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{{Short description|Sri Lankan Sufi mystic and spiritual leader (d. 1986)}}
{{Infobox philosopher<!-- Philosopher category -->
{{Infobox philosopher<!-- Philosopher category -->
|region = Sri Lanka, United States
|region = Sri Lanka, United States
|era = 20th century
|era = 20th century
|color = #B0C4DE
<!-- Information -->
<!-- Information -->
| name = Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
| name = Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
| image = Bawa-Portrait-small.JPG
| image = Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen.png
| size = 200px
| birth_date = May 17, 1917
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| birth_place = Sri Lanka
| death_date = December 8, 1986
| death_date = December 8th, 1986
| death_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_place = Philadelphia, United States
| school_tradition =[[Sufism]]
}}
}}


'''Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen''' (died December 8, 1986) was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking teacher<ref>Malik and Hinnells, p. 90.</ref> and [[Sufism|Sufi]] mystic from the island of [[Sri Lanka]] who first came to the United States on October 11, 1971<ref>''Divine Luminous Wisdom'', p. 254.</ref> and established the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship in Philadelphia. From Philadelphia, with its approximately 1,000 followers,<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 93">Malik and Hinnells, p. 93.</ref> branches of the Fellowship have spread throughout the United States and Canada,<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 93" /> as well as Australia and the UK. Societies of followers were already in Jaffna and Colombo,<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91">Malik and Hinnells, p. 91.</ref> Sri Lanka, before his arrival in the USA. He is considered to be one of the few known [[Muslim saint]]s to be buried in the United States.
'''Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen''' (died December 8, 1986), also known as ''Bawa'', was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking teacher<ref>Malik and Hinnells, p. 90.</ref> and [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] from [[Sri Lanka]] who came to the United States in 1971,<ref>''Divine Luminous Wisdom'', p. 254.</ref> established a following, and founded the ''Bawa [[Mohyeddin|Muhaiyaddeen]] Fellowship'' in [[Philadelphia]]. He developed branches in the United States, Canada,<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 93">Malik and Hinnells, p. 93.</ref> Australia and the UK &mdash; adding to existing groups in [[Jaffna]] and [[Colombo]],<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91">Malik and Hinnells, p. 91.</ref> Sri Lanka. He is known for his teachings, discourses, songs, and artwork.

⚫
Bawa established [[vegetarianism]] as the norm for his followers<ref>''God, His Prophets and His Children'', pgs. 150–157</ref> and meat products are not permitted at the legacy fellowship center or farm.<ref>Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site Farm page</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
According to the older Sri Lankan students, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen emerged from the jungles of that country in the early 1940s and met pilgrims who were visiting shrines in the north. Reports of dreams or mystical meetings that preceded a 'physical' meeting by these early students were not uncommon.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" /> According to an account from the 1940s, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen had spent time in '[[Kataragama]]', a jungle shrine in the south of the island, and in 'Jailani', a cliff shrine dedicated to '[[Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]] of Baghdad. His association with that Shaikh indicates his connection to the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]] order of Sufism.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" /> Many of his followers who lived around the northern town of Jaffna were Hindus and addressed him as swami or guru. His role was often as healer of both medical and spiritual illnesses, including curing demonic possession.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" />
Though little is known of his early personal life, Bawa ''[[Mohyeddin|Muhaiyaddeen]]''<nowiki/>'s public career began in Sri Lanka in the early 1940s, when he emerged from the jungles of northern Sri Lanka. Bawa met pilgrims who were visiting shrines in the north, and gradually became more widely known. There were reports of dream or mystical meetings with Bawa that preceded physical contact.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" /> According to an account from the 1940s, Bawa had spent time in '[[Kataragama]]', a jungle shrine in the south of the island, and in 'Jailani', a cliff shrine dedicated to '[[Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]] of Baghdad, an association that links him to the [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]] order of Sufism.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" /> Many of his followers who lived around the northern town of Jaffna were Hindus and addressed him as [[swami]] or [[guru]], where he was a medical and spiritual [[faith healer]] &mdash; and cured [[demonic possession]].<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 91" />


Eventually an ashram was formed in Jaffna, and a farm was started south of that city. After business travelers from the south of the country met Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, they invited him to visit in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. By 1967, the 'Serendib Sufi Study Circle' was formed by these Colombo students who were predominantly Muslims. Earlier in 1955, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen had set the foundations for a 'God's house' or mosque in the town of Mankumban, on the northern coast. This was the result of a spiritual meeting with Mary, the mother of Jesus.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92">Malik and Hinnells, p. 92.</ref> After two decades, the building was finished by students from the United States who were visiting the Jaffna ashram.<ref>Malik and Hinnells, p 92.</ref> It was officially opened and dedicated on February 17, 1975.<ref>''The Tree That Fell to the West'', p. 171.</ref>
Subsequently, his followers formed an [[ashram]] in Jaffna, and a farm south of the city. After meeting business travelers from the south, he was invited to visit [[Colombo]], the capital of Sri Lanka, at the time ''Ceylon''. By 1967, the 'Serendib Sufi Study Circle' was formed by these Colombo predominantly Muslim students. Earlier in 1955, Bawa had set the foundations for a 'God's house' or [[mosque]] in the town of [[Mankumban]], on the northern coast. This was the result of a "spiritual experience with Mary, Jesus' mother."<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92">Malik and Hinnells, p. 92.</ref> After two decades, the building was finished by students from the United States who were visiting the Jaffna ashram.<ref>Malik and Hinnells, p 92.</ref> It officially opened and was dedicated in 1975.<ref>''The Tree That Fell to the West'', p. 171.</ref>


Bawa Muhaiyaddeen taught through the use of fables. These reflected the background of the student or listener and included Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish, Christian, Muslim and Sufi religious traditions; he welcomed persons from all traditions and backgrounds.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" />
Bawa taught using stories and fables, reflecting the background of the student or listener and included Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious traditions; and welcomed persons from all traditions and backgrounds.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" />


==Work in the United States==
==Work in the United States==
[[Image:Fellowship-small.JPG|thumb|Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship]]
[[Image:Fellowship-small.JPG|thumb|Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship]]
In 1971, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen accepted an invitation from an American woman to visit her in Philadelphia. She had been corresponding with him after being introduced by a university student from Sri Lanka. She and her associates made arrangements for his travel to the United States and for his stay in Philadelphia.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" /> By 1973, a group of his followers formed the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, which hosted a meeting house that offered several public meetings a week.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" />
In 1971, Bawa was invited to come to the United States and subsequently moved to Philadelphia,<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" /> established a following, and formed the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship in 1973. The fellowship meeting house offered weekly public gatherings.<ref name="Malik and Hinnells, p. 92" />


