guide for Oscar Wilde's "Salome"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-f2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|year=2016|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4103-5722-9|page=5}}</ref> Wilde wrote the play originally in French and then published an English translation by his lover [[Lord Alfred Douglas]] (titled ''Salome''). To this [[Granville Bantock]] composed incidental music, which was premiered at the [[Royal Court Theatre|Court Theatre]], [[London]], on 19 April 1918.<ref name="TydemanPrice1996">{{cite book|author1=William Tydeman|author2=Steven Price|title=Wilde: Salome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaFB0epfdmQC&pg=PA78|year= 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56545-5|page=78}}</ref>
+====Operas based on Wilde's play====
+{{Main|Salome (opera)|Salomé (Mariotte)}}
+The Wilde play (in a German translation by [[Hedwig Lachmann]]) was edited down to a one-act [[opera]] by [[Richard Strauss]]. The opera, which premiered in [[Dresden]] in 1905, is famous for the [[Dance of the Seven Veils]]. As with the Wilde play, it turns the action to Salome, reducing her mother to a bit-player, though the opera is less centered on Herod's motivations than the play.<ref name="Puffett1989">{{cite book|author=Derrick Puffett|title=Richard Strauss: Salome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABrNsZOXIr4C&pg=PA55|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-35970-2|page=55}}</ref><ref name="Fisher2005">{{cite book|author=Burton D. Fisher|title=Richard Strauss's Salome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdc_KMC5Ok4C&pg=PA35|year=2005|publisher=Opera Journeys Publishing|isbn=978-0-9771455-1-5|pages=35–36|quote=Salome, a young girl tragically confused by the first stirrings of sexual desire, sees the moon as a chaste virginal flower, but nevertheless, is haunted by the repressed memory of her father who was imprisoned and killed in the same cistern as John the Baptist. In the sense of catharsis, one senses not revulsion, but a great torrent of cleansing emotion. ''Salome'' brought Freudian psychology to the operatic stage. In the end, Oscar Wilde would have been pleased.}}</ref>
+Shortly after the success of Strauss' opera, [[Antoine Mariotte]] created another opera based on Wilde's original French script. It was premiered on 30 October 1908 at the Grand Théâtre at [[Lyon]]. This opera was revived only in 2005 at the [[Montpellier]] Festival.<ref name="Carlin2004">{{cite news|author1=Francis Carlin|title=Lost musical treasures unearthed|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/da12578a-e1c5-11d8-8dda-00000e2511c8.html?ft_site=falcon&desktop=true|access-date=29 May 2017|work=Financial Times|date=30 July 2004}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+====Ballet====
+In 1907 [[Florent Schmitt]] received a commission from [[Jacques Rouché]] to compose a ballet, ''La tragédie de Salomé'', for [[Loie Fuller]] to perform at the [[Théâtre Hébertot|Théâtre des Arts]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Another ''Salome'' ballet was composed by the Japanese composer [[Akira Ifukube]] in 1948.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}} Danish choreographer [[Flemming Flindt]]'s ballet ''Salome'' with music by [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] premiered in 1978.<ref name="AndersonNYT2009">{{cite news|author1=Jack Anderson|title=Flemming Flindt, Danish Dancer and Choreographer, Dies at 72|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/arts/dance/06flindt.html|access-date=29 May 2017|work=The New York Times|date=10 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="ClarkeGuardian2009">{{cite news|author1=Mary Clarke|title=Flemming Flindt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/mar/11/flemming-flindt-obituary|access-date=29 May 2017|work=The Guardian|date=10 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071113/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/mar/11/flemming-flindt-obituary|archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref>
+====Poetry====
+In "Salome" (1896) by the Greek poet [[Constantine Cavafy]], Salome instigates the death of John the Baptist as part of a futile effort to get the interest of "a young [[sophist]] who was indifferent to the charms of love". When Salome presents to him John's head, the sophist rejects it, remarking in jest "Dear Salome, I would have liked better to get your own head". Taking the jest seriously, the hopelessly infatuated Salome lets herself be beheaded, and her head is duly brought to the sophist, who however rejects it in disgust and turns back to studying the Dialogues of [[Plato]].<ref name="Cavafy1976">{{cite book|author=Constantine Cavafy|title=The Complete Poems of Cavafy|url=https://archive.org/details/completepoemsofc00cava|url-access=registration|year=1976|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-619820-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/completepoemsofc00cava/page/245 245]}}</ref>
+===Other music===
+A descriptive piano piece by [[Mel Bonis]] entitled ''Salomé'' (1909) is part of her series, ''Femmes de Légende''. <ref>{{cite web| last =Bonis|first=Mel|title=Salomé, Opus 100| url= https://imslp.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9%2C_Op.100_(Bonis%2C_Mel) | date=1909|publisher=Alphonse LeDuc}}</ref> [[Archibald Joyce]] composed three 'valses orientales' throughout his career: ''Vision of Salome'' (1909), ''Passing of Salome'' (1912), and ''Phantom of Salome'' (1945).<ref>[https://www.naxos.com/MainSite/BlurbsReviews/?itemcode=8.223694&catnum=223694&filetype=AboutThisRecording&language=English Philip Lane. Notes to Naxos CD 8555218 (2022)] </ref>
+===Film===
+{{Listen
+| image       =[[File:Crystal Project video camera.png|50px]]
+| filename    =Salomé (1923).webm
+| title       =''Salome'' (1923 silent movie)
+| description =Starring [[Alla Nazimova]] in the title role.
