Manuel Pinto da Fonseca: Difference between revisions

Manuel Pinto da Fonseca
Manuel Pinto da Fonseca
	Portrait by Pierre Bernard (1704-1777)
Grand Master of the Order of Saint John
	In office; 18 January 1741 – 24 January 1773
Monarch	King Charles V (until 1753)
Preceded by	Ramon Despuig
Succeeded by	Francisco Ximénez de Tejada
Personal details
Born	24 May 1681; Lamego, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	23 January 1773 (aged 91); Valletta, Hospitaller Malta
Resting place	St. John's Co-Cathedral
Relations	Rosenda Paulichi
Children	José António Pinto da Fonseca e Vilhena
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Portugal; Order of Saint John

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Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (also Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca; 24 May 1681 – 23 January 1773) was a Portuguese nobleman, the 68th^[1] Grand Master of the Order of Saint John, from 1741 until his death.

He undertook many building projects, introducing the Baroque style throughout Malta. The cost of these projects contributed to bankrupting the Order in the decades following his death. His views were comparatively liberal. In 1764, he agreed to the re-unification with the Protestant Prussian branch of the Order, without, however, receiving the approval of Pope Clement XIII. The pope did agree, reluctantly, to the expulsion of the Jesuits from Malta in 1768.

Biography

He was the son of Miguel Álvaro Pinto da Fonseca, Alcaide-Mór de Ranhados, and his wife, Ana Pinto Teixeira. The coat of arms of the Pinto portrays five red crescents, to symbolising that the Pinto de Fonseca family won five battles with the Ottomans.^[2] Before his election as Grand Master on 18 January 1741,^[3] Pinto da Fonseca was a knight of the Langue of Portugal.^[4] He had an illegitimate son by one Rosenda Paulichi, daughter of Alberigo Paulichi and Patronilla Ramuzetta, named José António Pinto da Fonseca e Vilhena, who married his first cousin Maria Inácia Pinto da Fonseca de Sousa Teixeira e Vilhena, illegitimate daughter of Francisco Vaz Pinto (his father's brother) by one Clara Cerqueira. He was elected as Grand Master in his 60th year, and he lived to be a nonagenarian, ruling the Order for 32 years.

As Grand Master, Pinto da Fonseca kept an elaborate court, imitating the courts of the great European princes of his era. The court was a center of intrigue, the Grand Master being surrounded by a multitude of "ambitious pretenders".^[5]

In 1749, one of his bodyguards, Giuseppe Cohen, refused to join a plot led by Pasha Mustafa to stage a Muslim slave revolt; this refusal led to the exposure and suppression of the revolt, which afterward was celebrated each 29 June, the anniversary.^[6]

Pinto da Fonseca made substantial donations to the Conventual Church, and among the most notable mementoes are two large and heavy bells cast by the Master Founder of the Order of Saint John, Aloisio Bouchut, in 1747 and 1748; they still hang in the belfries of what is now the Co-Cathedral. These bells were made by melting two basilisks that were left by the Ottomans after the Great Siege of 1565. As Grand Master, Pinto da Fonseca completed construction of the Auberge de Castille^[7] (still one of the most important buildings in the Maltese capital city, Valletta^[8]); his bust and arms adorn its façade.^[7] Today this building houses the Office of the Prime Minister.^[9] Pinto built nineteen storehouses at the Marina, which still bear his name,^[10] and built several other buildings and structures.^[11] In 1756, he has built the first printing press in Malta at the magistral palace of the Grand Master, known as la stamperia del Palazzo.^[12]^[4] Pinto gave his name to the then town of Qormi and accorded it the status of a city as "Città Pinto".^[13] The city of Qormi adopted the Pinto arms, with the tinctures reversed,^{[dubious – discuss]} for its own coat of arms and flag.^[14] Pinto gained a bad reputation for creating large debts for the treasury of the Order, leading to bankruptcy.^[15]