As before in Sri Lanka, people from all religious, social and ethnic backgrounds would join to hear him speak. Across the United States, Canada and England, he won recognition from religious scholars, journalists, educators and world leaders. The United Nation's Assistant Secretary General, [[Robert Muller]], asked for Bawa Muhaiyaddeen's guidance on behalf of all mankind during an interview in 1974.<ref>''To Die Before Death'', p. xix.</ref> During the years 1978–1980 when the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian hostage crisis]] was occurring, he wrote letters to world leaders such as Iran's Khomeini, Prime Minister Begin, President Sadat and President Carter to encourage a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the region.<ref>Haddad and Smith, p 103.</ref><ref>''The Truth and Unity of Man: Letters in Response to a Crisis''</ref> [[Time Magazine]], during the crisis in 1980, quoted him as saying that when the Iranians understand the Koran "they will release the hostages immediately".<ref>Article ''Is the Ayatullah a Heretic?'' in the April 28, 1980 issue of ''Time Magazine''</ref> Interviews appeared in ''[[Psychology Today]]'',<ref>Article ''The Mind is in the Heart'' by [[Sam Keen]] in April, 1976 issue.</ref> the ''[[Harvard Divinity Bulletin]]'',<ref>Harvard Divinity Bulletin. Harvard University Divinity School. December 1982 – January 1983, Volume XIII, Number 2</ref> and in ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''<ref>Haddad and Smith, p 104.</ref> and the ''[[Pittsburgh Press]]'' newspapers. He continued his teaching and personal guidance to his students and visitors until his death on December 8, 1986.
As in Sri Lanka, Bawa developed a following among people of diverse religious, social and ethnic backgrounds, who came to Philadelphia to listen to him speak.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} In the United States, Canada and England, he was recognized by religious scholars, journalists, educators and leaders.{{how|date=July 2020}} The United Nations' Assistant Secretary General, [[Robert Muller (United Nations)|Robert Muller]], asked for Bawa's guidance on behalf of mankind during an interview in 1974.<ref>''To Die Before Death'', p. xix.</ref> During the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian hostage crisis]] of 1978–1980, he wrote letters to world leaders including Iran's [[Khomeini]], [[Prime Minister Begin]], [[President Sadat]] and [[President Carter]] to encourage a peaceful resolution to the conflict.<ref>Haddad and Smith, p 103.</ref><ref>''The Truth and Unity of Man: Letters in Response to a Crisis''</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, during the crisis in 1980, quoted Bawa as saying that when the Iranians understand the Koran "they will release the hostages immediately."<ref>"Is the Ayatullah a Heretic?" ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. April 28, 1980.</ref> Interviews with Bawa appeared in ''[[Psychology Today]]'',<ref>[[Sam Keen|Keen, Sam]] (April 1976). "The Mind is in the Heart". ''[[Psychology Today]]''.</ref> the ''[[Harvard Divinity Bulletin]]'',<ref>''Harvard Divinity Bulletin''. Harvard University Divinity School. December 1982 – January 1983, Volume XIII, Number 2</ref> and in ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''<ref>Haddad and Smith, p 104.</ref> and the ''[[Pittsburgh Press]]''. He continued teaching until his death on December 8, 1986.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
In May, 1984, the [[Mosque of Shaikh M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]] was completed on the grounds of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=5820+Overbrook+Ave.,+Philadelphia,+PA 5820 Overbrook Avenue, Philadelphia]. The building of the mosque took 6 months and nearly all the work was done by the members of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship under the direction of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen.<ref>Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site.</ref>
In May, 1984, the [[Mosque of Shaikh M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]] was completed on the Philadelphia property of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, on Overbrook Avenue. Construction took 6 months and nearly all the work was done by the members of the fellowship under Bawa's direction.<ref>Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site.</ref>


[[Image:Mazar-small.JPG|thumb|Mazar of M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]]
[[Image:Mazar-small.JPG|thumb|Mazar of M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]]
The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm is {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of farmland located in Chester County, Pennsylvania just south of the small city of Coatesville at [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=49+Fellowship+Drive,+Coatesville,+PA 99 Fellowship Drive]. The center point of the farm is Bawa Muhaiyaddeen's [[mausoleum]] or mazar. It was begun shortly after his death and completed in 1987. It is a place of pilgrimage for Sufis and their [[Sheikhs]], as well as other Muslims and followers of other religions.<ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa’s Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/american-sufi-shrine-bawa-s-mazar-coatesville-pennsylvania</ref>
The Bawa ''[[Mohyeddin|Muhaiyaddeen]]'' Fellowship Farm ({{convert|100|acre|km2}}) is in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania]], south of [[Coatesville, Pennsylvania|Coatesville]] and prominently features Bawa's [[mausoleum]], or [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]]. Construction began shortly after his death and was completed in 1987. It is a destination for religious followers.<ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa's Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/american-sufi-shrine-bawa-s-mazar-coatesville-pennsylvania</ref>


⚫
Bawa created paintings and drawings symbolizing the relationship between man and God, describing his art work as "heart's work".<ref>Acknowledgments page, ''Wisdom of Man''</ref> Two examples are reproduced in his book ''Wisdom of Man''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb6ylcICnGIC&pg=PA8|title=The Wisdom of Man: Selected Discourses|first=M. R. Bawa|last=Muhaiyaddeen|date=June 7, 1994|publisher=Fellowship Press|isbn=9780914390459 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb6ylcICnGIC&pg=PA28|title=The Wisdom of Man: Selected Discourses|first=M. R. Bawa|last=Muhaiyaddeen|date=June 7, 1994|publisher=Fellowship Press|isbn=9780914390459 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and another is the front cover of the book ''Four Steps to Pure Iman''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lyRWUR0WyQC ''Four Steps to Pure Iman'', front cover].</ref> In 1976, Bawa recorded and released an album of meditation, on [[Folkways Records]] entitled, ''Into the Secret of the Heart by Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen''.<ref>[https://folkways-media.si.edu/liner_notes/folkways/FW08905.pdf "Smithsonian Folkways recording FW08905"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502170105/https://folkways-media.si.edu/liner_notes/folkways/FW08905.pdf |date=2021-05-02 }}.</ref>
⚫
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen established [[vegetarianism]] as the norm for the community<ref>''God, His Prophets and His Children'', pgs. 150–157</ref> and meat products are not permitted at the Fellowship center in Philadelphia or at the Fellowship Farm.<ref>Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site Farm page</ref>


⚫
In the United States, from 1971 to 1986, Bawa authored over twenty-five books,<ref>''Islam and World Peace'', pg.173.</ref> created from over 10,000 hours of audio and video transcriptions of his discourses and songs. Some titles originated from Sri Lanka before his arrival in the U.S. and were transcribed later. The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship continues to study and disseminate this repository of his teachings. It has not appointed a new leader or Sheikh to replace his role as teacher and personal guide.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
⚫
He was an artist and created paintings and drawings that symbolized the relationship between man and God. He described his art work as "heart's work."<ref>Acknowledgments page, ''Wisdom of Man''</ref> Two examples are reproduced in his book titled ''Wisdom of Man''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb6ylcICnGIC&pg=PA8 ''Wisdom of Man'', pg. 8]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb6ylcICnGIC&pg=PA28 ''Wisdom of Man'', pg. 28]</ref> and another is the front cover of the book ''Four Steps to Pure Iman''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lyRWUR0WyQC&printsec=frontcover ''Four Steps to Pure Iman'', front cover].</ref> In 1976, Bawa Muhaiyadeen recorded and released an album of meditation, on [[Folkways Records]] entitled, ''Into the Secret of the Heart by Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen.''<ref>Smithsonian Folkways recording FW08905.</ref>


==Vegetarianism==
⚫
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen authored over twenty-five books.<ref>''Islam and World Peace'', pg.173.</ref> These books were created from over 10,000 hours of transcriptions of audio and video recordings of his discourses and songs in the United States from 1971 to 1986. Some titles originated from Sri Lanka before his arrival in the U.S. and were transcribed later. The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship continues to study and disseminate this repository of his teachings. It has not appointed a new leader or Sheikh to replace his role as teacher and personal guide.