+}}
+Wilde's ''Salome'' has often been made into a film, notably a [[Salomé (1923 film)|1923 silent film, ''Salome'']], starring [[Alla Nazimova]] in the title role and a 1988 [[Ken Russell]] play-within-a-film treatment, ''[[Salome's Last Dance]]'', which also includes Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas as characters. [[Steven Berkoff]] filmed his stage version of the play in 1992.<ref name="PerksPorteous2009">{{cite book|author1=Alan Perks|author2=Jacqueline Porteous|title=A2 Drama and Theatre Studies: The Essential Introduction for Edexcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdaNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-27001-8|page=171}}</ref>
+In the 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'', the principal character [[Norma Desmond]] is portrayed as writing a screenplay for a silent film treatment of the legend of Salome, attempting to get the screenplay produced, and performing one of the scenes from her screenplay after going mad.<ref name="Guilbert2009">{{cite book|author=Georges-Claude Guilbert|title=Literary Readings of Billy Wilder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPQYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0847-7|pages=31–35}}</ref>
+She was portrayed by [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] in the [[Jesus (1973 film)|1973 film Jesus]].
+Among the numerous art references in [[Dario Argento]]'s 1977 film, ''[[Suspiria]]'', we can see four of [[Aubrey Beardsley]]'s illustrations for [[Oscar Wilde]]'s 1891 tragedy, [[Salome (play)|''Salome'']].
+Other Salome films include:
+* ''[[Salomé (1918 film)|Salomé]]'' (1918), starring [[Theda Bara]] in the title role. [[Flavius Josephus]] was credited for the story.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
+* ''[[Salome (1953 film)|Salomé]]'' (1953), starring [[Rita Hayworth]] in the title role.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
+* ''[[Salome (1972 film)|Salomé]]'' (1972), starring [[Carmelo Bene]] and [[Donyale Luna]] in the title role.{{cn|date=June 2020}}
+* ''[[Salome (1986 film)|Salome]]'' (1986), a French-Italian production.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: Salome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/912/year/1986.html |accessdate=17 July 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref>
+* ''[[Salomé (2002 film)|Salomé]]'' (2002), directed by [[Carlos Saura]], using [[flamenco]] dance.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
+* ''[[Salomé (2013 film)|Salome]]'' (2013), a film by [[Al Pacino]]. Salomé is played by [[Jessica Chastain]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCahill |first=Mike |date=2014-09-18 |title=Salomé review – Al Pacino and Jessica Chastain explore Wilde sex |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/sep/18/salome-review-al-pacino-jessica-chastain |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
+* [[List of names for the biblical nameless]]
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+* Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). ''Herodias: At Home in the Fox's Den''. Interfaces. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press. {{ISBN|0-8146-5108-9}}
+* Claudel, Paul-André (2013). ''Salomé: Destinées imaginaires d'une figure biblique'', Paris: Ellipses. {{ISBN|978-2729883171}}
+* Neginsky, Rosina (2013). ''Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome: Nymph, Seducer, Destroyer.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4438-4621-X}}
+==External links==
+{{commons category|Salome}}
+* [http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2014/10/29/who-was-salome-jewish-biography-as-history-lecture-by-dr-henry-abramson/ Video Lecture on Salome] by Dr. Henry Abramson
+{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Salome| ]]
+[[Category:10s births]]
+[[Category:60s deaths]]
+[[Category:1st-century Jews]]
+[[Category:1st-century women]]
+[[Category:1st-century people]]
+[[Category:People in the canonical gospels]]
+[[Category:Christian folklore]]
+[[Category:Herodian dynasty]]
+[[Category:Women in the New Testament]]
+[[Category:Roman client monarchs]]
+[[Category:Unnamed people of the Bible]]

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