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{{Short description|Italian politician (1857–1932)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Filippo Turati
| name = Filippo Turati
| image = Filippo Turati 1920.jpg
| image = Filippo Turati 1920.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = Turati c. 1920
| caption = Turati c. 1920
| office = [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Member of Chamber of Deputies]]
| office = [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Member of Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start = 10 June 1895
| term_start = 15 June 1896
| term_end = 9 November 1926
| term_end = 9 November 1926
| constituency = [[Milan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1857|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1857|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Canzo]], Italy
| birth_place = [[Canzo]], [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1932|03|29|1857|11|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1932|03|29|1857|11|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| occupation = Poet, journalist, politician
| death_place = Paris, France
| occupation = Jurist, poet, journalist, politician
| nationality = [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]]
| movement = [[Labor Movement]]
| nationality = Italian
| partner = [[Anna Kulischov]]
| partner = [[Anna Kulischov]]
| party = [[Italian Workers' Party]]<br><small>(1886–1892)</small><br>[[Italian Socialist Party]]<br><small>(1892–1922)</small><br>[[Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)|Unitary Socialist Party]]<br><small>(1922–1930)</small>
| party = [[Italian Workers' Party|POI]] (1886–1892)<br>[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1892–1922)<br>[[Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)|PSU]] (1922–1930)
}}
}}


'''Filippo Turati''' ({{IPA-it|fiˈlippo tuˈraːti|lang}}; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, [[criminologist]], poet and [[Socialism|socialist]] politician.
'''Filippo Turati''' ({{IPA|it|fiˈlippo tuˈraːti|lang}}; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, [[criminologist]], poet and [[Socialism|socialist]] politician.


==Early life==
== Early life ==
Born in [[Canzo]], [[province of Como]], he graduated in law at the [[University of Bologna]] in 1877, and participated in the ''[[Scapigliatura]]'' movement with the most important artists of the period in [[Milan]], publishing poetry. His ''Inno dei Lavoratori'' ("Workers' [[Hymn]]"), adapted to music, became the most popular song of the nascent [[labor movement]].
Born in [[Canzo]], [[province of Como]], he graduated in law at the [[University of Bologna]] in 1877, and participated in the ''[[Scapigliatura]]'' movement with the most important artists of the period in [[Milan]]. Turati became interested in politics, being attracted to the [[Democracy|democratic]] movement before joining the more specific socialist groups.