Bawa established [[vegetarianism]] as the norm for his followers as he believed the only compassionate choice is to eat without slaughter.<ref name="Kemmerer 2012">Kemmerer, Lisa. (2012). ''Animals and World Religions''. Oxford University Press. p. 258. {{ISBN|978-0199790678}}</ref> He stated that "we must be aware of everything we do. All young animals have love and compassion. And if we remember that every creation was young once, we will never kill another life. We will not harm or attack any living creature".<ref name="Kemmerer 2012"/> Bawa authored ''The Tasty Economical Cookbook'', a two-volume vegetarian cookbook.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230208175113/https://rumisgarden.co.uk/blogs/recommended-reading-for-muslim-children-and-parents/x2018-tasty-economical-cookbook-vegetarian-recipes-x2019-160-by-m-r-bawa-muhaiyaddeen-author "Tasty, Economical Cookbook: Vegetarian Recipes by M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen"]. rumisgarden.co.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</ref>
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In "Blue-Eyed Devil", [[Michael Muhammad Knight]] attempts to receive a message from Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in a dream, in a Sufi practice called [[Salat al-Istikharah]]. He travels to the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]] and attempts to sleep on the cushions, but is woken up by the groundskeeper and his attempt at istikhara is unsuccessful.<ref>"Blue-Eyed Devil", pg. 86-88.</ref>


==Titles and honorifics==
==Titles and honorifics==
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen was referred to as [[Guru]] or [[Swami]] or [[Sheikh]] or '[[His Holiness]]' depending on the background of the speaker or writer. He was also addressed as 'Bawangal' by those Tamil speakers who were close to him and who wanted to use a respectful address. He often referred to himself as an 'ant man',<ref>''The Tree That Fell to the West'', p. 165.</ref> i.e., a very small life in God's creation. After his arrival in the United States in 1971, he was most often addressed as Guru Bawa and he established the Guru Bawa Fellowship. By 1976, he felt that the title 'guru' had been abused by others who were not true teachers in his estimation. In that year, he decided to drop the title Guru and the organization became the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship.<ref>''Truth and Light'', p. 10.</ref> Most of his American students use the familiar name 'Bawa' when speaking of him.
Bawa ''[[Mohyeddin|Muhaiyaddeen]]'' was referred to as [[Guru]], [[Swami]], [[Sheikh]] or '[[His Holiness]]' depending on the background of the speaker or writer.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He was also addressed as ''Bawangal'' by those Tamil speakers who were close to him and who wanted to use a respectful address.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He often referred to himself as an 'ant man',<ref>''The Tree That Fell to the West'', p. 165.</ref> that is, a very small life in God's creation. After his arrival in the United States, he was most often addressed as ''Guru Bawa'' or simply ''Bawa'', and he established the fellowship. By 1976, he felt that the title 'guru' had been abused by others who were not true teachers and dropped the title ''Guru'', with the organization becoming the ''Bawa [[Mohyeddin|Muhaiyaddeen]] Fellowship''.<ref>''Truth and Light'', p. 10.</ref>


By 2007, an honorific, [[Qutub (Sufism)|Qutb]], was being used by his students in the publications of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen's talks.<ref>''The Point Where God and Man Meet'', p. xi.</ref> Qutb literally means pole or axis, and signifies the spiritual center which explains and reveals through divine wisdom the true nature of man.<ref>''Resonance of Allah'', p. 716.</ref> The name Muhaiyaddeen means 'the giver of life to true belief' and has been associated with previous Qutbs. By using this title, his students are presenting him as a universal teacher for this era.
By 2007, an honorific, [[Qutub (Sufism)|Qutb]], was used by his students in the publications of his talks.<ref>''The Point Where God and Man Meet'', p. xi.</ref> Qutb means pole or axis, and signifies a spiritual center.<ref>''Resonance of Allah'', p. 716.</ref> The name Muhaiyaddeen means 'the giver of life to true belief' and has been associated with previous Qutbs.


==Quotes==
==Quotes==
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*"The prayers you perform, the duties you do, the charity and love you give is equal to just one drop. But if you use that one drop, continue to do your duty, and keep digging within, then the spring of God's grace and His qualities will flow in abundance."<ref>''Sheikh and Disciple'', p. 63.</ref>
{{wikiquote}}
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*"People with wisdom know that it is important to correct their own mistakes, while people without wisdom find it necessary to point out the mistakes of others. People with strong faith know that it is important to clear their own hearts, while those with unsteady faith seek to find fault in the hearts and prayers of others. This becomes a habit in their lives. But those who pray to God with faith, determination, and certitude know that the most important thing in life is to surrender their hearts to God."<ref>''Islam and World Peace'', p. 3.</ref>
A larger selection of quotes is available at [[q:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen|Wikiquote]].

⚫
*"The prayers you perform, the duties you do, the charity and love you give is equal to just one drop. But if you use that one drop, continue to do your duty, and keep digging within, then the spring of Allah's grace and His qualities will flow in abundance."<ref>''Sheikh and Disciple'', p. 63.</ref>
⚫
*"People with wisdom know that it is important to correct their own mistakes, while people without wisdom find it necessary to point out the mistakes of others. People with strong faith know that it is important to clear their own hearts, while those with unsteady faith seek to find fault in the hearts and prayers of others. This becomes a habit in their lives. But those who pray to Allah with faith, determination, and certitude know that the most important thing in life is to surrender their hearts to Allah."<ref>''Islam and World Peace'', p. 3.</ref>
*"The things that change are not our real life. Within us there is another body, another beauty. It belongs to that ray of light which never changes. We must discover how to mingle with it and become one with that unchanging thing. We must realize and understand this treasure of truth. That is why we have come to the world."<ref>'' Questions of Life Answers of Wisdom, Vol.1'', p. 220.</ref>
*"The things that change are not our real life. Within us there is another body, another beauty. It belongs to that ray of light which never changes. We must discover how to mingle with it and become one with that unchanging thing. We must realize and understand this treasure of truth. That is why we have come to the world."<ref>'' Questions of Life Answers of Wisdom, Vol.1'', p. 220.</ref>
*"My love you, my children. Very few people will accept the medicine of wisdom. The mind refuses wisdom. But if you do agree to accept it, you will receive the grace, and when you receive that grace, you will have good qualities. When you acquire good qualities, you will know true love, and when you accept love, you will see the light. When you accept the light, you will see the resplendence, and when you accept that resplendence, the wealth of the three worlds will be complete within you. With this completeness, you will receive the kingdom of God, and you will know your Father. When you see your Father, all your connections to karma, hunger, disease, old age will leave you."<ref>''Come to the Secret Garden'', p. 188.</ref>
*"My love you, my children. Very few people will accept the medicine of wisdom. The mind refuses wisdom. But if you do agree to accept it, you will receive the grace, and when you receive that grace, you will have good qualities. When you acquire good qualities, you will know true love, and when you accept love, you will see the light. When you accept the light, you will see the resplendence, and when you accept that resplendence, the wealth of the three worlds will be complete within you. With this completeness, you will receive the kingdom of God, and you will know your Father. When you see your Father, all your connections to karma, hunger, disease, old age will leave you."<ref>''Come to the Secret Garden'', p. 188.</ref>
*My grandchildren, this is the way things really are. We must do everything with love in our hearts. God belongs to everyone. He has given a commonwealth to all His creations, and we must not take it for ourselves. We must not take more than our share. Our hearts must melt with love, we must share everything with others, and we must give lovingly to make others peaceful. Then we will win our true beauty and the liberation of our soul. Please think about this. Prayer, the qualities of God, the actions of God, faith in God, and worship of God are your grace. If you have these, God will be yours and the wealth of the world to come will be yours. My grandchildren, realize this in your lifetime. Consider your life, search for wisdom, search for knowledge, and search for that love of God which is divine knowledge, and search for His qualities, His love, and His actions. That will be good. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. So be it. O Ruler of the universes. May God grant you this."<ref>''My Love you My Children; p. 466.''</ref>
*My grandchildren, this is the way things really are. We must do everything with love in our hearts. God belongs to everyone. He has given a commonwealth to all His creations, and we must not take it for ourselves. We must not take more than our share. Our hearts must melt with love, we must share everything with others, and we must give lovingly to make others peaceful. Then we will win our true beauty and the liberation of our soul. Please think about this. Prayer, the qualities of God, the actions of God, faith in God, and worship of God are your grace. If you have these, God will be yours and the wealth of the world to come will be yours. My grandchildren, realize this in your lifetime. Consider your life, search for wisdom, search for knowledge, and search for that love of God which is divine knowledge, and search for His qualities, His love, and His actions. That will be good. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. So be it. O Ruler of the universes. May God grant you this."<ref>''My Love you My Children''; p. 466.</ref>
*"God has a home inside of our heart. We must find a home inside of God's home inside of our heart" - Shared by Bawa Mahaiyaddeen in conversation with advocate for the homeless at the Muhaiyaddeen community in Philadelphia - 1986.
*"God has a home inside of our heart. We must find a home inside of God's home inside of our heart" - Shared by Bawa Mahaiyaddeen in conversation with advocate for the homeless at the Muhaiyaddeen community in Philadelphia - 1986.


