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An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) and an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).^[1] Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience. In principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM, because decreasing payload mass can increase the range over the ICBM threshold. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. Missile Defense Agency.

History

The progenitor for the IRBM was the A4b rocket, winged for increased range and based on the famous V-2, Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called A4, rocket designed by Wernher von Braun. The V-2 was widely used by Nazi Germany at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the A9/A10 rocket. The goal of the program was to build a missile capable of hitting New York, when launched from France or Spain (see Amerika Bomber).^[2]

A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945.^[2] All of these rockets used liquid propellant. The A4b used an inertial guidance system, while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile launch pad.

Following World War II, von Braun and other lead Nazi scientists were secretly transferred to the United States, to work directly for the U.S. Army through Operation Paperclip, developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States.^{[citation needed]}

IRBMs are currently^[when?] operated by the People's Republic of China, India,^[3]^[4] Israel, North Korea,^[5] and Russia.^[6]^[7] The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France were former operators.^{[citation needed]}

Nomenclature

There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and a medium range (MRBM) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs, in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a theatre ballistic missile.^{[citation needed]}

Specific IRBMs

**IRBMs**
Date ^*D	Model	Range km	Maximum km	Country
1959	PGM-17 Thor	2,400	3,000	United States, United Kingdom
Cancelled	Blue Streak	3,700		United Kingdom
1962	R-14 Chusovaya (SS-5)	3,700		Soviet Union
1970	DF-3A	4,000	5,000	China, Saudi Arabia
1976	RSD-10 Pioneer (SS-20)	5,500		Soviet Union
1980	S3 (missile)	3,500		France
2004	DF-25	3,200	4,000	China
2006	Agni-III	3,500	5,000	India
2007	DF-26	3,500	5,000	China
2007	Shahab-5	4,000	4,300 (not proven)	Iran
2010	Hwasong-10/RD-B Musudan	2,500	4,000 (not proven)	North Korea^[8]
2010	K-4^[9]	3,500		India
2011	Agni-IV	4,000		India
2017	Hwasong-12/KN-17	3,700	6,000	North Korea
2023	Hyunmoo-5	3,000	5,500	South Korea
2024	Hwasong-16b	600-650 (U.S./ROK telemetry) 1000 (DPRK claimed)	unknown	North Korea
2024	Oreshnik	unknown	unknown	Russia^[6]

References

^ Wragg, David W. (1974). A Dictionary of Aviation (1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 166. ISBN 0-85045-163-9.
^ ^a ^b "Die geflügelte Rakete (A7, A9, A4b) (in German)". V2werk-oberraderach.de. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
^ "Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^ "Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial". The Times of India. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^ "North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program" (PDF). National Committee on North Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
^ ^a ^b "Ukraine war latest: Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
^ "Putin says Russia struck Ukraine's Dnipro with new experimental ballistic missile". Meduza. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
^ "Ballistic Missiles of the World". MissileThreat. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
^ "India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad with K-4 SLBM Test".

[1] Wragg, David W. (1974). A Dictionary of Aviation (1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 166. ISBN 0-85045-163-9.

[v2werk-oberraderach-2] "Die geflügelte Rakete (A7, A9, A4b) (in German)". V2werk-oberraderach.de. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-15.

[3] "Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-25.

[4] "Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial". The Times of India. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-03-25.

[5] "North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program" (PDF). National Committee on North Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-04-01.

[bbcrussiairbm-6] "Ukraine war latest: Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-11-21.

[7] "Putin says Russia struck Ukraine's Dnipro with new experimental ballistic missile". Meduza. Retrieved 2024-11-21.

[mt-8] "Ballistic Missiles of the World". MissileThreat. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved 2011-07-15.