In 1764, Pinto da Fonseca negotiated with King Frederick II ("Frederick the Great") of Prussia a reunification of the Protestant Bailiwick of Brandenburg with the Catholic Order of Saint John, but as Pope Clement XIII would not allow admission into a Roman Catholic organization of men viewed as heretics by the Church, the agreement came to naught.^[16]

In 1765/6, Pinto was befriended by Italian adventurer and occultist Alessandro Cagliostro.^{[citation needed]} A Master Mason of Freemasonry, dom Pinto initiated to the 33rd degree don Raimondo di Sangro, prince of Sansevero, which later established the first Scottish Rite Masonic Lodge in Naples, Italy.^[17]

Malta since 1734 was nominally a fief under the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, from 1759 under Ferdinand III. Bernardo Tanucci pressured Pinto to follow the Bourbon policy of suppression of the Jesuits, threatening a boycott of Malta if he refused. Pinto consulted with Pope Clement XIII, who reluctantly agreed to the expulsion of the Jesuits from Malta, insisting that it should be done "with due decency". Pinto signed the decree of expulsion on 22 April 1768. Twenty Jesuits (thirteen fathers, five brothers and two students) were expelled, while three elderly Jesuits, two of them native Maltese, were allowed to remain.^[18]^[19]^[20]

After the expulsion of the Jesuit Order, Pinto appropriated all the revenue accruing from its property on the island with the aim of establishing a Pubblica Università di Studi Generali. The decree constituting the University, now the University of Malta was signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769,^[21]^[22] having been authorised to do so by the Papal brief,^[19] Sedula Romani Pontificis, received on 20 October 1769. By 22 November of that year, the Grandmaster signed a bando establishing the University.^[23]

Pinto died on 23 January 1773, aged 91.^[24] His body was laid in a neoclassic monument with his mosaic portrait.^[25]^[26] A statue of Pinto is found in Floriana.^[27]

Gallery

Portrait by Antoine de Favray, now in the museum of St. John's Co-Cathedral
Part of the façade of Auberge de Castille (1741–45), showing Pinto's bust and coat of arms
30 tarì coin minted in 1757
The Castellania (1757–60), built during Pinto's magistracy
Mistra Gate (1760), containing Pinto's coat of arms
Coat of arms of Pinto and the Order on Mistra Battery (c. 1761)
Pinto's Loggia in Qormi (1772)
Chapel of the Langue of Castile, Leon and Portugal in St. John's Co-Cathedral, with Pinto's funerary monument visible on the left