==Writings by students and others==
==Literature and books by his students==
Books by his followers and others about M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen include:
A number of books have been published by students of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen that explore his teachings from their perspective and understanding and detail the impact these teachings had on their lives.


*''Owner's Manual for the Human Being'' by Mitch Gilbert, One Light Press publisher, 2005, {{ISBN|0-9771267-0-6}}
*''The Answer Lies Just Beyond the Mind - The Soul's Longing to Know Itself'' by Dale Ann Applebaum, Anndale Books publisher, 2024, {{ISBN|979-8218405434}}
*''Birding Through Cancer'' by Karin Marcus, Balboa Press publisher, 2016, {{ISBN|1504356543}}
⚫
*''The Illuminated Prayer: The Five-Times Prayer of the Sufis'' by Coleman Barks and Michael Green, Ballantine Wellspring publisher, 2000, {{ISBN|0-345-43545-1}}. According to the publisher, the book "offers a compelling introduction to the wisdom and teachings of the beloved contemporary Sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, who brought new life to this mystical tradition by opening a passage to its deepest, universal realities. It is the loving handiwork of two of Bawa's best-known students, Coleman Barks and Michael Green, who also created ''The Illuminated Rumi''."
*''One Song: A New Illuminated Rumi'' by Michael Green, Running Press publisher, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7624-2087-1}}
*''The Crucifixion of Judas: And other reflections on the journey from the mind to the soul'' by Tony Buck, Planet Publishing publisher, 2022, {{ISBN|0964680211}}
*''My Years with the Qutb: A Walk in Paradise'' by Professor Sharon Marcus, Sufi Press publisher, 2007, {{ISBN|0-9737534-0-4}}
*''The Culture of Goodness: My Exploration of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in search of a Culture of Goodness'' by Sandra T Francis, Outskirts Press publisher, 2019, {{ISBN|978-1977206145}}
*''The Elixir of Truth: Inner Dimensions, Volume Two'' by Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Witness Within publisher, 2014, {{ISBN|0989018555}}
⚫
*''THE MIRROR Photographs and Reflections on Life with M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.)'' by Chloë Le Pichon and Dwaraka Ganesan and Saburah Posner and Sulaiha Schwartz, published privately by Chloë Le Pichon, 2010, {{ISBN|0-615-33211-0}}. A 237-page large-format photographic compilation with commentary by 78 contributors.
⚫
*''Life with the Guru'' by Dr. Art Hochberg, Kalima publisher, 2014, {{ISBN|0988807556}}
*''The Elixir of Truth: Journey on the Sufi Path, Volume One'' by Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Witness Within publisher, 2013, {{ISBN|0989018504}}
*''The Elixir of Truth: Journey on the Sufi Path, Volume One'' by Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Witness Within publisher, 2013, {{ISBN|0989018504}}
*''Finding the Way Home'' by Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House publisher, 2007, {{ISBN|0972660712}}
*''Finding the Way Home'' by Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House publisher, 2007, {{ISBN|0972660712}}
*''GPS for the Soul: Wisdom of the Master'' by Dana Hayne, BalboaPress publisher, 2017, {{ISBN|1504384040}}
*''GPS for the Soul: Wisdom of the Master'' by Dana Hayne, BalboaPress publisher, 2017, {{ISBN|1504384040}}
⚫
*''The Illuminated Prayer: The Five-Times Prayer of the Sufis'' by Coleman Barks and Michael Green, Ballantine Wellspring publisher, 2000, {{ISBN|0-345-43545-1}}. According to the publisher, the book "offers a compelling introduction to the wisdom and teachings of the beloved contemporary Sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, who brought new life to this mystical tradition by opening a passage to its deepest, universal realities. It is the loving handiwork of two of Bawa's best-known students, Coleman Barks and Michael Green, who also created ''The Illuminated Rumi''."
*''Invitation to Believe: Establishing Faith in the Universal Power'' by Julie R. Schelling, Coaching for Resonance publisher, 2014, {{ISBN|0990592006}}
*''A Journey Through Ten Thousand Veils: The Alchemy of Transformation on the Sufi Path'' by Sheikha Maryam Kabeer, Tughra Books publisher, 2021, {{ISBN|9781597849470}}
⚫
*''Life with the Guru'' by Dr. Art Hochberg, Kalima publisher, 2014, {{ISBN|0988807556}}
⚫
*''THE MIRROR Photographs and Reflections on Life with M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.)'' by Chloë Le Pichon and Dwaraka Ganesan and Saburah Posner and Sulaiha Schwartz, published privately by Chloë Le Pichon, 2010, {{ISBN|0-615-33211-0}}. A 237-page large-format photographic compilation with commentary by 78 contributors.
*''My Journey Around the Sun'' by Muhammad Abdullah ibn Robert Lowe, IbnRLowe Publishing, 2023, {{ISBN|979-8218276553}}
*''My Years with the Qutb: A Walk in Paradise'' by Professor Sharon Marcus, Sufi Press publisher, 2007, {{ISBN|0-9737534-0-4}}
*''One Light: An Owner's Manual for Human Being'' by Mitch Gilbert, One Light Press publisher, 2005, {{ISBN|0-9771267-0-6}}
*''One Song: A New Illuminated Rumi'' by Michael Green, Running Press publisher, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7624-2087-1}}
*''One Tough Rose: On Learning from One’s Mistakes'' by AnnMarie Williams, Peace Rose Press publisher, 2023, {{ISBN|979-8218270247}}
*''The Qutbiyaat: When Wisdom Dawns'' by Dennis Maq Cook, Heartswork Press publisher, 2006, {{ISBN|0-9778410-5-7}}

