Jump to content

1825 in science: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
OAbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
439,234 edits
m Open access bot: doi added to citation with #oabot.
m →Deaths: typo
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1825|science}}
{{Year nav topic5|1825|science}}
{{Science year nav|1825}}


The year '''1825 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.
The year '''1825 [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.


==Astronomy==
==Astronomy==
* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] completes his study of [[gravitation]], the stability of the solar system, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the [[libration]] of the Moon, and [[Saturn]]'s rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of ''Mécanique Céleste'' (Celestial Mechanics).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=June 1829|title=Art. III.&mdash;''Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par'' M. Le Marquis De Laplace, ''Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime.'' Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNYRAAAAYAAJ|journal=American Quarterly Review|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Carey, Lea & Carey|volume=V|issue=X|pages=310|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] completes his study of [[gravitation]], the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the [[libration]] of the Moon, and [[Saturn]]'s rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of ''Mécanique Céleste'' (Celestial Mechanics).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1829|title=Art. III.&mdash;''Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par'' M. Le Marquis De Laplace, ''Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime.'' Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNYRAAAAYAAJ|journal=American Quarterly Review|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Carey, Lea & Carey|volume=V|issue=X|pages=310|via=Google Books}}</ref>


==Biology==
==Biology==
* [[Richard Harlan]] publishes ''Fauna Americana''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=January 1826|title=Harlan's Fauna Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daNKAAAAcAAJ|journal=The North American Review|publisher=Frederick T. Gray|volume=XXII|issue=L|pages=120&ndash;136|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Richard Harlan]] publishes ''Fauna Americana''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 1826|title=Harlan's Fauna Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daNKAAAAcAAJ|journal=The North American Review|publisher=Frederick T. Gray|volume=XXII|issue=L|pages=120&ndash;136|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Charles Waterton]] publishes ''Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history''.
* [[Charles Waterton]] publishes ''Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history''.
* [[Cox's Orange Pippin]] [[apple]] [[cultivar]] first grown, at [[Colnbrook]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]], by [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] and retired [[Brewing|brewer]] [[Richard Cox (horticulturist)|Richard Cox]].
* [[Cox's Orange Pippin]] [[apple]] [[cultivar]] first grown, at [[Colnbrook]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]], by [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] and retired [[Brewing|brewer]] [[Richard Cox (horticulturist)|Richard Cox]].


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
* [[Michael Faraday]] isolates [[benzene]] as ''Bicarburet of Hydrogen''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Faraday|first=M.|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k559209/f473.image|title=On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]|volume=115|date=1825-06-16|pages=440–466|doi=10.1098/rstl.1825.0022|jstor=107752|accessdate=2012-09-25|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=R.|last=Kaiser|title='Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968|journal=[[Angewandte Chemie]]|edition=International|volume=7|issue=5|year=1968|pages=345–350|doi=10.1002/anie.196803451}}</ref>
* [[Michael Faraday]] isolates [[benzene]] as ''Bicarburet of Hydrogen''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Faraday|first=M.|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k559209/f473.image|title=On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]|volume=115|date=1825-06-16|pages=440–466|doi=10.1098/rstl.1825.0022|jstor=107752|access-date=2012-09-25|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=R.|last=Kaiser|title='Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968|journal=[[Angewandte Chemie]]|edition=International|volume=7|issue=5|year=1968|pages=345–350|doi=10.1002/anie.196803451}}</ref>
* [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] reduces [[aluminium chloride]] to produce metallic [[aluminium]] in an impure form.
* [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] reduces [[aluminium chloride]] to produce metallic [[aluminium]] in an impure form.
* [[Friedrich Wöhler]] and [[Justus von Liebig]] perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of [[isomers]], earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure.<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler|title=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|work=Science History Institute|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=
* [[Friedrich Wöhler]] and [[Justus von Liebig]] perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of [[isomers]], earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure.<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler|title=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|work=Science History Institute|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/83 83–87]}}</ref>
Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/83 83–87]}}</ref>