References

^ Robert Morris, Coins of the grand masters of the Order of Malta: or Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem (1884), p. 64. "67. Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca. 1741-73: He was a man of more liberal views in many respects than any of his predecessors. In his time the Protestant Knights of Prussia were reunited to the Order and he was largely interested in promoting various internal improvements on the Island."
^ de Giorgio, Cynthia (2003). The image of triumph and the Knights of Malta. Printed by Printex Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 9789993202783. OCLC 54846760.
^ Cutajar, Tony C. (2011). Mewt Lil Pinto! (in Maltese). Lulu. p. 22. ISBN 9781447841791.
^ ^a ^b Seddall, Henry (1870). "Emanuel Pinto". Malta: Past and Present. Chapman and Hall. p. 146.
^ Ganado, Albert (2001). Palace of the Grand Masters in Valletta. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. p. 76. ISBN 9789993210122.
^ Denaro, Victor F. (1958). "Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 2 (3): 161–164. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Auberge de Castille et Leon" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ Ellul, Michael (1982). "Art and architecture in early nineteenth century Malta" (PDF). Proceedings of History Week: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2016.
^ "Deputat tal-PN tallega li hemm 'direct link' bejn Kastilja u l-MEPA". iNews Malta (in Maltese). 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016.
^ p. 146.
^ Thake, Conrad Gerald (Spring 1996). "The Architectural legacy of Grand Master Pinto". Treasures of Malta. 2 (2): 39–43.
^ Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo (August 1936). "Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca" (PDF). Malta Letteraria. 11 (8): 227. Lectures on the British constitution and on the government of Malta. p. 216.
^ Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
^ Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
^ A reign of austerity
^ Robert M. Clark, Jr., The Evangelical Knights of Saint John: A History of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital at Jerusalem, Known as the Johanniter Order; Dallas, Texas: 2003; pages 18-25. Guy Stair Sainty, The Orders of Saint John: The History, Structure, Membership and Modern Role of the Five Hospitaller Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem; New York: The American Society of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem, 1991; pages 86, 89-90.
^ Ingrid D. Rowland (24 March 2014). From Pompeii. Harward University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780674416529. OCLC 873805659. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
^ Robert Soler SJ, The suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773 Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Jesuits in Malta. Denaro, Victor F. (1961). "More houses in Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 3 (2): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016. Vassallo, C. (1940). "Condici e Manuscritti della Pubblica Biblioteca di Malta (continuazione e fine)" (PDF). Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM). 11 (1–2): 278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. p. 50 Archived 11 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Malta. Scarecrow Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780810873902.
^ Cassar, Carmel. Megan Armstrong; Corkery, James; Alison Fleming; Thomas SJ Prieto Worcester; Henry Andrés Ignacio Shea (eds.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits. Cambridge University Press. pp. 496–498. ISBN 9781108508506.
^ Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo (August 1936). "Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca" (PDF). Malta Letteraria. 11 (8): 230.
^ pp. 20-21
^ Gozo Observer Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Issue 22. June 2011. p. 3.
^ Denaro, Victor F. (1961). "More houses in Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 3 (2): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016.
^ Cutajar, Dominic (1999). History and Works of art of St. John's Church Valletta - Malta (3 ed.). M. J. Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-9990990003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017.
^ Riland Bedford; William Kirkpatrick (1905). Malta and the Knights Hospitallers. Seeley and co., Limited. pp. 34. OCLC 15910350. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008.
^ Bugeja, Joe (1 March 2015). Origins and history of Argotti Gardens. Times of Malta. Retrieved 29 June 2016.

External links

Portraits of Grandmaster Fra Manuel Pinto
Coins of Grandmaster Emmanuel Pinto Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine

Preceded by Ramon Despuig	Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller 1741–1773	Succeeded by Francisco Ximénez de Tejada

[1] Robert Morris, Coins of the grand masters of the Order of Malta: or Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem (1884), p. 64. "67. Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca. 1741-73: He was a man of more liberal views in many respects than any of his predecessors. In his time the Protestant Knights of Prussia were reunited to the Order and he was largely interested in promoting various internal improvements on the Island."

[2] Giorgio, Cynthia (2003). The image of triumph and the Knights of Malta. Printed by Printex Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 9789993202783. OCLC 54846760.

[3] Cutajar, Tony C. (2011). Mewt Lil Pinto! (in Maltese). Lulu. p. 22. ISBN 9781447841791.

[seddall-4] Seddall, Henry (1870). "Emanuel Pinto". Malta: Past and Present. Chapman and Hall. p. 146.

[5] Ganado, Albert (2001). Palace of the Grand Masters in Valletta. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. p. 76. ISBN 9789993210122.

[melitensiawth-6] Denaro, Victor F. (1958). "Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 2 (3): 161–164. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

[nicpmi-7] "Auberge de Castille et Leon" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

[8] Ellul, Michael (1982). "Art and architecture in early nineteenth century Malta" (PDF). Proceedings of History Week: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2016.

[9] "Deputat tal-PN tallega li hemm 'direct link' bejn Kastilja u l-MEPA". iNews Malta (in Maltese). 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016.

[10] . 146.

[11] Thake, Conrad Gerald (Spring 1996). "The Architectural legacy of Grand Master Pinto". Treasures of Malta. 2 (2): 39–43.

[12] Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo (August 1936). "Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca" (PDF). Malta Letteraria. 11 (8): 227. Lectures on the British constitution and on the government of Malta. p. 216.

[13] Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.

[cassar-14] Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.