⚫
[[Coleman Barks]], a poet and translator into English of the works of the 13th-century Sunni Muslim poet [[Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī]], described meeting Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in a dream in 1977.<ref name="Rumi p. 140">''Rumi: the Book of Love'', p. 140.</ref> After that experience he began to translate the poems of Rumi. Coleman finally met Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in September, 1978 and continued to have dreams where he would receive teachings.<ref name="Rumi p. 140" /> Coleman's likens Bawa Muhaiyaddeen to Rumi and [[Shams Tabrizi]], the companion of Rumi.<ref>Nov. 12, 2007 interview by Chitra Kalyani, [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1193049666545&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout IslamOnline.Net article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115164706/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1193049666545&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout |date=January 15, 2008 }}</ref> Artist Michael Green worked with Coleman Barks to produce illustrated version of Rumi's works.<ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/illuminated-rumi-green-barn-art-sufism-america</ref><ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/interviews/interview-american-sufi-artist-michael-green</ref>


⚫
In "Blue-Eyed Devil", [[Michael Muhammad Knight]] attempts to receive a message from Bawa in a dream, in a Sufi practice called [[Salat al-Istikharah|istikhara]]. He travels to the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]] and unsuccessfully tries to fall asleep on the cushions, but is awakened by the groundskeeper.<ref>"Blue-Eyed Devil", pg. 86-88.</ref>
⚫
[[Coleman Barks]], a poet and translator into English of the works of the 13th-century Sufi poet [[Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī]], has described how he met Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in a dream on May 2, 1977.<ref name="Rumi p. 140">''Rumi: the Book of Love'', p. 140.</ref> As a result of that meeting, he began to translate the poems of Rumi. Coleman finally met Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in person in September, 1978 and continued to have dreams where he would receive teachings.<ref name="Rumi p. 140" /> In Coleman's estimation, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen is on the same level of enlightenment as Rumi and [[Shams Tabrizi]], the companion of Rumi.<ref>Nov. 12, 2007 interview by Chitra Kalyani, [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1193049666545&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout IslamOnline.Net article] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115164706/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1193049666545&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout |date=January 15, 2008 }}</ref> Artist Michael Green worked with Coleman Barks to produce illustrated version of Rumi's works.<ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/illuminated-rumi-green-barn-art-sufism-america</ref><ref>Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/interviews/interview-american-sufi-artist-michael-green</ref>


The band [[mewithoutYou]] explored many of the teachings of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in their fourth album, [[It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright]]. The Sufi teacher's story of "The Fox, the Crow, and the Cookie" from My Love You My Children: 101 Stories for Children is told as well as his story about the "King Beetle" from The Divine Luminous Wisdom that Dispels Darkness. Other concepts from the teacher are explored in "Allah, Allah, Allah," about seeing God in every blade of grass and in "Fig with a Bellyache" dealing with sexual temptation from The Divine Luminous Wisdom and The Golden Words of a Sufi Sheikh. The lead singer and writer for the band, [[Aaron Weiss]], and his brother, band guitarist Michael Weiss, were raised in a Sufi household, though Aaron later converted to [[Christianity]].
The band [[mewithoutYou]] explored Bawa's teachings throughout their discography, most notably in their fourth album, [[It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright]]. The teacher's story of "The Fox, the Crow, and the Cookie" from My Love You My Children: 101 Stories for Children is told as well as his story about the "King Beetle" from The Divine Luminous Wisdom that Dispels Darkness.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Sufism|Sufi]]
* [[Sufism|Sufi]]
* [[List of famous Sufis]]
* [[List of Sufis]]
* [[Tosun Bayrak]]
* [[New religious movement]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 102: Line 111:
*{{cite book | last =J. Malik and J. Hinnells, editors | title =Sufism in the West | publisher =Routledge | year =2003 | location =New York | isbn =0-415-27407-9}} Chapter 4: ''Third Wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship'' by Dr. Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
*{{cite book | last =J. Malik and J. Hinnells, editors | title =Sufism in the West | publisher =Routledge | year =2003 | location =New York | isbn =0-415-27407-9}} Chapter 4: ''Third Wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship'' by Dr. Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
*{{cite book | last =Xavier | first= M. Shobhana | title =Masjids, Ashrams and Mazars: Transnational Sufism and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship | publisher =Wilfrid Laurier University dissertation | year =2015 | location = Waterloo, Canada }}
*{{cite book | last =Xavier | first= M. Shobhana | title =Masjids, Ashrams and Mazars: Transnational Sufism and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship | publisher =Wilfrid Laurier University dissertation | year =2015 | location = Waterloo, Canada }}
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/interviews/interview-american-sufi-artist-michael-green
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/interviews/interview-american-sufi-artist-michael-green Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green]
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa’s Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/american-sufi-shrine-bawa-s-mazar-coatesville-pennsylvania
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa's Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/american-sufi-shrine-bawa-s-mazar-coatesville-pennsylvania An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa’s Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania]
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/illuminated-rumi-green-barn-art-sufism-america
* Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 [http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/illuminated-rumi-green-barn-art-sufism-america From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America]
*{{cite book | last =Snyder | first=Benjamin H. | title = HEARTSPACE: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and the Culture of Unity | publisher =Haverford College thesis | year =2003 | location =Philadelphia}}
*{{cite book | last =Snyder | first=Benjamin H. | title = HEARTSPACE: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and the Culture of Unity | publisher =Haverford College thesis | year =2003 | location =Philadelphia}}
*{{cite book | last =Barks | first=Coleman | title = Rumi: The Book of Love: Poems of Ecstasy and Longing | publisher =HarperCollins | year =2005 | location =New York| isbn =0-06-075050-2}}
*{{cite book | last =Barks | first=Coleman | title = Rumi: The Book of Love: Poems of Ecstasy and Longing | publisher =HarperCollins | year =2005 | location =New York| isbn =0-06-075050-2}}
Line 110: Line 119:


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Sufism}}
'''Websites'''
* [[q:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen|Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Wikiquote page]]
* [[q:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen|Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Wikiquote page]]
* [http://www.bmf.org/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Web Site]
* [http://www.bmf.org/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Web Site]
* [http://www.bawafarm.org/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm Web Site]
* [http://www.bawafarm.org/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm Web Site]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/serendib-sufi-study-circle/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Study Circle Web Site]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/serendib-sufi-study-circle/ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Study Circle Web Site]

