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|nationality=Polish
|nationality=Polish
|birth_date={{birth date|1838|1|15}}
|birth_date={{birth date|1838|1|15}}
|birth_place=[[Radom]], [[Russian Empire]]
|birth_place=[[Radom]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1892|7|21|1838|1|15}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1892|7|21|1838|1|15}}
|death_place=[[Łódź]], Russian Empire
|death_place=[[Łódź]], Congress Poland, Russian Empire
|occupation=architect
|occupation=architect
|practice=[[Imperial Academy of Arts]], [[Sankt Petersburg]]
|practice=[[Imperial Academy of Arts]], [[Saint Petersburg]]
|significant_buildings=[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]]<br />Heinzl Palace<br />Grand Hotel in Łódź
|significant_buildings=[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]]<br />Heinzl Palace<br />[[Grand Hotel, Łódź|Grand Hotel in Łódź]]
|significant_projects=
|significant_projects=
|awards=
|awards=
}}
}}
'''Hilary Majewski''', (born 15 January 1838, [[Radom]] – died 21 July 1892, [[Łódź]]) was a [[Poles|Polish]] [[architect]], a representative of the 19th-century [[historicism (architecture)|historicism]]. Between 1872–1892, he served as the city architect of Łódź, [[Łódź Voivodeship|Central Poland]], and is regarded as one of the most prominent architects in the city's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3-s59-68/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3-s59-68.pdf |title="Włoska podróż" Hilarego Majewskiego |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
'''Hilary Majewski''', (<small>Polish pronunciation</small>: {{IPAc-pl|m|a|j|e|f|s|k|i}}, born 15 January 1838, [[Radom]] – died 21 July 1892, [[Łódź]]) was a [[Polish people|Polish]] [[architect]], a representative of the 19th-century [[historicism (architecture)|historicism]]. Between 1872–1892, he served as the city architect of Łódź, [[Łódź Voivodeship|Central Poland]], and is regarded as one of the most prominent architects in the city's history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3-s59-68/Sztuka_Europy_Wschodniej_B_Art_of_Eastern_Europe-r2015-t3-s59-68.pdf |title="Włoska podróż" Hilarego Majewskiego |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
He was born on 15 January 1838 in [[Radom]] to father Wincenty and mother Teofilia ''née'' Piątkowska. In the years 1859–1861 he studied at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in [[Sankt Petersburg]] and received his diploma in 1864. After completing his studies, he was granted a scholarship which allowed him to travel across Europe to countries like [[Italy]], [[France]], [[England]] and [[Bavaria]] where he acquired his aesthetic taste in architecture which he later used in his professional career as an architect.<ref>{{cite book |last=Budziarek |first=Marek |author-link= |date=2000 |title=Łodzianie |url= |location=Łódź |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literatura |pages=145–147 |isbn=83-88484-13-3}}</ref>
He was born on 15 January 1838 in [[Radom]] to father Wincenty and mother Teofilia ''née'' Piątkowska. In the years 1859–1861 he studied at the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] and received his diploma in 1864. After completing his studies, he was granted a scholarship which allowed him to travel across Europe to countries like [[Italy]], [[France]], [[England]] and [[Bavaria]] where he acquired his aesthetic taste in architecture which he later used in his professional career as an architect.<ref>{{cite book |last=Budziarek |first=Marek |date=2000 |title=Łodzianie |location=Łódź |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literatura |pages=145–147 |isbn=83-88484-13-3}}</ref>