[15] A reign of austerity

[16] Robert M. Clark, Jr., The Evangelical Knights of Saint John: A History of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital at Jerusalem, Known as the Johanniter Order; Dallas, Texas: 2003; pages 18-25. Guy Stair Sainty, The Orders of Saint John: The History, Structure, Membership and Modern Role of the Five Hospitaller Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem; New York: The American Society of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem, 1991; pages 86, 89-90.

[17] Ingrid D. Rowland (24 March 2014). From Pompeii. Harward University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780674416529. OCLC 873805659. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.

[18] Robert Soler SJ, The suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773 Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Jesuits in Malta. Denaro, Victor F. (1961). "More houses in Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 3 (2): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016. Vassallo, C. (1940). "Condici e Manuscritti della Pubblica Biblioteca di Malta (continuazione e fine)" (PDF). Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM). 11 (1–2): 278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. p. 50 Archived 11 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine

[rudolf-19] Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Malta. Scarecrow Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780810873902.

[20] Cassar, Carmel. Megan Armstrong; Corkery, James; Alison Fleming; Thomas SJ Prieto Worcester; Henry Andrés Ignacio Shea (eds.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits. Cambridge University Press. pp. 496–498. ISBN 9781108508506.

[21] Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo (August 1936). "Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca" (PDF). Malta Letteraria. 11 (8): 230.

[22] . 20-21

[23] Gozo Observer Archived 9 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Issue 22. June 2011. p. 3.

[24] Denaro, Victor F. (1961). "More houses in Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 3 (2): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016.

[25] Cutajar, Dominic (1999). History and Works of art of St. John's Church Valletta - Malta (3 ed.). M. J. Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-9990990003. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017.

[william-26] Riland Bedford; William Kirkpatrick (1905). Malta and the Knights Hospitallers. Seeley and co., Limited. pp. 34. OCLC 15910350. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008.