'''Scholarly articles and dissertations'''
⚫
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0LMZqtRpCcC&dq=Yvonne+Yazbeck+Haddad,+Jane+Idleman+Smith&pg=PA75 Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary American Islamic Spirituality: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship – Chapter 4 of ''Muslim Communities in North America''] by Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
*[http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/9ba74b78-527f-4f3a-999d-384131071321/1006007.pdf#page=96 Third Wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship – Chapter 4 of ''Sufism in the West''] by Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=oG1NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 Speaking with Sufis - Chapter 11 of ''Interreligious Dialogue and Cultural Change''] by Frank J. Korom, Professor of Religion and Anthropology at Boston University
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&dq=november%2027%201982%20bawa%20muhaiyaddeen&pg=PA77 Longing and belonging at a Sufi saint shrine abroad - Chapter 4 of ''Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia '' ] by Frank J. Korom, Professor of Religion and Anthropology at Boston University
⚫
*[http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2856&context=etd Masjids, Ashrams and Mazars: Transnational Sufism and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship] Wilfrid Laurier University Ph.D. dissertation by M. Shobhana Xavier
⚫
*[https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/api/collection/p245801coll10/id/461176/download Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: A Study Of Mystical Interreligiosity] Temple University Ph.D. dissertation by Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, August 2017
*[https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/01/78/02/00001/UFE0017802.pdf Do Sufis Dream of Electronic Sheikhs? The Role of Technology Within American Religious Communities] University of Florida M.A. thesis by Jason Ladon Keel
*[http://thesis.haverford.edu/dspace/bitstream/10066/610/1/2003SnyderB.pdf HEARTSPACE: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and the Culture of Unity] Haverford College Thesis by Benjamin Snyder
*[http://thesis.haverford.edu/dspace/bitstream/10066/610/1/2003SnyderB.pdf HEARTSPACE: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and the Culture of Unity] Haverford College Thesis by Benjamin Snyder
⚫
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0LMZqtRpCcC&pg=PA75&dq=Yvonne+Yazbeck+Haddad,+Jane+Idleman+Smith&source=gbs_toc_s&cad=1&sig=Uaq2YUQNxDUo_HEXdc0VYEyYx_U Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary American Islamic Spirituality: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship – Chapter 4 of ''Muslim Communities in North America'']
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=6cYK0EpegggC&pg=PT102&vq=%22bawa+muhaiyaddeen+community%22&dq=%22allah+muhammad+muhaiyaddeen%22&source=gbs_search_s&sig=y5zjJV7cQ8TZmilw3GThzc5ebYc#PPT102,M1 Third Wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship – Chapter 4 of ''Sufism in the West'']
⚫
*[http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2856&context=etd Masjids, Ashrams and Mazars: Transnational Sufism and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship] Phd. dissertation by M. Shobhana Xavier
*[http://baharna.com/karma/sufibawa.htm A Sufi View of Spiritual Rebirth: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen] Essay by Joseph F. Morales with extensive quotes from ''To Die Before Death: The Sufi Way of Life''
⚫
*[https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/api/collection/p245801coll10/id/461176/download "Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: A Study Of Mystical Interreligiosity"] Temple University Ph.D. dissertation by Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, August 2017
⚫
*[http://www.mysticsaint.info/2007/05/coleman-barks-vision-of-bawa.html Coleman Bark's dream of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]
⚫
*[http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1594 ''Into the Secret of the Heart by Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen'' record details at Smithsonian Folkways]


'''Online Books and Videos'''
'''Online books and videos'''
*[https://books.google.com/books?q=+inauthor:%22M.+R.+Bawa+Muhaiyaddeen%22&source=gbs_authrefine_t M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Books Online at Books.Google.Com]
*[https://books.google.com/books?q=+inauthor:%22M.+R.+Bawa+Muhaiyaddeen%22&source=gbs_authrefine_t M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Books Online at Books.Google.Com]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/serendib-sufi-study-circle/the-pearl-of-wisdom "The Pearl of Wisdom (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Study Circle book of discourses from the 1940s translated into English and published January, 2000.]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/serendib-sufi-study-circle/the-pearl-of-wisdom "The Pearl of Wisdom (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Study Circle book of discourses from the 1940s translated into English and published January, 2000.]
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*[http://www.humanmedia.org/catalog/program.php?products_id=111 Interview with Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in Philadelphia on Kindred Spirits public radio show by David Freudberg]
*[http://www.humanmedia.org/catalog/program.php?products_id=111 Interview with Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in Philadelphia on Kindred Spirits public radio show by David Freudberg]


'''Other external links'''
⚫
{{Sufism}}
⚫
*[http://www.mysticsaint.info/2007/05/coleman-barks-vision-of-bawa.html Coleman Bark's dream of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]
⚫
*[https://folkways.si.edu/guru-bawa-muhaiyaddeen/into-the-secret-of-the-heart/psychology-health-world/album/smithsonian ''Into the Secret of the Heart by Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen'' record details at Smithsonian Folkways]

{{Veganism}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhaiyaddeen, Bawa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhaiyaddeen, Bawa}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan Sufis]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Sufis]]
⚫
[[Category:Sri Lankan Muslims]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
Line 143: Line 159:
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:20th-century mystics]]
⚫
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:1917 births]]

Latest revision as of 05:33, 24 November 2024

Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
BornMay 17, 1917
Sri Lanka
DiedDecember 8, 1986
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Era20th century
RegionSri Lanka, United States

Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (died December 8, 1986), also known as Bawa, was a Tamil-speaking teacher[1] and Sufi mystic from Sri Lanka who came to the United States in 1971,[2] established a following, and founded the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship in Philadelphia. He developed branches in the United States, Canada,[3] Australia and the UK — adding to existing groups in Jaffna and Colombo,[4] Sri Lanka. He is known for his teachings, discourses, songs, and artwork.

Bawa established vegetarianism as the norm for his followers[5] and meat products are not permitted at the legacy fellowship center or farm.[6]

Early life

[edit]

Though little is known of his early personal life, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen's public career began in Sri Lanka in the early 1940s, when he emerged from the jungles of northern Sri Lanka. Bawa met pilgrims who were visiting shrines in the north, and gradually became more widely known. There were reports of dream or mystical meetings with Bawa that preceded physical contact.[4] According to an account from the 1940s, Bawa had spent time in 'Kataragama', a jungle shrine in the south of the island, and in 'Jailani', a cliff shrine dedicated to 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani of Baghdad, an association that links him to the Qadiri order of Sufism.[4] Many of his followers who lived around the northern town of Jaffna were Hindus and addressed him as swami or guru, where he was a medical and spiritual faith healer — and cured demonic possession.[4]

Subsequently, his followers formed an ashram in Jaffna, and a farm south of the city. After meeting business travelers from the south, he was invited to visit Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, at the time Ceylon. By 1967, the 'Serendib Sufi Study Circle' was formed by these Colombo predominantly Muslim students. Earlier in 1955, Bawa had set the foundations for a 'God's house' or mosque in the town of Mankumban, on the northern coast. This was the result of a "spiritual experience with Mary, Jesus' mother."[7] After two decades, the building was finished by students from the United States who were visiting the Jaffna ashram.[8] It officially opened and was dedicated in 1975.[9]

Bawa taught using stories and fables, reflecting the background of the student or listener and included Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious traditions; and welcomed persons from all traditions and backgrounds.[7]

Work in the United States

[edit]
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship

In 1971, Bawa was invited to come to the United States and subsequently moved to Philadelphia,[7] established a following, and formed the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship in 1973. The fellowship meeting house offered weekly public gatherings.[7]

As in Sri Lanka, Bawa developed a following among people of diverse religious, social and ethnic backgrounds, who came to Philadelphia to listen to him speak.[citation needed] In the United States, Canada and England, he was recognized by religious scholars, journalists, educators and leaders.[how?] The United Nations' Assistant Secretary General, Robert Muller, asked for Bawa's guidance on behalf of mankind during an interview in 1974.[10] During the Iranian hostage crisis of 1978–1980, he wrote letters to world leaders including Iran's Khomeini, Prime Minister Begin, President Sadat and President Carter to encourage a peaceful resolution to the conflict.[11][12] Time magazine, during the crisis in 1980, quoted Bawa as saying that when the Iranians understand the Koran "they will release the hostages immediately."[13] Interviews with Bawa appeared in Psychology Today,[14] the Harvard Divinity Bulletin,[15] and in The Philadelphia Inquirer[16] and the Pittsburgh Press. He continued teaching until his death on December 8, 1986.[citation needed]