He served as the chief architect in the Radom District and then established his own architecture studio in [[Warsaw]]. In 1872, he accepted the position of the City Architect of Łódź and fulfilled this role until his death.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Knichowiecki |first=Bolesław |date=1892 |title=Z miasta. Pogrzeb |url= |magazine=Dziennik Łódzki |location=Łódź |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rynkowska |first=Anna |author-link= |date=1970 |title=Ulica Piotrkowska |url= |location=Łódź |publisher=Wydawnictwo Łódzkie |page=118 |isbn=978-83-939822-4-0}}</ref>
He served as the chief architect in the Radom District and then established his own architecture studio in [[Warsaw]]. In 1872, he accepted the position of the City Architect of Łódź and fulfilled this role until his death.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Knichowiecki |first=Bolesław |date=1892 |title=Z miasta. Pogrzeb |magazine=Dziennik Łódzki |location=Łódź }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rynkowska |first=Anna |date=1970 |title=Ulica Piotrkowska |location=Łódź |publisher=Wydawnictwo Łódzkie |page=118 |isbn=978-83-939822-4-0}}</ref>


Majewski was a very prolific architect and is considered the most renowned architect of the city of Łódź. He was the author of 546 projects which he signed with his name, though a few of them were created in collaboration with other architects. He designed villas, private residences, palaces, [[tenement house]]s and supervised the construction of factories, bridges and roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> He designed many townhouses along the city's longest [[thoroughfare]], the [[Piotrkowska Street]]. He also designed his own house along the Kamienna Street 11 (currently Włókiennicza Street).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kultura.lodz.pl/pl/poi/1102 |title=Dom architekta Hilarego Majewskiego w Łodzi |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/1,35136,21295823,pasaz-majewskiego-i-wielka-metamorfoza-wlokienniczej-wizualizacje.html |title=Pasaż Majewskiego i wielka metamorfoza Włókienniczej |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
Majewski was a very prolific architect and is considered the most renowned architect of the city of Łódź. He was the author of 546 projects which he signed with his name, though a few of them were created in collaboration with other architects. He designed villas, private residences, palaces, [[tenement house]]s and supervised the construction of factories, bridges and roads.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913194249/http://www.archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski |url-status=dead }}</ref> He designed many townhouses along the city's longest [[thoroughfare]], the [[Piotrkowska Street]]. He also designed his own house along the Kamienna Street 11 (currently Włókiennicza Street).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kultura.lodz.pl/pl/poi/1102 |title=Dom architekta Hilarego Majewskiego w Łodzi |access-date=4 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/1,35136,21295823,pasaz-majewskiego-i-wielka-metamorfoza-wlokienniczej-wizualizacje.html |title=Pasaż Majewskiego i wielka metamorfoza Włókienniczej |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>


In 1889, he was awarded the [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] (Class II)<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chomętowski |first=Antoni |date=1889 |title=Wiadomości bieżące. Odznaczenia |url= |magazine=Dziennik Łódzki |location=Łódź |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref> and in 1890, he received the [[Order of Saint Anna]] (Class II).
In 1889, he was awarded the [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] (Class II)<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chomętowski |first=Antoni |date=1889 |title=Wiadomości bieżące. Odznaczenia |magazine=Dziennik Łódzki |location=Łódź }}</ref> and in 1890, he received the [[Order of Saint Anna]] (Class II).