[27] Bugeja, Joe (1 March 2015). Origins and history of Argotti Gardens. Times of Malta. Retrieved 29 June 2016.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Portuguese nobleman}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
+{{for|the Brazilian slave trader|Manoel Pinto da Fonseca (slave trader)}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
 |honorific-prefix   =
@@ Line 16: / Line 19: @@
 |monarch            = [[Charles III of Spain|King Charles V]] (until 1753)
 |predecessor        = [[Ramon Despuig]]
-|successor          = [[Francisco Ximenes de Texada]]
+|successor          = [[Francisco Ximénez de Tejada]]
 |birth_date         = {{birth date|df=y|1681|5|24}}
 |birth_place        = [[Lamego]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
 |death_date         = {{death date and age|df=y|1773|1|23|1681|5|24}}
-|death_place        = [[Valletta]], [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta]]
+|death_place        = [[Valletta]], [[Hospitaller Malta]]
 |restingplace       = [[St. John's Co-Cathedral]]
 |restingplacecoordinates =
@@ Line 64: / Line 67: @@
 }}
 '''Manuel Pinto da Fonseca''' (also ''Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca''; 24 May 1681 – 23 January 1773) was a [[Portuguese nobility|Portuguese nobleman]], the 68th<ref>Robert Morris, ''Coins of the grand masters of the Order of Malta: or Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem'' (1884), [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029793092/page/n89 p. 64].
 "67. Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca. 1741-73: He was a man of more liberal views in many respects than any of his predecessors. In his time the Protestant Knights of Prussia were reunited to the Order and he was largely interested in promoting various internal improvements on the Island."</ref> [[List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Saint John]], from 1741 until his death.
 He undertook many building projects, introducing the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style throughout [[Malta]].
 The cost of these projects contributed to bankrupting the Order in the decades following his death.
-His views were comparatively [[classical liberalism|liberal]]. In 1764, he agreed to the re-unification with the Protestant [[Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)|Prussian branch of the Order]], without, however, receiving the approval of [[Pope Clement XIII]]. The pope did agree, reluctantly, to the [[expulsion of the Jesuits]] from Malta in 1768.
+His views were comparatively [[classical liberalism|liberal]]. In 1764, he agreed to the re-unification with the Protestant [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Prussian branch of the Order]], without, however, receiving the approval of [[Pope Clement XIII]]. The pope did agree, reluctantly, to the [[expulsion of the Jesuits]] from Malta in 1768.
 ==Biography==
@@ Line 78: / Line 81: @@
 He was elected as Grand Master in his 60th year, and he lived to be a nonagenarian, ruling the Order for 32 years.
 As Grand Master, Pinto da Fonseca kept an elaborate [[Royal court|court]], imitating the courts of the great European princes of his era. The court was a center of intrigue, the Grand Master being surrounded by a multitude of "ambitious pretenders".<ref>{{cite book|last=Ganado|first=Albert|date=2001|title=Palace of the Grand Masters in Valletta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eh3qAAAAMAAJ&q=+court+|publisher=[[Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti]]|isbn=9789993210122|page=76}}</ref>
 In 1749, one of his bodyguards, Giuseppe Cohen, refused to join a plot led by Pasha Mustafa to stage a [[Conspiracy of the Slaves|Muslim slave revolt]]; this refusal led to the exposure and suppression of the revolt, which afterward was celebrated each 29 June, the anniversary.<ref name="melitensiawth">{{cite journal|last1=Denaro |first1=Victor F. |title=Houses in Merchants Street, Valletta |journal=Melita Historica |date=1958 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=161–164 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.02(1956-59)/MH.2(1958)3/orig04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124519/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.02%281956-59%29/MH.2%281958%293/orig04.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 Pinto da Fonseca made substantial donations to the Conventual Church, and among the most notable mementoes are two large and heavy bells cast by the Master Founder of the Order of Saint John, Aloisio Bouchut, in 1747 and 1748; they still hang in the belfries of what is now the Co-Cathedral. These bells were made by melting two [[Basilisk (cannon)|basilisks]] that were left by the Ottomans after the Great Siege of 1565.
