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{{short description|12th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physician}}
{{Distinguish|Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya}}
{{Distinguish|Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya}}
{{Infobox scholar
{{Infobox scholar
| image =
| image =
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| name = Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
| name = Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
| birth_date = c. 1130
| birth_date = c. 1130
| birth_place = [[Fez, Morocco]]
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| death_date = c. 1180
| death_date = c. 1180
| death_place = [[Maragha, Iran]]
| death_place = [[Maragheh]], [[Ahmadilis|Ahmadili Azerbaijan]]
| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]]
| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]]
| school_tradition =
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Mathematics]], [[Medicine in medieval Islam|Medicine]]
| main_interests = [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Mathematics]], [[Medicine in medieval Islam|Medicine]]
| notable_ideas =
| notable_ideas =
| influences = [[Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi|Abu'l-Barakat]]
| influences = [[Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī]]
| influenced =
| influenced =
}}
}}
[[File:Polynôme-Al-Samaw-al.jpg|thumb|Al-Samaw-al Polynomial. Illustration of a book from [[Ibn Yahyā al-Maghribī al-Samaw'al]] called ''al-Bahir fi'l-jabr'', meaning "The brilliant in algebra", from the 12th century.]]
[[File:Polynôme-Al-Samaw-al.jpg|thumb|Al-Samaw-al Polynomial. Illustration of the ''al-Bahir fi'l-Jabr'' "The Brilliant in Algebra" from the 12th century.]]
'''Al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī''' ({{lang-ar|السموأل بن يحيى المغربي}}, {{Lang-he|שמואל בן יחיא המערבי}}; c. 1130 – c. 1180), commonly known as '''Samau'al al-Maghribi''', was a [[mathematician]], [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]] and [[Islamic medicine|physician]].<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/174-abbas-samuel-abu-nasr-ibn A Jewish Encyclopedia]</ref> Born to a [[Jewish family]], he concealed his [[conversion to Islam]] for many years in fear of offending his father, then openly embraced Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so.<ref>[http://new.math.uiuc.edu/im2008/rogers/algebra.html UIMATH: Islamic Mathematics (Algebra)]</ref> His father was a [[Rabbi]] from [[Morocco]].<ref>Medieval Cultures in Contact, By Richard Gyug, pg. 123</ref>
'''Al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī''' ({{langx|ar|السموأل بن يحيى المغربي}}, c. 1130 – c. 1180), commonly known as '''Samawʾal al-Maghribi''', was a [[mathematician]], [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]] and [[Islamic medicine|physician]].<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/174-abbas-samuel-abu-nasr-ibn A Jewish Encyclopedia]</ref> Born to a [[Jewish family]] of [[North Africa]]n origin, he concealed his [[conversion to Islam]] for many years for fear of offending his father, then openly embraced Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so.<ref>[http://new.math.uiuc.edu/im2008/rogers/algebra.html UIMATH: Islamic Mathematics (Algebra)]</ref> His father was a [[rabbi]] from [[Morocco]] named Yehuda ibn Abūn.<ref>Medieval Cultures in Contact, By Richard Gyug, pg. 123</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Perlman |first1=Moshe |title=Silencing the Jews |date=1964 |publisher=American Academy for Jewish Research |location=New York |pages=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn0dPwAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>


==Mathematics==
==Mathematics==
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{{wikisourcelang|ar|بذل المجهود في إفحام اليهود|al-Samaw'al }}
{{wikisourcelang|ar|بذل المجهود في إفحام اليهود|al-Samaw'al }}


He also wrote a famous [[polemic]] book in [[Arabic]] debating [[Judaism]] known as ''Ifḥām al-Yahūd'' (''Confutation of the Jews''). A [[Latin]] tract translated from Arabic and later translated into many [[Western world|Western]] languages, titled ''Epistola Samuelis Marrocani ad R. Isaacum contra errores Judaeorum'', claims to be authored by a certain R. Samuel of Fez "about the year 1072" and is erroneously connected with him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=A. Lukyn|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/adversus-judaeos/81611E2F026DAAEC45C114561CC9AA20|title=Adversus Judaeos: a Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1935|isbn=978-1-139-10847-8|location=Cambridge|pages=228–232|oclc=889963332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=3622414|title=Samau'al al-Maghribī Ifḥām Al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews / إفحام اليهود: تأليف السموءل المغربي (القرن السادس الهجري)|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=32|pages=5|last1=Perlmann|first1=Moshe|doi=10.2307/3622414|year=1964}}</ref><ref>Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)</ref>
He also wrote a famous polemic book in [[Arabic]] debating [[Judaism]] known as ''Ifḥām al-Yahūd'' (''Confutation of the Jews''). A [[Latin]] tract translated from Arabic and later translated into many [[Western world|Western]] languages, titled ''Epistola Samuelis Marrocani ad R. Isaacum contra errores Judaeorum'', claims to be authored by a certain R. Samuel of Fez "about the year 1072" and is erroneously connected with him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=A. Lukyn|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/adversus-judaeos/81611E2F026DAAEC45C114561CC9AA20|title=Adversus Judaeos: a Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1935|isbn=978-1-139-10847-8|location=Cambridge|pages=228–232|oclc=889963332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=3622414|title=Samau'al al-Maghribī Ifḥām Al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews / إفحام اليهود: تأليف السموءل المغربي (القرن السادس الهجري)|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=32|pages=5|last1=Perlmann|first1=Moshe|doi=10.2307/3622414|year=1964}}</ref><ref>Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/230950 Al-Bahir en Algebre d'As-Samaw'al translation by Salah Ahmad, Roshdi Rashed, Author(s) of Review: David A. King, Isis, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 307-308]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/230950 Al-Bahir en Algebre d'As-Samaw'al translation by Salah Ahmad, Roshdi Rashed, Author(s) of Review: David A. King, Isis, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 307-308]
*Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress, Osiris, Vol. 9, 1950 (1950), by Franz Rosenthal, pp.&nbsp;555–566
*Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress, Osiris, Vol. 9, 1950 (1950), by Franz Rosenthal, pp.&nbsp;555–566
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Naderi | first = Negar | title=Samawʾal: Abū Naṣr Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn 'Abbās al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 1009 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Samaw%27al_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Samaw%27al_BEA.pdf PDF version])
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Naderi | first = Negar | title=Samawʾal: Abū Naṣr Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā ibn 'Abbās al-Maghribī al-Andalusī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 1009 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Samaw%27al_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Samaw%27al_BEA.pdf PDF version])