==Selected projects==
==Selected projects==
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[[File:Łódź Manufaktura (restaurants).jpg|thumb|[[Manufaktura]], 2006]]
[[File:Łódź Manufaktura (restaurants).jpg|thumb|[[Manufaktura]], 2006]]
*Izrael Poznański Textile Factory, currently [[Andel's Hotel Łódź]], which is a part of [[Manufaktura|Manufaktura Arts and Shopping Centre]], (1872–1892)
*Izrael Poznański Textile Factory, currently [[Andel's Hotel Łódź]], which is a part of [[Manufaktura|Manufaktura Arts and Shopping Centre]], (1872–1892)
*Grand Hotel, Piotrkowska Street 72, the building previously served as Ludwik Meyer's factory, it was re-adapted as a hotel in 1912–1913 according to a project by Majewski and [[Dawid Lande]], (1872–1887)
*[[Grand Hotel, Łódź|Grand Hotel]], Piotrkowska Street 72, the building previously served as Ludwik Meyer's factory, it was re-adapted as a hotel in 1912–1913 according to a project by Majewski and [[Dawid Lande]], (1872–1887)
*Franciszek Fischer House, Piotrowska Street 54, (1872–1876)
*Franciszek Fischer House, Piotrowska Street 54, (1872–1876)
*Matylda and Edward Herbst Villa, Przędzialniana Street 72, (1875–1877)
*Matylda and Edward Herbst Villa, Przędzialniana Street 72, (1875–1877)
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*[[Alexander Nevsky]] Orthodox Church, Widzewska Street 46, (currently [[Jan Kiliński]] Street 56), (1880–1884)
*[[Alexander Nevsky]] Orthodox Church, Widzewska Street 46, (currently [[Jan Kiliński]] Street 56), (1880–1884)
*Scheiblers' Townhouse, Piotrkowska Street 11, (1882)
*Scheiblers' Townhouse, Piotrkowska Street 11, (1882)
*Juliusz Heinzl Palace, currently the building houses the Łódź Town Hall, Piotrkowska Street 104, (1882)
*[[Juliusz Heinzl Palace]], currently the building houses the Łódź Town Hall, Piotrkowska Street 104, (1882)
*Ludwik Geyer Bank, (Dom Towarzystwa Akcyjnego Ludwika Geyera), Piotrkowska Street 74, (1882–1886)
*Ludwik Geyer Bank, (Dom Towarzystwa Akcyjnego Ludwika Geyera), Piotrkowska Street 74, (1882–1886)
*School Building at Nowy Rynek, currently the Archeological Museum of Łódź, Liberty Square 14, (1883–1886)
*School Building at Nowy Rynek, currently the Archeological Museum of Łódź, Liberty Square 14, (1883–1886)
Line 44: Line 44:
*Leonia and Izrael Poznański Hospital, Sterling Street 1/3, (1885–1890)
*Leonia and Izrael Poznański Hospital, Sterling Street 1/3, (1885–1890)
*Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, co-authored with Bronisław Żochowski, Piotrkowska Street 77, (1889–1892)
*Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, co-authored with Bronisław Żochowski, Piotrkowska Street 77, (1889–1892)
*Henryk Grohmann's Villa, currently the Museum of Artistic Books in Łódź, (1889)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
*Henryk Grohmann's Villa, currently the Museum of Artistic Books in Łódź, (1889)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913194249/http://www.archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Rudolf Keller Palace, Długa Street, (currently Gdańska Street 49/53), (1890)
*Rudolf Keller Palace, Długa Street, (currently Gdańska Street 49/53), (1890)
*Fire Station, Bishop Tymieniecki Street 30, (1891)
*Fire Station, Bishop Tymieniecki Street 30, (1891)
*Arnold Stiller Villa, [[Stefan Jaracz]] Street 45, (1891–1893)
*Arnold Stiller Villa, [[Stefan Jaracz]] Street 45, (1891–1893)
*Jakub Hertz Palace, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] Avenue 4, (1892–1893)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
*Jakub Hertz Palace, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] Avenue 4, (1892–1893)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski/ |title=Hilary Majewski |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913194249/http://www.archiwum.uml.lodz.pl/miasto/o_miescie/slynni_lodzianie/zasluzeni_dla_lodzi__fresk_przy_piotrkowskiej_71/hilary_majewski |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]], known as the "Louvre of Łódź", one of the most recognizable landmarks of the city, co-authored with Adolf Zeligson, it currently houses the Museum of the City of Łódź, Ogrodowa Street 15, (1898)
*[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]], known as the "Louvre of Łódź", one of the most recognizable landmarks of the city, co-authored with Adolf Zeligson, it currently houses the Museum of the City of Łódź, Ogrodowa Street 15, (1898)