 As Grand Master, Pinto da Fonseca completed construction of the [[Auberge de Castille]]<ref name="nicpmi">{{cite web|title=Auberge de Castille et Leon|url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf|website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands|date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111831/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01127.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> (still one of the most important buildings in the [[Malta|Maltese]] capital city, [[Valletta]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ellul|first1=Michael|title=Art and architecture in early nineteenth century Malta|journal=Proceedings of History Week|date=1982|page=3|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201982/01s.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403194930/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Proceedings%20of%20History%20Week/PHW%201982/01s.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>); his bust and arms adorn its façade.<ref name="nicpmi"/> Today this building houses the Office of the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deputat tal-PN tallega li hemm 'direct link' bejn Kastilja u l-MEPA|url=http://www.inewsmalta.com/article.php?ID1=27403|work=iNews Malta|date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621221746/http://www.inewsmalta.com/article.php?ID1=27403|archive-date=21 June 2016|language=mt}}</ref>
-Pinto built [[Valletta Waterfront|nineteen storehouses]] at the Marina, which still bear his name,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=11pKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 146.]</ref> and built several other buildings and structures.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Treasures of Malta|last=Thake|first=Conrad Gerald|date=Spring 1996|title=The Architectural legacy of Grand Master Pinto|volume=2|issue=2|pages=39–43}}</ref>
+Pinto built [[Valletta Waterfront|nineteen storehouses]] at the Marina, which still bear his name,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=11pKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146 p. 146.]</ref> and built several other buildings and structures.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Treasures of Malta|last=Thake|first=Conrad Gerald|date=Spring 1996|title=The Architectural legacy of Grand Master Pinto|volume=2|issue=2|pages=39–43}}</ref>
 In 1756, he has built the first printing press in Malta at the [[Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)|magistral palace]] of the Grand Master, known as ''la stamperia del Palazzo''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mifsud Bonnici|first=Carmelo|journal=Malta Letteraria|title=Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2011(1936)/11.pdf|page=227|volume=11|issue=8|date=August 1936}}
-[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMsNAAAAQAAJ&dq=Malte+Castellania+giustizia&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+Pinto+ Lectures on the British constitution and on the government of Malta]. p. 216.</ref><ref name="seddall">{{cite book|last=Seddall|first=Henry|date=1870|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11pKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146|title=Malta: Past and Present|chapter=Emanuel Pinto|publisher=Chapman and Hall|page=146}}</ref>
+[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMsNAAAAQAAJ&q=+Pinto+ Lectures on the British constitution and on the government of Malta]. p. 216.</ref><ref name="seddall">{{cite book|last=Seddall|first=Henry|date=1870|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11pKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146|title=Malta: Past and Present|chapter=Emanuel Pinto|publisher=Chapman and Hall|page=146}}</ref>
 Pinto gave his name to the then town of [[Qormi]] and accorded it the status of a city as "Città Pinto".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassar Pullicino |first1=Joseph |title=The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory |journal=Scientia |date=October–December 1949 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=162 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 The city of Qormi adopted the Pinto arms, with the tinctures reversed,{{dubious|date=November 2018}} for its own coat of arms and flag.<ref name=cassar>{{cite journal|last1=Cassar Pullicino |first1=Joseph |title=The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory |journal=Scientia |date=October–December 1949 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=168 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 Pinto gained a bad reputation for creating large debts for the [[Casa del Commun Tesoro|treasury of the Order]], leading to bankruptcy.<ref>[http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1978/03s.pdf A reign of austerity]</ref>
 In 1764, Pinto da Fonseca negotiated with King Frederick II ("Frederick the Great") of Prussia a reunification of the Protestant [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Bailiwick of Brandenburg]] with the Catholic [[Order of Saint John]], but as Pope Clement XIII would not allow admission into a Roman Catholic organization of men viewed as heretics by the Church, the agreement came to naught.<ref>Robert M. Clark, Jr., ''The Evangelical Knights of Saint John:  A History of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Knightly Order of St. John of the Hospital at Jerusalem, Known as the Johanniter Order''; Dallas, Texas:  2003; pages 18-25.  Guy Stair Sainty, ''The Orders of Saint John:  The History, Structure, Membership and Modern Role of the Five Hospitaller Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem''; New York:  The American Society of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem, 1991; pages 86, 89-90.</ref>