==Earth sciences==
==Earth sciences==
* July – [[Volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Guntur]] in [[West Java]].
* July – [[Volcanic eruption]] of [[Mount Guntur]] in [[West Java]].
* [[George Julius Poulett Scrope|G. Poulett Scrope]] publishes ''Considerations on Volcanoes'', the first systematic work on [[volcanology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Julius-Poulett-Scrope|title=Scrope, George Julius Poulett|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|year=2009|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[George Julius Poulett Scrope|G. Poulett Scrope]] publishes ''Considerations on Volcanoes'', the first systematic work on [[volcanology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Julius-Poulett-Scrope|title=Scrope, George Julius Poulett|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|year=2009|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>


==Mathematics==
==Mathematics==
* [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] presents the [[Cauchy integral theorem]] for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative.
* [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] presents the [[Cauchy integral theorem]] for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative.
* Augustin-Louis Cauchy introduces the theory of residues in [[complex analysis]].
* Augustin-Louis Cauchy introduces the theory of residues in [[complex analysis]].
* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] and [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] prove [[Fermat's last theorem]] for ''n = 5''.
* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] and [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] prove [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] for ''n = 5''.
* [[André-Marie Ampère]] discovers [[Stokes' theorem]].
* [[André-Marie Ampère]] discovers [[Stokes' theorem]].
* [[Benjamin Gompertz]] formulates the [[Gompertz function]].
* [[Benjamin Gompertz]] formulates the [[Gompertz function]].
Line 33: Line 34:
==Paleontology==
==Paleontology==
* [[Georges Cuvier]] proposes his [[catastrophism|catastrophe theory]] as the cause of [[extinction]]s of large groups of animals.
* [[Georges Cuvier]] proposes his [[catastrophism|catastrophe theory]] as the cause of [[extinction]]s of large groups of animals.
* [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] identifies Cuvier's fossil `[[crocodile]]´ as a [[teleosaurus]].
* [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] identifies Cuvier's fossil '[[crocodile]]' as a [[teleosaurus]].


==Technology==
==Technology==
* August – The [[wire]]-[[Wire rope|cable]] [[suspension bridge]] between [[Tournon-sur-Rhône]] and [[Tain-l'Hermitage]], designed by [[Marc Seguin]], opens.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog|title=A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress|last=Drewry|first=Charles Stewart|year=1832|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog/page/n128 110]–114|accessdate=2011-04-18}}</ref>
* August – The [[wire]]-[[Wire rope|cable]] [[suspension bridge]] between [[Tournon-sur-Rhône]] and [[Tain-l'Hermitage]], designed by [[Marc Seguin]], opens.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog|title=A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress|last=Drewry|first=Charles Stewart|year=1832|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog/page/n128 110]–114|access-date=2011-04-18}}</ref>
* September 27 – The world's longest railway to be worked by [[steam locomotive]]s at this date, the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], opens in [[northern England]].
* September 27 – The world's longest railway to be worked by [[steam locomotive]]s at this date, the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], opens in [[northern England]].
* October 26 – The [[Erie Canal]] officially opens over {{convert|363|mi|km}} from [[Albany, New York]], to [[Lake Erie]].<ref>{{citation|title=The Story of the New York State Canals|first=Roy G.|last=Finch|year=1925|accessdate=2012-09-25|publisher=New York State Canal Corporation|url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
* October 26 – The [[Erie Canal]] officially opens over {{convert|363|mi|km}} from [[Albany, New York]], to [[Lake Erie]].<ref>{{citation|title=The Story of the New York State Canals|first=Roy G.|last=Finch|year=1925|access-date=2012-09-25|publisher=New York State Canal Corporation|url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
* [[English people|English]] inventor [[William Sturgeon]] describes the first [[electromagnet]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=William|last1=Gee|first2=Frank A. J. L.|last2=James|title=Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)|journal=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26748|accessdate=2012-01-05|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26748}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
* [[English people|English]] inventor [[William Sturgeon]] describes the first [[electromagnet]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=William|last1=Gee|first2=Frank A. J. L.|last2=James|title=Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)|journal=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26748|access-date=2012-01-05|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26748}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* December 19 – First of the annual [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]] in London, which will continue for two centuries.