Line 54: Line 54:
<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Łódź - Pałac Izraela Poznańskiego.jpg|[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]], Łódź
File:Łódź - Pałac Izraela Poznańskiego.jpg|[[Izrael Poznański's Palace]], Łódź
File:SM Łódź Cerkiew katedralna św Aleksandra Newskiego 2017 (1) ID 613040.jpg|Alexander Nevsky Orhodox Church, Łódź
File:SM Łódź Cerkiew katedralna św Aleksandra Newskiego 2017 (1) ID 613040.jpg|Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Church, Łódź
File:Kamienica Scheiblerów.jpg|Scheiblers' Townhouse, Łódź
File:Kamienica Scheiblerów.jpg|Scheiblers' Townhouse, Łódź
File:Grand Hotel old Lodz.jpg|Grand Hotel in the interwar period, Łódź
File:Grand Hotel old Lodz.jpg|[[Grand Hotel, Łódź|Grand Hotel]] in the interwar period, Łódź
File:Pałac Juliusza Heinzla 2.jpg|Town Hall, Łódź
File:Pałac Juliusza Heinzla 2.jpg|[[Juliusz Heinzl Palace|Town Hall, Łódź]]
File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 74 2017 (0) ID 613237.jpg|Ludwik Geyer Bank, Łódź
File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 74 2017 (0) ID 613237.jpg|Ludwik Geyer Bank, Łódź
File:Palac Maksymiliana Goldfedera Lodz.jpg|Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, Łódź
File:Palac Maksymiliana Goldfedera Lodz.jpg|Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, Łódź
Line 72: Line 72:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Majewski, Hilary}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Majewski, Hilary}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish architects]]
[[Category:People from Radom]]
[[Category:People from Radom]]
[[Category:Architects from Łódź‎]]
[[Category:Architects from Łódź]]
[[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]]

Latest revision as of 00:59, 26 November 2024

Hilary Majewski
Born(1838-01-15)January 15, 1838
Radom, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
DiedJuly 21, 1892(1892-07-21) (aged 54)
Łódź, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
NationalityPolish
Occupationarchitect
PracticeImperial Academy of Arts, Saint Petersburg
BuildingsIzrael Poznański's Palace
Heinzl Palace
Grand Hotel in Łódź

Hilary Majewski, (Polish pronunciation: [majɛfski], born 15 January 1838, Radom – died 21 July 1892, Łódź) was a Polish architect, a representative of the 19th-century historicism. Between 1872–1892, he served as the city architect of Łódź, Central Poland, and is regarded as one of the most prominent architects in the city's history.[1]

Life and career

[edit]

He was born on 15 January 1838 in Radom to father Wincenty and mother Teofilia née Piątkowska. In the years 1859–1861 he studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg and received his diploma in 1864. After completing his studies, he was granted a scholarship which allowed him to travel across Europe to countries like Italy, France, England and Bavaria where he acquired his aesthetic taste in architecture which he later used in his professional career as an architect.[2]

He served as the chief architect in the Radom District and then established his own architecture studio in Warsaw. In 1872, he accepted the position of the City Architect of Łódź and fulfilled this role until his death.[3][4]

Majewski was a very prolific architect and is considered the most renowned architect of the city of Łódź. He was the author of 546 projects which he signed with his name, though a few of them were created in collaboration with other architects. He designed villas, private residences, palaces, tenement houses and supervised the construction of factories, bridges and roads.[5] He designed many townhouses along the city's longest thoroughfare, the Piotrkowska Street. He also designed his own house along the Kamienna Street 11 (currently Włókiennicza Street).[6][7]

In 1889, he was awarded the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Class II)[8] and in 1890, he received the Order of Saint Anna (Class II).