-In 1765/6, Pinto was befriended by Italian adventurer and occultist [[Alessandro Cagliostro]].{{cn|date=November 2018}} A Master Mason of [[Freemasonry]], dom Pinto initiated to the 33rd degree don [[Raimondo di Sangro]], prince of Sansevero, which later established the first Scottish Rite Masonic Lodge in [[Naples]], Italy.<ref>{{cite book | author = [[Ingrid D. Rowland]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EifrAgAAQBAJ&q=%22don+Raimondo%22&pg=PA115 | title = From Pompeii | page = 115 | publisher = Harward University Press | date = Mar 24, 2014 | isbn = 9780674416529 | oclc = 873805659 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20190524091026/https://books.google.it/books?id=EifrAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22from+Pompeii%22%2Browland%2Bingrid&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu09f56LPiAhWuPOwKHeN6Ak8Q6AEIJjAA%23v=onepage&q=don%20Raimondo&f=false#v=onepage&q=%22don%20Raimondo%22&f=false | archive-date = May 24, 2019 | url-status = live | access-date = May 24, 2019 }}</ref>
+In 1765/6, Pinto was befriended by Italian adventurer and occultist [[Alessandro Cagliostro]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} A Master Mason of [[Freemasonry]], dom Pinto initiated to the 33rd degree don [[Raimondo di Sangro]], prince of Sansevero, which later established the first Scottish Rite Masonic Lodge in [[Naples]], Italy.<ref>{{cite book | author = Ingrid D. Rowland | author-link = Ingrid D. Rowland | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EifrAgAAQBAJ&q=%22don+Raimondo%22&pg=PA115 | title = From Pompeii | page = 115 | publisher = Harward University Press | date = 24 March 2014 | isbn = 9780674416529 | oclc = 873805659 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20190524091026/https://books.google.it/books?id=EifrAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22from+Pompeii%22%2Browland%2Bingrid&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu09f56LPiAhWuPOwKHeN6Ak8Q6AEIJjAA%23v=onepage&q=don%20Raimondo&f=false#v=onepage&q=%22don%20Raimondo%22&f=false | archive-date = 24 May 2019 | url-status = live | access-date = 24 May 2019 }}</ref>
 Malta since 1734 was nominally a fief under the  [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], from 1759 under [[Ferdinand III of Sicily|Ferdinand III]]. [[Bernardo Tanucci]] pressured Pinto to follow  the Bourbon policy of [[suppression of the Jesuits]], threatening a boycott of Malta if he refused. Pinto consulted with [[Pope Clement XIII]], who reluctantly agreed to the expulsion of the Jesuits from Malta, insisting that it should be done "with due decency". Pinto signed the decree of expulsion on 22 April 1768.
-Twenty Jesuits (thirteen fathers, five brothers and two students) were expelled, while three elderly Jesuits, two of them native Maltese, were allowed to remain.<ref>Robert Soler SJ, [http://www.jrsmalta.org/content.aspx?id=377333#.W91z0nWYVNw  The suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773], Jesuits in Malta.
+Twenty Jesuits (thirteen fathers, five brothers and two students) were expelled, while three elderly Jesuits, two of them native Maltese, were allowed to remain.<ref>Robert Soler SJ, [http://www.jrsmalta.org/content.aspx?id=377333#.W91z0nWYVNw  The suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210151/http://www.jrsmalta.org/content.aspx?id=377333#.W91z0nWYVNw |date=3 November 2018 }}, Jesuits in Malta.
-{{cite journal|last1=Denaro |first1=Victor F. |title=More houses in Valletta |journal=Melita Historica |date=1961 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=3 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1961)2/orig01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323112933/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03%281960-63%29/MH.3%281961%292/orig01.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
+{{cite journal |last1=Denaro |first1=Victor F. |title=More houses in Valletta |journal=Melita Historica |date=1961 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=3 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1961)2/orig01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323112933/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03%281960-63%29/MH.3%281961%292/orig01.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
-{{cite journal|journal=Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM) |last=Vassallo |first=C. |date=1940 |title=Condici e Manuscritti della Pubblica Biblioteca di Malta (continuazione e fine) |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11(1940)1-2(Genn.-Agosto)/07.pdf |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |page=278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416024629/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11%281940%291-2%28Genn.-Agosto%29/07.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016}}
+{{cite journal |journal=Archivio Storico di Malta (ASM) |last=Vassallo |first=C. |date=1940 |title=Condici e Manuscritti della Pubblica Biblioteca di Malta (continuazione e fine) |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11(1940)1-2(Genn.-Agosto)/07.pdf |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |page=278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416024629/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11%281940%291-2%28Genn.-Agosto%29/07.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}