In 1886, Turati wrote the words of the ''[[Workers' Hymn]]'', a popular socialist [[anthem]] that was set to music by [[Amintore Galli]],<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Bosio |first=Gianni |url=https://www.iedm.it/wp-content/uploads/Il_bosco_degli_alberi.pdf |title=Il Bosco degli alberi: Storia d'Italia dall'Unità ad oggi attraverso il giudizio delle classi popolari |last2=Coggiola |first2=Franco |publisher=Edizioni del Gallo |year=1972 |edition=2nd |location=Milan |pages=37–46 |language=it-IT |trans-title=The Forest of Trees: The History of Italy from Unification to Today through the Judgment of Popular Classes |chapter=Il Canto dei lavoratori: Inno del Partito Operaio Italiano (testo di Filippo Turati, musica di Amintore Galli) |trans-chapter=The Workers' Hymn: Anthem of the Italian Workers' Party (text by Filippo Turati, music by Amintore Galli) |access-date=6 January 2024 |orig-date=15 November 1972}}</ref> and is considered among the most significant historic songs of the Italian workers' movement.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Montemaggi |first=Andrea |title=L’ "Inno dei Lavoratori" nell’immaginario collettivo dell’epoca. |trans-title=The "Workers' Hymn" in the collective imagination of the time |url=https://montemaggi.it/l-inno-dei-lavoratori-nellimmaginario-collettivo-dellepoca/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=montemaggi.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> By this time, Turati was associated with the Milanese Socialist League, a supporting group of [[Costantino Lazzari]]'s [[Italian Workers' Party]]. Turati was reluctant to compose the anthem, but was persuaded by his mother, Adele.<ref name=":11" /> He was ashamed of the final text, and promised Lazzari, who commissioned it, that he would rewrite it, but Lazzari accepted it.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Montemaggi |first=Andrea |date=19 May 2020 |title=Amintore Galli e l'Inno dei Lavoratori |trans-title=Amintore Galli and the Workers' Hymn |url=https://riminisparita.it/amintore-galli-e-linno-dei-lavoratori/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Rimini Sparita APS |language=it-IT}}</ref> The anthem was published on 7 March 1886 in [[Milan]]ese newspaper ''La Farfalla'',<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Vullo |first=Salvatore |date=30 April 2020 |title=Inno dei lavoratori |trans-title=The Workers' Hymn |url=https://www.pannunziomagazine.it/inno-dei-lavoratori-di-salvatore-vullo/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=Pannunzio Magazine |language=it-IT}}</ref> crediting Turati.<ref name=":11" /> Despite the anthem's success, Turati later called the anthem "a juvenile poetic sin",<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2. 1894: «Il riscatto del lavoro dei suoi figli opra sarà; o vivremo del lavoro o pugnando si morrà» {{!}} Archivio di Stato di Bologna |trans-title=2. 1894: "The redemption of labour will be the work of its children: either we shall live by labour or by fighting, we shall die." |url=http://www.archiviodistatobologna.it/it/bologna/attivit%C3%A0/mostre-eventi/al-saluto-maggio-nascente/2-1894-%C2%ABil-riscatto-lavoro-dei-suoi-figli |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Archivio di Stato di Bologna e Sezione di Imola}}</ref> retorting in his 1898 trial:<ref name=":7" />{{Blockquote|text=They have put me on trial so many times for those verses as incitements for class hatred. Instead, they should have sentenced me to death for inciting a crime against Poetry.}}His most important sociological work of this period is ''Il Delitto e la Questione Sociale'', in which he examines how social conditions affect crime. He met [[Anna Kulischov]] while working on a survey of social conditions in [[Naples]]. Kulischov was an exile from [[Imperial Russia|Russia]] who had become the companion of [[Andrea Costa]], an [[Anarchism|Anarchist]] leader – when she converted to non-Anarchist Socialism, Costa followed, sending an important letter to his anarchist comrades in which he abandoned the movement. Kulischov and Costa had split by the time she met Turati. The two immediately fell in love, and lived together until her death in 1925.
Turati became interested in politics, being attracted to the [[Democracy|democratic]] movement before joining the more specific Socialist groups. His most important sociological work of this period is ''Il Delitto e la Questione Sociale'', in which he examines how social conditions affect crime. He met [[Anna Kulischov]] while working on a survey of social conditions in [[Naples]]. Kulischov was an exile from [[Imperial Russia|Russia]] who had become the companion of [[Andrea Costa]], an [[Anarchism|Anarchist]] leader – when she converted to non-Anarchist Socialism, Costa followed, sending an important letter to his anarchist comrades in which he abandoned the movement. Kulischov and Costa had split by the time she met Turati. The two immediately fell in love, and lived together until her death in 1925.