Legacy

[edit]

In May, 1984, the Mosque of Shaikh M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen was completed on the Philadelphia property of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, on Overbrook Avenue. Construction took 6 months and nearly all the work was done by the members of the fellowship under Bawa's direction.[17]

Mazar of M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen

The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm (100 acres (0.40 km2)) is in Chester County, Pennsylvania, south of Coatesville and prominently features Bawa's mausoleum, or mazar. Construction began shortly after his death and was completed in 1987. It is a destination for religious followers.[18]

Bawa created paintings and drawings symbolizing the relationship between man and God, describing his art work as "heart's work".[19] Two examples are reproduced in his book Wisdom of Man[20][21] and another is the front cover of the book Four Steps to Pure Iman.[22] In 1976, Bawa recorded and released an album of meditation, on Folkways Records entitled, Into the Secret of the Heart by Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen.[23]

In the United States, from 1971 to 1986, Bawa authored over twenty-five books,[24] created from over 10,000 hours of audio and video transcriptions of his discourses and songs. Some titles originated from Sri Lanka before his arrival in the U.S. and were transcribed later. The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship continues to study and disseminate this repository of his teachings. It has not appointed a new leader or Sheikh to replace his role as teacher and personal guide.[citation needed]

Vegetarianism

[edit]

Bawa established vegetarianism as the norm for his followers as he believed the only compassionate choice is to eat without slaughter.[25] He stated that "we must be aware of everything we do. All young animals have love and compassion. And if we remember that every creation was young once, we will never kill another life. We will not harm or attack any living creature".[25] Bawa authored The Tasty Economical Cookbook, a two-volume vegetarian cookbook.[26]

Titles and honorifics

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Bawa Muhaiyaddeen was referred to as Guru, Swami, Sheikh or 'His Holiness' depending on the background of the speaker or writer.[citation needed] He was also addressed as Bawangal by those Tamil speakers who were close to him and who wanted to use a respectful address.[citation needed] He often referred to himself as an 'ant man',[27] that is, a very small life in God's creation. After his arrival in the United States, he was most often addressed as Guru Bawa or simply Bawa, and he established the fellowship. By 1976, he felt that the title 'guru' had been abused by others who were not true teachers and dropped the title Guru, with the organization becoming the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship.[28]

By 2007, an honorific, Qutb, was used by his students in the publications of his talks.[29] Qutb means pole or axis, and signifies a spiritual center.[30] The name Muhaiyaddeen means 'the giver of life to true belief' and has been associated with previous Qutbs.

Quotes

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  • "The prayers you perform, the duties you do, the charity and love you give is equal to just one drop. But if you use that one drop, continue to do your duty, and keep digging within, then the spring of God's grace and His qualities will flow in abundance."[31]
  • "People with wisdom know that it is important to correct their own mistakes, while people without wisdom find it necessary to point out the mistakes of others. People with strong faith know that it is important to clear their own hearts, while those with unsteady faith seek to find fault in the hearts and prayers of others. This becomes a habit in their lives. But those who pray to God with faith, determination, and certitude know that the most important thing in life is to surrender their hearts to God."[32]
  • "The things that change are not our real life. Within us there is another body, another beauty. It belongs to that ray of light which never changes. We must discover how to mingle with it and become one with that unchanging thing. We must realize and understand this treasure of truth. That is why we have come to the world."[33]
  • "My love you, my children. Very few people will accept the medicine of wisdom. The mind refuses wisdom. But if you do agree to accept it, you will receive the grace, and when you receive that grace, you will have good qualities. When you acquire good qualities, you will know true love, and when you accept love, you will see the light. When you accept the light, you will see the resplendence, and when you accept that resplendence, the wealth of the three worlds will be complete within you. With this completeness, you will receive the kingdom of God, and you will know your Father. When you see your Father, all your connections to karma, hunger, disease, old age will leave you."[34]
  • My grandchildren, this is the way things really are. We must do everything with love in our hearts. God belongs to everyone. He has given a commonwealth to all His creations, and we must not take it for ourselves. We must not take more than our share. Our hearts must melt with love, we must share everything with others, and we must give lovingly to make others peaceful. Then we will win our true beauty and the liberation of our soul. Please think about this. Prayer, the qualities of God, the actions of God, faith in God, and worship of God are your grace. If you have these, God will be yours and the wealth of the world to come will be yours. My grandchildren, realize this in your lifetime. Consider your life, search for wisdom, search for knowledge, and search for that love of God which is divine knowledge, and search for His qualities, His love, and His actions. That will be good. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. So be it. O Ruler of the universes. May God grant you this."[35]
  • "God has a home inside of our heart. We must find a home inside of God's home inside of our heart" - Shared by Bawa Mahaiyaddeen in conversation with advocate for the homeless at the Muhaiyaddeen community in Philadelphia - 1986.

Writings by students and others

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Books by his followers and others about M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen include:

  • The Answer Lies Just Beyond the Mind - The Soul's Longing to Know Itself by Dale Ann Applebaum, Anndale Books publisher, 2024, ISBN 979-8218405434
  • Birding Through Cancer by Karin Marcus, Balboa Press publisher, 2016, ISBN 1504356543
  • The Crucifixion of Judas: And other reflections on the journey from the mind to the soul by Tony Buck, Planet Publishing publisher, 2022, ISBN 0964680211
  • The Culture of Goodness: My Exploration of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in search of a Culture of Goodness by Sandra T Francis, Outskirts Press publisher, 2019, ISBN 978-1977206145
  • The Elixir of Truth: Inner Dimensions, Volume Two by Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Witness Within publisher, 2014, ISBN 0989018555
  • The Elixir of Truth: Journey on the Sufi Path, Volume One by Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Witness Within publisher, 2013, ISBN 0989018504
  • Finding the Way Home by Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House publisher, 2007, ISBN 0972660712
  • GPS for the Soul: Wisdom of the Master by Dana Hayne, BalboaPress publisher, 2017, ISBN 1504384040
  • The Illuminated Prayer: The Five-Times Prayer of the Sufis by Coleman Barks and Michael Green, Ballantine Wellspring publisher, 2000, ISBN 0-345-43545-1. According to the publisher, the book "offers a compelling introduction to the wisdom and teachings of the beloved contemporary Sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, who brought new life to this mystical tradition by opening a passage to its deepest, universal realities. It is the loving handiwork of two of Bawa's best-known students, Coleman Barks and Michael Green, who also created The Illuminated Rumi."
  • Invitation to Believe: Establishing Faith in the Universal Power by Julie R. Schelling, Coaching for Resonance publisher, 2014, ISBN 0990592006
  • A Journey Through Ten Thousand Veils: The Alchemy of Transformation on the Sufi Path by Sheikha Maryam Kabeer, Tughra Books publisher, 2021, ISBN 9781597849470
  • Life with the Guru by Dr. Art Hochberg, Kalima publisher, 2014, ISBN 0988807556
  • THE MIRROR Photographs and Reflections on Life with M.R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.) by Chloë Le Pichon and Dwaraka Ganesan and Saburah Posner and Sulaiha Schwartz, published privately by Chloë Le Pichon, 2010, ISBN 0-615-33211-0. A 237-page large-format photographic compilation with commentary by 78 contributors.
  • My Journey Around the Sun by Muhammad Abdullah ibn Robert Lowe, IbnRLowe Publishing, 2023, ISBN 979-8218276553
  • My Years with the Qutb: A Walk in Paradise by Professor Sharon Marcus, Sufi Press publisher, 2007, ISBN 0-9737534-0-4
  • One Light: An Owner's Manual for Human Being by Mitch Gilbert, One Light Press publisher, 2005, ISBN 0-9771267-0-6
  • One Song: A New Illuminated Rumi by Michael Green, Running Press publisher, 2005, ISBN 0-7624-2087-1
  • One Tough Rose: On Learning from One’s Mistakes by AnnMarie Williams, Peace Rose Press publisher, 2023, ISBN 979-8218270247
  • The Qutbiyaat: When Wisdom Dawns by Dennis Maq Cook, Heartswork Press publisher, 2006, ISBN 0-9778410-5-7