==Awards==
==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[François Arago]]; [[Peter Barlow (mathematician)|Peter Barlow]]
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[François Arago]]; [[Peter Barlow (mathematician)|Peter Barlow]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


==Births==
==Births==
Line 57: Line 61:


==Deaths==
==Deaths==
* April 19 – [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] (born [[1752 in science|1752]]), Swiss [[scientific journalist]] and [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|title=Biographical Index, Part Two|last=|first=|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|year=|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|series=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783&ndash;2002|location=|pages=736}}</ref>
* April 19 – [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] (born [[1752 in science|1752]]), Swiss [[scientific journalist]] and [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|title=Biographical Index, Part Two|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|series=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783&ndash;2002|pages=736|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* June – [[William Higgins (chemist)|William Higgins]] (born [[1763 in science|1763]]), Irish [[chemist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Higgins.aspx|title=William Higgins|website=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref>
* June – [[William Higgins (chemist)|William Higgins]] (born [[1763 in science|1763]]), Irish [[chemist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/William_Higgins.aspx|title=William Higgins|website=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
* July 25 – [[John Gough (natural philosopher)|John Gough]] (born [[1757 in science|1757]]), blind English [[natural philosopher]].
* July 25 – [[John Gough (natural philosopher)|John Gough]] (born [[1757 in science|1757]]), blind English [[natural philosopher]].
* October 6 – [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Bernard Germain Étienne]] (born [[1756 in science|1756]]), French [[natural history|naturalist]].
* October 6 – [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Bernard Germain Étienne]] (born [[1756 in science|1756]]), French [[natural history|naturalist]].
* [[Maria Angela Ardinghelli]] (born [[1730 in science|1730]]), Italian mathematician and physicist.
* [[Maria Angela Ardinghelli]] (born [[1730 in science|1730]]), Italian mathematician and physicist.
* [[John Templeton (botanist)|John Templeton]] (born [[1766 in science|1766]]), "father of Irish botany".


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:16, 24 November 2024

List of years in science (table)
+...
1825 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related

The year 1825 science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

[edit]
  • Pierre-Simon Laplace completes his study of gravitation, the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the libration of the Moon, and Saturn's rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics).[1]

Biology

[edit]

Chemistry

[edit]

Earth sciences

[edit]

Mathematics

[edit]

Medicine

[edit]

Paleontology

[edit]

Technology

[edit]

Institutions

[edit]

Awards

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Art. III.—Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par M. Le Marquis De Laplace, Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime. Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420". American Quarterly Review. V (X). Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey: 310. June 1829 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Harlan's Fauna Americana". The North American Review. XXII (L). Frederick T. Gray: 120–136. January 1826 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Faraday, M. (1825-06-16). "On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
  4. ^ Kaiser, R. (1968). "'Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie. 7 (5) (International ed.): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.
  5. ^ "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute. June 2016.
  6. ^ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83–87. ISBN 9780941901123.
  7. ^ "Scrope, George Julius Poulett". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  8. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu; Needham, Joseph (1980). Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–7. ISBN 978-0-521-21513-8.
  9. ^ Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. pp. 110–114. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  10. ^ Finch, Roy G. (1925), The Story of the New York State Canals (PDF), New York State Canal Corporation, retrieved 2012-09-25
  11. ^ Gee, William; James, Frank A. J. L. (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748. Retrieved 2012-01-05. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  12. ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  13. ^ Biographical Index, Part Two (PDF). Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. p. 736. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
  14. ^ "William Higgins". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1825_in_science&oldid=1259391555"