In France, Turati had a closely relationship with the Italian lawyer Giuseppe Leti (1866-1939), former head of the [[Council of Italy|Supreme Council]] of the [[Scottish Rite]] national Freemasonry who repaired in France from 1929 to 1937.
In France, Turati had a close relationship with the Italian lawyer Giuseppe Leti (1866–1939), former head of the [[Council of Italy|Supreme Council]] of the [[Scottish Rite]] national Freemasonry who resided in France from 1929 to 1937. Leti was familiar with other Italian [[anti-fascist]] politicians such as [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]], [[Alberto Cianca]], [[Pietro Nenni]], [[Emanuele Modigliani]] and [[Emilio Lussu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crsl-m.org/pdf/Fondi-Archivistici.pdf | language = it | title = Fondi archivistici per la storia della massoneria in Italia. Dalle origini fino al 1925 | pages = 5–6 | publisher = Centro di Ricerche Storcihe sull Libera Muratoria | quote = intinto di pece massonic| trans-title = Archivistic funds for the history of Freemasonry in Italy. From the origins until 1925 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180921063210/http://www.crsl-m.org/pdf/Fondi-Archivistici.pdf | archive-date = September 21, 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>
Leti was familiar with other Italian [[anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] politicians such as [[Francesco Saverio Nitti]],
[[Alberto Cianca]], [[Pietro Nenni]], [[Emanuele Modigliani]] and [[Emilio Lussu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crsl-m.org/pdf/Fondi-Archivistici.pdf | format = PDF | language = it | title = Fondi archivistici per la storia della massoneria in Italia. Dalle origini fino al 1925 | pages = 5–6 | publisher = Centro di Ricerche Storcihe sull Libera Muratoria | quote = intinto di pece massonic| trans-title = Archivistic funds for the history of Freemasonry in Italy. From the origins until 1925 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180921063210/http://www.crsl-m.org/pdf/Fondi-Archivistici.pdf | archive-date = September 21, 2018 | url-status = live}}</ref>


==Socialist Party==
== Socialist Party ==
[[File:Filippo Turati 1890cr.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Filippo Turati during 1890s]]
[[File:Filippo Turati 1890cr.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Filippo Turati during 1890s]]
Turati and Anna Kulischov were the most instrumental [[intellectual]]s in the founding of the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) in 1892 (it took that name in 1895). They were [[Reformism|reformists]], believing that Socialism would come about gradually, primarily through action in the [[Parliament of Italy|Italian Parliament]], [[Trade union|labor organization]], and education, spreading their ideas through their journal ''[[Critica Sociale]]'' – a review founded by their friend [[Arcangelo Ghisleri]] under the title ''Cuore e Critica''. It was the most influential [[Marxism|Marxist]] review in Italy before World War I. Shut down by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism in Italy|Fascist regime]], it was reestablished after World War II, and is still in print.
Turati and Anna Kulischov were the most instrumental [[intellectual]]s involved in the founding of the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) in 1892 (it took that name in 1895). They were [[Reformism|reformists]], believing that Socialism would come about gradually, primarily through action in the [[Parliament of Italy|Italian Parliament]], [[Trade union|labour organization]], and education, spreading their ideas through their journal ''[[Critica Sociale]]'' – a review founded by their friend [[Arcangelo Ghisleri]] under the title ''Cuore e Critica''. It was the most influential [[Marxism|Marxist]] review in Italy before World War I. Shut down by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Fascism in Italy|Fascist regime]], it was reestablished after World War II and is still in print.


In the years following the party's foundation, the Italian government attempted to suppress it. Turati advocated alliances with other Italian democratic forces, meant to defeat the government's [[reactionary]] policies, and to advance [[left-wing]] causes. In 1898 Turati was arrested and charged with being the inspirator of the [[Bava Beccaris massacre|popular riot]] that broke out in the whole country against the rise of the bread price. He was freed the following year.
In the years following the party's foundation, the Italian government attempted to suppress it. Turati advocated alliances with other Italian democratic forces, meant to defeat the government's [[reactionary]] policies, and to advance [[left-wing]] causes. In 1898 Turati was arrested and charged with being the inspirator of the [[Bava Beccaris massacre|popular riot]] that broke out in the whole country against the rise of the bread price. He was freed the following year.