Coleman Barks, a poet and translator into English of the works of the 13th-century Sunni Muslim poet Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, described meeting Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in a dream in 1977.[36] After that experience he began to translate the poems of Rumi. Coleman finally met Bawa Muhaiyaddeen in September, 1978 and continued to have dreams where he would receive teachings.[36] Coleman's likens Bawa Muhaiyaddeen to Rumi and Shams Tabrizi, the companion of Rumi.[37] Artist Michael Green worked with Coleman Barks to produce illustrated version of Rumi's works.[38][39]

In "Blue-Eyed Devil", Michael Muhammad Knight attempts to receive a message from Bawa in a dream, in a Sufi practice called istikhara. He travels to the mazar and unsuccessfully tries to fall asleep on the cushions, but is awakened by the groundskeeper.[40]

The band mewithoutYou explored Bawa's teachings throughout their discography, most notably in their fourth album, It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright. The teacher's story of "The Fox, the Crow, and the Cookie" from My Love You My Children: 101 Stories for Children is told as well as his story about the "King Beetle" from The Divine Luminous Wisdom that Dispels Darkness.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Malik and Hinnells, p. 90.
  2. ^ Divine Luminous Wisdom, p. 254.
  3. ^ Malik and Hinnells, p. 93.
  4. ^ a b c d Malik and Hinnells, p. 91.
  5. ^ God, His Prophets and His Children, pgs. 150–157
  6. ^ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site Farm page
  7. ^ a b c d Malik and Hinnells, p. 92.
  8. ^ Malik and Hinnells, p 92.
  9. ^ The Tree That Fell to the West, p. 171.
  10. ^ To Die Before Death, p. xix.
  11. ^ Haddad and Smith, p 103.
  12. ^ The Truth and Unity of Man: Letters in Response to a Crisis
  13. ^ "Is the Ayatullah a Heretic?" Time. April 28, 1980.
  14. ^ Keen, Sam (April 1976). "The Mind is in the Heart". Psychology Today.
  15. ^ Harvard Divinity Bulletin. Harvard University Divinity School. December 1982 – January 1983, Volume XIII, Number 2
  16. ^ Haddad and Smith, p 104.
  17. ^ Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship web-site.
  18. ^ Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa's Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/american-sufi-shrine-bawa-s-mazar-coatesville-pennsylvania
  19. ^ Acknowledgments page, Wisdom of Man
  20. ^ Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa (June 7, 1994). The Wisdom of Man: Selected Discourses. Fellowship Press. ISBN 9780914390459 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa (June 7, 1994). The Wisdom of Man: Selected Discourses. Fellowship Press. ISBN 9780914390459 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Four Steps to Pure Iman, front cover.
  23. ^ "Smithsonian Folkways recording FW08905" Archived 2021-05-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ Islam and World Peace, pg.173.
  25. ^ a b Kemmerer, Lisa. (2012). Animals and World Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0199790678
  26. ^ "Tasty, Economical Cookbook: Vegetarian Recipes by M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen". rumisgarden.co.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  27. ^ The Tree That Fell to the West, p. 165.
  28. ^ Truth and Light, p. 10.
  29. ^ The Point Where God and Man Meet, p. xi.
  30. ^ Resonance of Allah, p. 716.
  31. ^ Sheikh and Disciple, p. 63.
  32. ^ Islam and World Peace, p. 3.
  33. ^ Questions of Life Answers of Wisdom, Vol.1, p. 220.
  34. ^ Come to the Secret Garden, p. 188.
  35. ^ My Love you My Children; p. 466.
  36. ^ a b Rumi: the Book of Love, p. 140.
  37. ^ Nov. 12, 2007 interview by Chitra Kalyani, IslamOnline.Net article Archived January 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/object-narratives/illuminated-rumi-green-barn-art-sufism-america
  39. ^ Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/interviews/interview-american-sufi-artist-michael-green
  40. ^ "Blue-Eyed Devil", pg. 86-88.

References

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  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1972). The Divine Luminous Wisdom That Dispels the Darkness. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-11-2.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1974). Truth and Light: Brief Explanations. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-04-X. Radio Interviews by Lex Hixon – WBAI, New York, and Will Noffke – KQED, San Francisco
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1976). God, His Prophets and His Children. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-09-0.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1976). My Love You, My Children: Stories for Children of All Ages. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-20-1.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1980). The Truth and Unity of Man: Letters in Response to a Crisis. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-15-5.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1980). The Wisdom of Man: Selected Discourses. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-45-7.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1983). Sheikh and Disciple. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-26-0.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1985). Come to the Secret Garden. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-46-5.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (1997). To Die Before Death: The Sufi Way of Life. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-39-2.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (2001). Questions of Life, Answers of Wisdom, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-32-5.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (2001). The Resonance of Allah: Resplendent Explanations Arising from the Nur, Allah's Wisdom of Grace. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-61-9.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (2003). The Tree that Fell to the West: Autobiography of a Sufi. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-67-8.
  • Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (2004). Islam and World Peace: Explanations of a Sufi. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-65-1.*Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. (2006). The Point Where God and Man Meet. Philadelphia: The Fellowship Press. ISBN 0-914390-79-1.
  • Y. Y. Haddad and J. I. Smith, editors (1994). Muslim Communities in North America. Albany: SUNY. ISBN 0-7914-2019-1. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help) Chapter 4: Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary American Islamic Spirituality: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship by Dr. Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
  • J. Malik and J. Hinnells, editors (2003). Sufism in the West. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27407-9. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help) Chapter 4: Third Wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship by Dr. Gisela Webb, Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University
  • Xavier, M. Shobhana (2015). Masjids, Ashrams and Mazars: Transnational Sufism and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University dissertation.
  • Xavier, M. Shobhana. "Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green." Interview. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.int.2016.1 Interview with American Sufi Artist Michael Green
  • Xavier, M. Shobhana. "An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa's Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.5 An American Sufi Shrine, Bawa’s Mazar in Coatesville, Pennsylvania
  • Xavier, M. Shobhana. "From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America." Object Narrative. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.obj.2016.4 From Illuminated Rumi to the Green Barn: The Art of Sufism in America
  • Snyder, Benjamin H. (2003). HEARTSPACE: The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship and the Culture of Unity. Philadelphia: Haverford College thesis.
  • Barks, Coleman (2005). Rumi: The Book of Love: Poems of Ecstasy and Longing. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-075050-2.
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