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Samawal, Yahya Maghribi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Samawal, Yahya Maghribi}}
[[Category:Medieval Iraqi astronomers]]
[[Category:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Medieval Iraqi physicians]]
[[Category:Physicians of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish astronomers]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish astronomers]]
[[Category:Astronomers of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:12th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:12th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:Medieval Iraqi mathematicians]]
[[Category:Mathematicians of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Medieval Moroccan mathematicians]]
[[Category:Mathematicians of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Medieval Persian Jews]]
[[Category:Medieval Iranian Jews]]
⚫
[[Category:12th-century Jews]]
[[Category:12th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:12th-century physicians]]
[[Category:12th-century physicians]]
[[Category:Physicians of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish physicians]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish physicians of Iraq]]
[[Category:Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Medieval Moroccan physicians]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:12th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:Iraqi people of Moroccan descent]]
[[Category:Iraqi people of Moroccan descent]]
[[Category:12th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:12th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Jewish astronomers]]
[[Category:Jewish astronomers]]
⚫
[[Category:12th-century Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate]]

Latest revision as of 06:03, 22 November 2024

Not to be confused with Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya.
Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
Bornc. 1130
Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Diedc. 1180
Maragheh, Ahmadili Azerbaijan
Academic background
InfluencesAbu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
Academic work
EraIslamic Golden Age
Main interestsMathematics, Medicine
Al-Samaw-al Polynomial. Illustration of the al-Bahir fi'l-Jabr "The Brilliant in Algebra" from the 12th century.

Al-Samawʾal ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī (Arabic: السموأل بن يحيى المغربي, c. 1130 – c. 1180), commonly known as Samawʾal al-Maghribi, was a mathematician, astronomer and physician.[1] Born to a Jewish family of North African origin, he concealed his conversion to Islam for many years for fear of offending his father, then openly embraced Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so.[2] His father was a rabbi from Morocco named Yehuda ibn Abūn.[3][4]

Mathematics

[edit]

Al-Samaw'al wrote the mathematical treatise al-Bahir fi'l-jabr, meaning "The brilliant in algebra", at the age of nineteen.

He also used the two basic concepts of mathematical induction, though without stating them explicitly. He used this to extend results for the binomial theorem up to n=12 and Pascal's triangle previously given by al-Karaji.[5]

Polemics

[edit]
Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

He also wrote a famous polemic book in Arabic debating Judaism known as Ifḥām al-Yahūd (Confutation of the Jews). A Latin tract translated from Arabic and later translated into many Western languages, titled Epistola Samuelis Marrocani ad R. Isaacum contra errores Judaeorum, claims to be authored by a certain R. Samuel of Fez "about the year 1072" and is erroneously connected with him.[6][7][8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ A Jewish Encyclopedia
  2. ^ UIMATH: Islamic Mathematics (Algebra)
  3. ^ Medieval Cultures in Contact, By Richard Gyug, pg. 123
  4. ^ Perlman, Moshe (1964). Silencing the Jews. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research. p. 15.
  5. ^ Katz (1992), p. 242:

    "Like the proofs of al-Karaji and ibn al-Haytham, al-Samaw'al's argument contains the two basic components of an inductive proof. He begins with a value for which the result is known, here n = 2, and then uses the result for a given integer to derive the result for the next. Since al-Samaw'al did not have any way of stating the general binomial theorem, however, he cannot be said to have proved it, by induction or otherwise. What he had done was provide a method acceptable to his readers for expanding binomials up to the twelfth power..."
  6. ^ Williams, A. Lukyn (1935). Adversus Judaeos: a Bird's-Eye View of Christian Apologiae until the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–232. ISBN 978-1-139-10847-8. OCLC 889963332.
  7. ^ Perlmann, Moshe (1964). "Samau'al al-Maghribī Ifḥām Al-Yahūd: Silencing the Jews / إفحام اليهود: تأليف السموءل المغربي (القرن السادس الهجري)". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 32: 5. doi:10.2307/3622414. JSTOR 3622414.
  8. ^ Samau'al al-Maghribi: Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews by Moshe Perlmann, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 32, Samau'al Al-Maghribi Ifham Al-Yahud: Silencing the Jews (1964)

References

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