Under [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Luigi Pelloux]], the country was governed by a highly [[Conservatism|conservative]] politicians which were met with stiff resistance from the left, and in 1899 they were defeated thanks in large part to the PSI's policies. In 1901, [[Giuseppe Zanardelli]], a [[Liberalism and radicalism in Italy|Liberal]], became Prime Minister – accompanied by [[Giovanni Giolitti]] as the [[Italian Minister of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] – Giolitti who would dominate Italian politics until 1915. This Liberal cabinet risked losing a vote in Parliament, with the possibility that a more conservative politician, [[Sidney Sonnino]], would come to power; Turati urged that the Socialist deputies vote for the Zanardelli government. When the party Directorate refused to sanction the vote, he convinced the deputies to do so anyway.
Under [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Luigi Pelloux]], the country was governed by highly [[Conservatism|conservative]] politicians who were met with stiff resistance from the left, and in 1899 they were defeated thanks in large part to the PSI's policies. In 1901, [[Giuseppe Zanardelli]], a [[Liberalism and radicalism in Italy|Liberal]], became Prime Minister – accompanied by [[Giovanni Giolitti]] as the [[Italian Minister of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] – Giolitti who would dominate Italian politics until 1915. This Liberal cabinet risked losing a vote in Parliament, with the possibility that a more conservative politician, [[Sidney Sonnino]], would come to power; Turati urged that the Socialist deputies vote for the Zanardelli government. When the party Directorate refused to sanction the vote, he convinced the deputies to do so anyway.


The vote brought the incipient split in the party between right and left wings to a head, even if the Liberal government had allowed workers the [[Strike action|right to strike]], and despite the fact that the subsequent strike wave resulted in improved conditions in industry and on the land. Between 1901 and 1906, power in the party seesawed between the Turati-led reformists and the revolutionaries under various leaders. After 1906, splits surfaced among the reformists themselves. In 1912, as a result of Socialist reaction against the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911–1912), revolutionaries took over the party. [[Benito Mussolini]], one of their leaders, became editor of the party newspaper ''[[Avanti! (Italian newspaper)|Avanti!]]''; Turati opposed Mussolini, but proved unable to dislodge him. He had opposed the conflict, and would oppose Italy's entrance into World War I – while Mussolini moved to an [[Italia irredenta|irredentist]] position (and came to be expelled from the PSI after arguing for Italy to join the [[Triple Entente|Entente Powers]]). Despite the fact that he was a pacifist in June 1918 he strongly supported the [[Regio Esercito|Italian Army]] that was fighting the [[Battle of the Piave River|Battle of Solstizio]].<ref>{{Cite web
The vote brought the incipient split in the party between right and left wings to a head, even if the Liberal government had allowed workers the [[Strike action|right to strike]], and despite the fact that the subsequent strike wave resulted in improved conditions in industry and on the land. Between 1901 and 1906, power in the party seesawed between the Turati-led reformists and the revolutionaries under various leaders. After 1906, splits surfaced among the reformists themselves. In 1912, as a result of the Socialist reaction against the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911–1912), revolutionaries took over the party. [[Benito Mussolini]], one of their leaders, became editor of the party newspaper ''[[Avanti! (Italian newspaper)|Avanti!]]''; Turati opposed Mussolini, but proved unable to dislodge him. He had opposed the conflict, and would oppose Italy's entrance into World War I – while Mussolini moved to an [[Italia irredenta|irredentist]] position (and came to be expelled from the PSI after arguing for Italy to join the [[Triple Entente|Entente Powers]]). Despite the fact that he was a pacifist in June 1918 he strongly supported the [[Regio Esercito|Italian Army]] that was fighting the [[Battle of the Piave River|Battle of Solstizio]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.incursoriesercito.com/riassunto_anno_1918.htm
|url=http://www.incursoriesercito.com/riassunto_anno_1918.htm
|title=LA SPAVALDA OFFENSIVA E L' UMILIANTE 15 GIUGNO – IL PIAVE
|title=LA SPAVALDA OFFENSIVA E L' UMILIANTE 15 GIUGNO – IL PIAVE
|language=it
|language=it
|access-date=1 June 2008
|access-date=1 June 2008
|publisher=Associazione incursori esercito}}</ref>
|publisher=Associazione incursori esercito
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118175626/http://www.incursoriesercito.com/riassunto_anno_1918.htm
|archive-date=2008-11-18
|url-status=live
}}</ref>