-[https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/257738/3-Fiorini-Collegium_Melitense.pdf p. 50]</ref><ref name="rudolf">{{cite book|last1=Rudolf|first1=Uwe Jens|last2=Berg|first2=Warren G.|date=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwuUOVkaMB0C&pg=PA136|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=136|isbn=9780810873902}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cassar|first=Carmel |editor=Megan Armstrong |editor2=Corkery, James |editor3=Alison Fleming |editor4=Thomas SJ Prieto Worcester |editor5=Henry Andrés Ignacio Shea|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQyDwAAQBAJ&q=1877&pg=PT497|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=496–498|isbn=9781108508506}}</ref>
+[https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/257738/3-Fiorini-Collegium_Melitense.pdf p. 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222530/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/257738/3-Fiorini-Collegium_Melitense.pdf |date=11 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="rudolf">{{cite book|last1=Rudolf|first1=Uwe Jens|last2=Berg|first2=Warren G.|date=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwuUOVkaMB0C&pg=PA136|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=136|isbn=9780810873902}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cassar|first=Carmel |editor=Megan Armstrong |editor2=Corkery, James |editor3=Alison Fleming |editor4=Thomas SJ Prieto Worcester |editor5=Henry Andrés Ignacio Shea|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQyDwAAQBAJ&q=1877&pg=PT497|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=496–498|isbn=9781108508506}}</ref>
-After the expulsion of the Jesuit Order, Pinto appropriated all the revenue accruing from its property on the island with the aim of establishing a ''Pubblica Università di Studi Generali''. The decree constituting the University, now the [[University of Malta]] was signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mifsud Bonnici|first=Carmelo|journal=Malta Letteraria|title=Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2011(1936)/11.pdf|page=230|volume=11|issue=8|date=August 1936}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhVTuRCiV3AC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 20-21]</ref> having been authorised to do so by the [[Papal brief]],<ref name="rudolf"/> ''Sedula Romani Pontificis'', received on 20 October 1769. By 22 November of that year, the Grandmaster signed a bando establishing the University.<ref>[https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/130623/Gozo_Observer_24_Final_sml1.pdf Gozo Observer]. Issue 22. June 2011. p. 3.</ref>
+After the expulsion of the Jesuit Order, Pinto appropriated all the revenue accruing from its property on the island with the aim of establishing a ''Pubblica Università di Studi Generali''. The decree constituting the University, now the [[University of Malta]] was signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mifsud Bonnici|first=Carmelo|journal=Malta Letteraria|title=Fr. Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Malta%20Letteraria/ML.n.s.,%2011(1936)/11.pdf|page=230|volume=11|issue=8|date=August 1936}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhVTuRCiV3AC&pg=PA20 pp. 20-21]</ref> having been authorised to do so by the [[Papal brief]],<ref name="rudolf"/> ''Sedula Romani Pontificis'', received on 20 October 1769. By 22 November of that year, the Grandmaster signed a bando establishing the University.<ref>[https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/130623/Gozo_Observer_24_Final_sml1.pdf Gozo Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109182346/https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/130623/Gozo_Observer_24_Final_sml1.pdf |date=9 January 2018 }}. Issue 22. June 2011. p. 3.</ref>
 Pinto died on 23 January 1773, aged 91.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Denaro |first1=Victor F. |title=More houses in Valletta |journal=Melita Historica |date=1961 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=4 |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03(1960-63)/MH.3(1961)2/orig01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323112933/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.03%281960-63%29/MH.3%281961%292/orig01.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
@@ Line 123: / Line 126: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/html/g_m__fra_emmanuel_pinto.html Portraits of Grandmaster Fra Manuel Pinto]
-* [http://coinsofmalta.com/jag-collection-25-pinto/ Coins of Grandmaster Emmanuel Pinto]
+* [http://coinsofmalta.com/jag-collection-25-pinto/ Coins of Grandmaster Emmanuel Pinto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105020343/http://coinsofmalta.com/jag-collection-25-pinto/ |date=5 November 2014 }}
-{{Commons category|Manuel Pinto de Fonseca (GM 68)}}
+{{Commons category|Manuel Pinto da Fonseca}}
 {{s-start}}
@@ Line 136: / Line 139: @@
 |title=[[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller]]
 |years=1741&ndash;1773
-|after=[[Francisco Ximenes de Texada]]
+|after=[[Francisco Ximénez de Tejada]]
 }}
 {{s-end}}
@@ Line 146: / Line 149: @@
 [[Category:1773 deaths]]
 [[Category:People from Lamego]]
-[[Category:Portuguese nobility]]
+[[Category:Grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller]]
-[[Category:Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller]]
 [[Category:Knights of Malta]]
-[[Category:17th-century Portuguese people]]
+[[Category:17th-century Portuguese nobility]]
 [[Category:18th-century Portuguese people]]
-[[Category:Burials at St. John's Co-Cathedral]]
+[[Category:Burials at Saint John's Co-Cathedral]]

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