[9] "India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad with K-4 SLBM Test".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km}}
 {{Redirect|LRBM|the airport using that [[ICAO]] code|Baia Mare Airport}}
+{{Distinguish|Medium-range ballistic missile}}
 {{Refimprove|date=June 2022}}
+[[File:Agni-IV 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Agni-IV missile being launched from [[Abdul Kalam Island|Wheeler Island]], [[Odisha]].]]
-[[Image:MRBM-IRBM.jpg|thumb|right|300px|IRBM and MRBM missiles.]]
-An '''intermediate-range ballistic missile''' ('''IRBM''') is a [[ballistic missile]] with a [[range (aeronautics)|range]]  of 3,000–5,500&nbsp;km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM) and an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM). Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience; in principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM, because decreasing payload mass can increase range over ICBM threshold. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. [[Missile Defense Agency]]. Some other sources include an additional category, the '''long-range ballistic missile''' ('''LRBM'''), to describe missiles with a range between IRBMs and true ICBMs. The more modern term [[theatre ballistic missile]] encompasses MRBMs and SRBMs, including any ballistic missile with a range under {{convert|3500|km|0|abbr=on}}.
+An '''intermediate-range ballistic missile''' ('''IRBM''') is a [[ballistic missile]] with a [[range (aeronautics)|range]]  of 3,000–5,500&nbsp;km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM) and an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=0-85045-163-9 |publisher=Frederick Fell, Inc. |publication-place=New York |date=1974 |edition=1st American |page=166}}</ref> Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience. In principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM, because decreasing payload mass can increase the range over the ICBM threshold. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. [[Missile Defense Agency]].
-The progenitor for the IRBM was the [[A4b]] winged rocket, based on the V-2 (officially called A4) rocket used by [[Nazi Germany]] at the end of [[World War II]].
 ==History==
-The progenitor for the IRBM was the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A4b/A9|A4b rocket]] winged for increased range and based on the famous [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] (Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called [[Aggregate series|A4]]) rocket designed by [[Wernher von Braun]]; the V-2 was widely used by [[Nazi Germany]] at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A9|A9/A10]] rocket. The goal of the program was to build a missile capable of bombarding New York when launched in France or Spain (see [[Amerika Bomber#Winged rockets|Amerika Bomber]]). A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945.<ref name="v2werk-oberraderach">{{cite web |url=http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |title=Die geflügelte Rakete ( A7, A9, A4b ) (in German) |publisher=V2werk-oberraderach.de |access-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111841/http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> All of these rockets used [[liquid propellant]]. The A4b used an [[inertial guidance system]], while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile [[launch pad]].
+The progenitor for the IRBM was the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A4b/A9|A4b rocket]], winged for increased range and based on the famous [[V-2 rocket|V-2]], Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called [[Aggregate series|A4]], rocket designed by [[Wernher von Braun]]. The V-2 was widely used by [[Nazi Germany]] at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A9|A9/A10]] rocket. The goal of the program was to build a missile capable of hitting New York, when launched from France or Spain (see [[Amerika Bomber#Winged rockets|Amerika Bomber]]).<ref name="v2werk-oberraderach"/>
+A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945.<ref name="v2werk-oberraderach">{{cite web |url=http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |title=Die geflügelte Rakete (A7, A9, A4b) (in German) |publisher=V2werk-oberraderach.de |access-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111841/http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> All of these rockets used [[liquid propellant]]. The A4b used an [[inertial guidance system]], while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile [[launch pad]].
-Following World War II von Braun and other lead [[Nazi]] scientists were secretly transferred to the United States to work directly for the U.S. Army through [[Operation Paperclip]] developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
+Following World War II, von Braun and other lead [[Nazi]] scientists were secretly transferred to the United States, to work directly for the U.S. Army through [[Operation Paperclip]], developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
-IRBMs are currently{{when?|date=June 2022}} operated by the People's Republic of China, India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|title=Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405175541/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|archive-date=2016-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|title=Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|archive-date=2016-01-21}}</ref> Israel, and North Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|title=North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program|website=National Committee on North Korea|access-date=2016-04-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222051359/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22}}</ref> The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France were former operators.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