Selected projects

[edit]
Izrael Poznański Factory, 1895
Manufaktura, 2006
  • Izrael Poznański Textile Factory, currently Andel's Hotel Łódź, which is a part of Manufaktura Arts and Shopping Centre, (1872–1892)
  • Grand Hotel, Piotrkowska Street 72, the building previously served as Ludwik Meyer's factory, it was re-adapted as a hotel in 1912–1913 according to a project by Majewski and Dawid Lande, (1872–1887)
  • Franciszek Fischer House, Piotrowska Street 54, (1872–1876)
  • Matylda and Edward Herbst Villa, Przędzialniana Street 72, (1875–1877)
  • Adolf Manteufel Hotel, Zachodnia Street 45, currently Medical University of Łódź, (1979)
  • City Credit Union Building (Towarzystwo Kredytowe Miejskie), Pomorska Street 21, (1878–1881)
  • Ludwik Grohmann's Villa, Średnia Street 17 (currently Pomorska Street 21), (1880–1882)
  • Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Church, Widzewska Street 46, (currently Jan Kiliński Street 56), (1880–1884)
  • Scheiblers' Townhouse, Piotrkowska Street 11, (1882)
  • Juliusz Heinzl Palace, currently the building houses the Łódź Town Hall, Piotrkowska Street 104, (1882)
  • Ludwik Geyer Bank, (Dom Towarzystwa Akcyjnego Ludwika Geyera), Piotrkowska Street 74, (1882–1886)
  • School Building at Nowy Rynek, currently the Archeological Museum of Łódź, Liberty Square 14, (1883–1886)
  • Trianon and Mignon Villas, Stanisław Moniuszko Street, (1884–1887)
  • Leonia and Izrael Poznański Hospital, Sterling Street 1/3, (1885–1890)
  • Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, co-authored with Bronisław Żochowski, Piotrkowska Street 77, (1889–1892)
  • Henryk Grohmann's Villa, currently the Museum of Artistic Books in Łódź, (1889)[9]
  • Rudolf Keller Palace, Długa Street, (currently Gdańska Street 49/53), (1890)
  • Fire Station, Bishop Tymieniecki Street 30, (1891)
  • Arnold Stiller Villa, Stefan Jaracz Street 45, (1891–1893)
  • Jakub Hertz Palace, Tadeusz Kościuszko Avenue 4, (1892–1893)[10]
  • Izrael Poznański's Palace, known as the "Louvre of Łódź", one of the most recognizable landmarks of the city, co-authored with Adolf Zeligson, it currently houses the Museum of the City of Łódź, Ogrodowa Street 15, (1898)
[edit]
  • Izrael Poznański's Palace, Łódź
    Izrael Poznański's Palace, Łódź
  • Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Church, Łódź
    Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Church, Łódź
  • Scheiblers' Townhouse, Łódź
    Scheiblers' Townhouse, Łódź
  • Grand Hotel in the interwar period, Łódź
    Grand Hotel in the interwar period, Łódź
  • Town Hall, Łódź
    Town Hall, Łódź
  • Ludwik Geyer Bank, Łódź
    Ludwik Geyer Bank, Łódź
  • Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, Łódź
    Maksymilian Goldfeder Palace, Łódź
  • Rudolf Keller Palace, Łódź
    Rudolf Keller Palace, Łódź
  • Arnold Stiller Villa, Łódź
    Arnold Stiller Villa, Łódź
  • Jakub Hertz Palace, Łódź
    Jakub Hertz Palace, Łódź
  • TKM Building, Łódź
    TKM Building, Łódź
  • Leonia and Izrael Poznański Hospital, Łódź
    Leonia and Izrael Poznański Hospital, Łódź

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ""Włoska podróż" Hilarego Majewskiego" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  2. ^ Budziarek, Marek (2000). Łodzianie. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Literatura. pp. 145–147. ISBN 83-88484-13-3.
  3. ^ Knichowiecki, Bolesław (1892). "Z miasta. Pogrzeb". Dziennik Łódzki. Łódź.
  4. ^ Rynkowska, Anna (1970). Ulica Piotrkowska. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Łódzkie. p. 118. ISBN 978-83-939822-4-0.
  5. ^ "Hilary Majewski". Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Dom architekta Hilarego Majewskiego w Łodzi". Retrieved 4 April 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ "Pasaż Majewskiego i wielka metamorfoza Włókienniczej". Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  8. ^ Chomętowski, Antoni (1889). "Wiadomości bieżące. Odznaczenia". Dziennik Łódzki. Łódź.
  9. ^ "Hilary Majewski". Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Hilary Majewski". Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
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