==Opposition to Fascism==
== Opposition to Fascism ==
[[File:Filippo Turati 3.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An official portrait of Turati]]
[[File:Filippo Turati 3.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An official portrait of Turati]]
Following World War I, Mussolini created the [[paramilitary]] [[Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria|Fasces of Revolutionary Action]], then renamed [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Italian Combat]] in 1919 and finally [[National Fascist Party]] in 1921, and he came to power in 1922 (after the [[March on Rome]]). Filippo Turati and Anna Kulischov, who knew Mussolini well, were major opponents of [[fascism]], and lived under constant surveillance and threats. In a series of prescient speeches, Turati argued that the new revolutionary program adopted by the PSI in 1919 would lead to disaster, and he advocated political alliances with other opponents of Fascism. This policy was rejected and the PSI split in 1921, with the formation of the [[Communist Party of Italy]]. In 1922, when Turati's group was expelled and established a new group, the [[Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)|Unitary Socialist Party]] (PSU). In 1924, Turati's disciple and Secretary of the PSU, [[Giacomo Matteotti]], was assassinated by Mussolini's ''[[Ceka]]''; this seminal event prompted Mussolini to formalize his [[dictatorship]] between 1925 and 1926.
Following World War I, Mussolini created the [[paramilitary]] [[Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria|Fasces of Revolutionary Action]], then renamed [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Italian Combat]] in 1919 and finally [[National Fascist Party]] in 1921, and he came to power in 1922 (after the [[March on Rome]]). Filippo Turati and Anna Kulischov, who knew Mussolini well, were major opponents of [[fascism]], and lived under constant surveillance and threats. In a series of prescient speeches, Turati argued that the new revolutionary program adopted by the PSI in 1919 would lead to disaster, and he advocated political alliances with other opponents of Fascism. This policy was rejected and the [[XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party|PSI split]] in 1921, with the formation of the [[Communist Party of Italy]]. In 1922, Turati's group was expelled and a new group, the [[Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)|Unitary Socialist Party]] (PSU), was established. In 1924, Turati's disciple and Secretary of the PSU, [[Giacomo Matteotti]], was assassinated by Mussolini's ''[[Ceka]]''; this seminal event prompted Mussolini to formalize his [[dictatorship]] between 1925 and 1926.


[[File:Rosselli Turati.jpg|thumb|Turati with Claudio Treves and Carlo Rosselli in Paris]]
In 1926, Turati fled Italy in a dramatic escape to France – aided by [[Carlo Rosselli]], [[Ferruccio Parri]], [[Sandro Pertini]] (the future [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]]) and [[Adriano Olivetti]], of the [[Olivetti|eponymous typewriter company]]. In Paris, he was the soul of the non-[[Communism|Communist]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance, traveling across Europe and alerting democrats to the Fascist danger – which he saw as a phenomenon with far-reaching consequences. He died in the French capital in March 1932.
In 1926, Turati fled Italy in a dramatic escape to France – aided by [[Riccardo Bauer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Bauer, Riccardo|url=http://digital-library.cdec.it/cdec-web/persone/detail/person-cdec201-1517/bauer-riccardo.html?persone=%22Bauer%2C+Riccardo%22|publisher=Digital Library|access-date=18 January 2022|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183130/http://digital-library.cdec.it/cdec-web/persone/detail/person-cdec201-1517/bauer-riccardo.html?persone=%22Bauer%2C+Riccardo%22|archive-date=2022-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carlo Rosselli]], [[Ferruccio Parri]], [[Sandro Pertini]] (the future [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]]) and [[Adriano Olivetti]], of the [[Olivetti|eponymous typewriter company]]. In Paris, he was the soul of the non-[[Communism|Communist]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance, travelling across Europe and alerting democrats to the Fascist danger – which he saw as a phenomenon with far-reaching consequences. He died in the French capital in March 1932.


After World War II, Turati's remains were transferred after to Milan's [[Cimitero Monumentale di Milano|Cimitero Monumentale]], where he is buried next to Anna Kulischov.
After World War II, Turati's remains were transferred to Milan's [[Cimitero Monumentale di Milano|Cimitero Monumentale]], where he was buried next to Anna Kulischov.