+IRBMs are currently{{when?|date=June 2022}} operated by the People's Republic of China, India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|title=Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405175541/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|archive-date=2016-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|title=Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial |website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2015 |access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|archive-date=2016-01-21}}</ref> Israel, North Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|title=North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program|website=National Committee on North Korea|access-date=2016-04-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222051359/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22}}</ref> and Russia.<ref name=bbcrussiairbm>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c20726y20kvt?post=asset:47fd8644-8538-475d-a3cc-6f5714f0d191#post |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin says Russia struck Ukraine’s Dnipro with new experimental ballistic missile |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2024/11/21/putin-says-russia-struck-ukraine-s-dnipro-with-new-experimental-ballistic-missile |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref> The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France were former operators.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
 ==Nomenclature==
-There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and a medium range ([[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources will classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a [[theatre ballistic missile]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}
+There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and a medium range ([[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs, in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a [[theatre ballistic missile]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}
 ==Specific IRBMs==
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 ! class="wikitable sortable" | Country
  |-
- | 1959 || [[PGM-17 Thor]] || 1,900 || 2,400 || {{flagu|United States}}, {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
+ | 1959 || [[PGM-17 Thor]] || 2,400 || 3,000|| {{flagu|United States}}, {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
  |-
  | Cancelled || [[Blue Streak (missile)|Blue Streak]] || 3,700 || || {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
@@ Line 41: / Line 42: @@
  | 1976 || [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] (SS-20) || 5,500 || || {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
  |-
- | 1980 || [[S3 IRBM]] || 3,500 ||  || {{flagu|France}}
+ | 1980 || [[S3 (missile)]] || 3,500 ||  || {{flagu|France}}
  |-
  | 2004 || [[DF-25]] || 3,200 || 4,000 || {{flagu|China}}
@@ Line 49: / Line 50: @@
  | 2007 || [[DF-26]] || 3,500 || 5,000 || {{flagu|China}}
  |-
+ | 2007 ||[[Shahab-5]] || 4,000 || 4,300 (not proven) || {{flagu|Iran}}
- | 2010 || [[Hwasong-10|Hwasong-10/RD-B Musudan]] || 2,500 || 4,000 (not proven) || {{flagu|North Korea}}<ref name="mt">{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.com/missiles/agni-3/?country=india#india |title=Ballistic Missiles of the World |publisher=MissileThreat |access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
  |-
  |-
+ | 2010 || [[Hwasong-10|Hwasong-10/RD-B Musudan]] || 2,500 || 4,000 (not proven) || {{flagu|North Korea}}<ref name="mt">{{cite web |url=http://missilethreat.com/missiles/agni-3/?country=india#india |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140422195940/http://missilethreat.com/missiles/agni-3/?country=india%23india |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |title=Ballistic Missiles of the World |publisher=MissileThreat |access-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref>
- | 2011 || [[Agni-IV]] || 4,000 || || {{flagu|India}}
- |-
  |-
  | 2010 ||[[K-4 (missile)|K-4]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/|title = India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad with K-4 SLBM Test}}</ref>|| 3,500 ||
 || {{flagu|India}}
+|-
+| 2011 || [[Agni-IV]] || 4,000 || || {{flagu|India}}
 |-
  | 2017 ||[[Hwasong-12]]/[[KN-17]] || 3,700 || 6,000 || {{flagu|North Korea}}
 |-
-| 2007 ||[[Shahab-5]] || 4,000 || 4,300 || {{flagu|Iran}}
+| 2023 ||[[Hyunmoo]]-5 || 3,000 || 5,500 || {{flagu|South Korea}}
+|-
+| 2024 ||[[Hwasong-16b]] || 600-650 (U.S./ROK telemetry)
+(DPRK claimed)
+| unknown ||{{flagu|North Korea}}
+|-
+| 2024 || [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik]] || unknown || unknown || {{flagu|Russia}}<ref name=bbcrussiairbm />
+|-
 |}

v t e Types of missile
By platform	Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) Air-to-air missile (AAM) Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Ballistic missile Cruise missile Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) Shoulder-fired missile Standoff missile Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Surface-to-surface missile (SSM) Tactical ballistic missile (TBM)
By target type	Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Anti-radiation missile (ARM) Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) Anti-ship missile (AShM) Anti-submarine missile (ASuM) Anti-tank missile (ATGM) Land-attack missile (LAM) Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS)
By guidance	Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar homing (ARH) Semi-active radar homing (SARH) Passive radar Passive homing Track-via-missile (TVM) Anti-radiation Command guidance Command to line-of-sight (CLOS) Command off line of sight (COLOS) Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) Semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) Automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) Pursuit guidance Beam riding (LOSBR) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Global Positioning System (GPS) GLONASS Inertial guidance Astro-inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERCOM DSMAC Automatic target recognition (ATR) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Predicted line of sight (PLOS)
Lists	List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface-to-air missiles
See also: Sounding rocket

Latest revision as of 12:04, 27 November 2024

History

Nomenclature

Specific IRBMs

See also

References