In the [[Florestano Vancini]]'s film ''[[The Assassination of Matteotti]]'' (1973), Turati is played by [[Gastone Moschin]].
In the [[Florestano Vancini]] film ''[[The Assassination of Matteotti]]'' (1973), Turati is played by [[Gastone Moschin]].


==Electoral history==
==References==
{|class=wikitable style="width:43%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width=12%|Election
! width=23%|House
! width=20%|Constituency
! width=5% colspan="2"|Party
! width=12%|Votes
! width=12%|Result
|-
! (1896){{efn|By-election.}}
| {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| {{nowrap|Milan V}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 2,200
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! [[1897 Italian general election|1897]]{{efn|Declared void.}}
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 2,564
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! (1899){{efn|Declared void.}}
| {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| {{nowrap|Milan V}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 4,343
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! (1899)
| {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| {{nowrap|Milan V}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 4,346
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! [[1900 Italian general election|1900]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 5,883
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1904 Italian general election|1904]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 4,572
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1909 Italian general election|1909]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 5,225
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1913 Italian general election|1913]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan V
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| 13,506
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1919 Italian general election|1919]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! [[1921 Italian general election|1921]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Socialist Party}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]]}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
! [[1924 Italian general election|1924]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| Milan
| bgcolor="{{party color|Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)}}" |
| {{nowrap|[[Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)|PSU]]}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''}}
|-
|}
;Notes
{{noteslist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Filippo Turati}}
{{Commons category|Filippo Turati}}
*{{cite book|first=Spencer|last=Di Scala|title=Dilemmas of Italian Socialism: the Politics of Filippo Turati|location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]]|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|first=Spencer|last=Di Scala|title=Dilemmas of Italian Socialism: the Politics of Filippo Turati|language=en|location=[[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]]|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press|year=1980}}
* James E. Miller (1975), Reformism and Party Organization: the Italian Socialist Party, 1900-1914, Il Politico, no. 1, 102-126
* {{cite book|first1=Filippo |last1=Turati |title=Il delitto e la questione sociale: appunti sulla questione penale |year=1913 |publisher=La Contro-corrente}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/038450}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/038450}}

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Latest revision as of 23:49, 27 November 2024

Filippo Turati
Turati c. 1920
Member of Chamber of Deputies
In office
15 June 1896 – 9 November 1926
ConstituencyMilan
Personal details
Born(1857-11-26)26 November 1857
Canzo, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
Died29 March 1932(1932-03-29) (aged 74)
Paris, France
NationalityItalian
Political partyPOI (1886–1892)
PSI (1892–1922)
PSU (1922–1930)
Domestic partnerAnna Kulischov
OccupationJurist, poet, journalist, politician

Filippo Turati (Italian: [fiˈlippo tuˈraːti]; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician.

Early life

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Born in Canzo, province of Como, he graduated in law at the University of Bologna in 1877, and participated in the Scapigliatura movement with the most important artists of the period in Milan. Turati became interested in politics, being attracted to the democratic movement before joining the more specific socialist groups.

In 1886, Turati wrote the words of the Workers' Hymn, a popular socialist anthem that was set to music by Amintore Galli,[1] and is considered among the most significant historic songs of the Italian workers' movement.[1][2] By this time, Turati was associated with the Milanese Socialist League, a supporting group of Costantino Lazzari's Italian Workers' Party. Turati was reluctant to compose the anthem, but was persuaded by his mother, Adele.[1] He was ashamed of the final text, and promised Lazzari, who commissioned it, that he would rewrite it, but Lazzari accepted it.[1][3] The anthem was published on 7 March 1886 in Milanese newspaper La Farfalla,[1][4] crediting Turati.[1] Despite the anthem's success, Turati later called the anthem "a juvenile poetic sin",[1][5] retorting in his 1898 trial:[3]

They have put me on trial so many times for those verses as incitements for class hatred. Instead, they should have sentenced me to death for inciting a crime against Poetry.

His most important sociological work of this period is Il Delitto e la Questione Sociale, in which he examines how social conditions affect crime. He met Anna Kulischov while working on a survey of social conditions in Naples. Kulischov was an exile from Russia who had become the companion of Andrea Costa, an Anarchist leader – when she converted to non-Anarchist Socialism, Costa followed, sending an important letter to his anarchist comrades in which he abandoned the movement. Kulischov and Costa had split by the time she met Turati. The two immediately fell in love, and lived together until her death in 1925.

In France, Turati had a close relationship with the Italian lawyer Giuseppe Leti (1866–1939), former head of the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite national Freemasonry who resided in France from 1929 to 1937. Leti was familiar with other Italian anti-fascist politicians such as Francesco Saverio Nitti, Alberto Cianca, Pietro Nenni, Emanuele Modigliani and Emilio Lussu.[6]

Socialist Party

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Filippo Turati during 1890s

Turati and Anna Kulischov were the most instrumental intellectuals involved in the founding of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1892 (it took that name in 1895). They were reformists, believing that Socialism would come about gradually, primarily through action in the Italian Parliament, labour organization, and education, spreading their ideas through their journal Critica Sociale – a review founded by their friend Arcangelo Ghisleri under the title Cuore e Critica. It was the most influential Marxist review in Italy before World War I. Shut down by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, it was reestablished after World War II and is still in print.

In the years following the party's foundation, the Italian government attempted to suppress it. Turati advocated alliances with other Italian democratic forces, meant to defeat the government's reactionary policies, and to advance left-wing causes. In 1898 Turati was arrested and charged with being the inspirator of the popular riot that broke out in the whole country against the rise of the bread price. He was freed the following year.

Under Prime Minister Luigi Pelloux, the country was governed by highly conservative politicians who were met with stiff resistance from the left, and in 1899 they were defeated thanks in large part to the PSI's policies. In 1901, Giuseppe Zanardelli, a Liberal, became Prime Minister – accompanied by Giovanni Giolitti as the Minister of the Interior – Giolitti who would dominate Italian politics until 1915. This Liberal cabinet risked losing a vote in Parliament, with the possibility that a more conservative politician, Sidney Sonnino, would come to power; Turati urged that the Socialist deputies vote for the Zanardelli government. When the party Directorate refused to sanction the vote, he convinced the deputies to do so anyway.

The vote brought the incipient split in the party between right and left wings to a head, even if the Liberal government had allowed workers the right to strike, and despite the fact that the subsequent strike wave resulted in improved conditions in industry and on the land. Between 1901 and 1906, power in the party seesawed between the Turati-led reformists and the revolutionaries under various leaders. After 1906, splits surfaced among the reformists themselves. In 1912, as a result of the Socialist reaction against the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), revolutionaries took over the party. Benito Mussolini, one of their leaders, became editor of the party newspaper Avanti!; Turati opposed Mussolini, but proved unable to dislodge him. He had opposed the conflict, and would oppose Italy's entrance into World War I – while Mussolini moved to an irredentist position (and came to be expelled from the PSI after arguing for Italy to join the Entente Powers). Despite the fact that he was a pacifist in June 1918 he strongly supported the Italian Army that was fighting the Battle of Solstizio.[7]

Opposition to Fascism

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An official portrait of Turati

Following World War I, Mussolini created the paramilitary Fasces of Revolutionary Action, then renamed Fasces of Italian Combat in 1919 and finally National Fascist Party in 1921, and he came to power in 1922 (after the March on Rome). Filippo Turati and Anna Kulischov, who knew Mussolini well, were major opponents of fascism, and lived under constant surveillance and threats. In a series of prescient speeches, Turati argued that the new revolutionary program adopted by the PSI in 1919 would lead to disaster, and he advocated political alliances with other opponents of Fascism. This policy was rejected and the PSI split in 1921, with the formation of the Communist Party of Italy. In 1922, Turati's group was expelled and a new group, the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), was established. In 1924, Turati's disciple and Secretary of the PSU, Giacomo Matteotti, was assassinated by Mussolini's Ceka; this seminal event prompted Mussolini to formalize his dictatorship between 1925 and 1926.

Turati with Claudio Treves and Carlo Rosselli in Paris

In 1926, Turati fled Italy in a dramatic escape to France – aided by Riccardo Bauer,[8] Carlo Rosselli, Ferruccio Parri, Sandro Pertini (the future President of the Italian Republic) and Adriano Olivetti, of the eponymous typewriter company. In Paris, he was the soul of the non-Communist anti-fascist resistance, travelling across Europe and alerting democrats to the Fascist danger – which he saw as a phenomenon with far-reaching consequences. He died in the French capital in March 1932.

After World War II, Turati's remains were transferred to Milan's Cimitero Monumentale, where he was buried next to Anna Kulischov.

In the Florestano Vancini film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), Turati is played by Gastone Moschin.

Electoral history

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Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
(1896)[a] Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 2,200 checkY Elected
1897[b] Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 2,564 checkY Elected
(1899)[c] Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 4,343 checkY Elected
(1899) Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 4,346 checkY Elected
1900 Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 5,883 checkY Elected
1904 Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 4,572 checkY Elected
1909 Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 5,225 checkY Elected
1913 Chamber of Deputies Milan V PSI 13,506 checkY Elected
1919 Chamber of Deputies Milan PSI — checkY Elected
1921 Chamber of Deputies Milan PSI — checkY Elected
1924 Chamber of Deputies Milan PSU — checkY Elected
Notes
  1. ^ By-election.
  2. ^ Declared void.
  3. ^ Declared void.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Bosio, Gianni; Coggiola, Franco (1972) [15 November 1972]. "Il Canto dei lavoratori: Inno del Partito Operaio Italiano (testo di Filippo Turati, musica di Amintore Galli)" [The Workers' Hymn: Anthem of the Italian Workers' Party (text by Filippo Turati, music by Amintore Galli)]. Il Bosco degli alberi: Storia d'Italia dall'Unità ad oggi attraverso il giudizio delle classi popolari [The Forest of Trees: The History of Italy from Unification to Today through the Judgment of Popular Classes] (PDF) (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Milan: Edizioni del Gallo. pp. 37–46. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  2. ^ Montemaggi, Andrea. "L' "Inno dei Lavoratori" nell'immaginario collettivo dell'epoca" [The "Workers' Hymn" in the collective imagination of the time]. montemaggi.it (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b Montemaggi, Andrea (19 May 2020). "Amintore Galli e l'Inno dei Lavoratori" [Amintore Galli and the Workers' Hymn]. Rimini Sparita APS (in Italian). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  4. ^ Vullo, Salvatore (30 April 2020). "Inno dei lavoratori" [The Workers' Hymn]. Pannunzio Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ^ "2. 1894: «Il riscatto del lavoro dei suoi figli opra sarà; o vivremo del lavoro o pugnando si morrà» | Archivio di Stato di Bologna" [2. 1894: "The redemption of labour will be the work of its children: either we shall live by labour or by fighting, we shall die."]. Archivio di Stato di Bologna e Sezione di Imola. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Fondi archivistici per la storia della massoneria in Italia. Dalle origini fino al 1925" [Archivistic funds for the history of Freemasonry in Italy. From the origins until 1925] (PDF) (in Italian). Centro di Ricerche Storcihe sull Libera Muratoria. pp. 5–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018. intinto di pece massonic
  7. ^ "LA SPAVALDA OFFENSIVA E L' UMILIANTE 15 GIUGNO – IL PIAVE" (in Italian). Associazione incursori esercito. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  8. ^ "Bauer, Riccardo" (in Italian). Digital Library. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Filippo Turati.
  • Di Scala, Spencer (1980). Dilemmas of Italian Socialism: the Politics of Filippo Turati. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Amherst Press.
  • James E. Miller (1975), Reformism and Party Organization: the Italian Socialist Party, 1900-1914, Il Politico, no. 1, 102-126
  • Turati, Filippo (1913). Il delitto e la questione sociale: appunti sulla questione penale. La Contro-corrente.
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