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{{Short description|Extinct clade of carnivores}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = ''Borophagini''
| name = Borophagini
|fossil_range = [[Oligocene]]-[[Early Pliocene]]
| fossil_range = [[Oligocene]]-[[Early Pliocene]]
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image = Borophagus secundus (top), Aelurodon taxoides (middle), Tomarctus brevirostris (bottom) (cropped 2).jpg
|phylum = [[Chordata]]
| image_caption = ''[[Borophagus secundus]]'' (top), ''[[Aelurodon taxoides]]'' (middle), ''[[Tomarctus brevirostris]]'' (bottom).
|classis = [[Mammalia]]
| taxon = Borophagini
|ordo = [[Carnivora]]
⚫
| authority = G. G. Simpson, 1945
|familia = [[Canidae]]
| range_map = Borophagini range.png
|subfamilia = †[[Borophaginae]]
|genus = (tribe) †'''''Borophagini'''''
| range_map_caption = Range of Borophagini based on fossil distribution
⚫
|genus_authority = G. G. Simpson, 1945
|species =
|binomial =
|binomial_authority = ([[John C. Merriam|Merriam]], 1906)
}}
}}


'''Borophagini''' is a [[clade]] or tribe of the [[subfamily]] [[Borophaginae]]. This is an [[extinct]] group of [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[canid]]s that were endemic to [[North America]] and which lived during the [[Geringian]] stage (30.8 [[Mya (unit)|Mya]]) of the [[Oligocene]] epoch to the [[Zanclean]] age (3.6 Mya) of the [[Early Pliocene]].<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=83322&is_real_user=1 PaleoBiology Database: ''Borophagini'', Taxonomy, Subtaxa]</ref>
'''Borophagini''' is a [[clade]] or tribe of the [[subfamily]] [[Borophaginae]]. This is an [[extinct]] group of [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[canid]]s that were endemic and widespread throughout [[North America]] and [[Central America]] which lived during the [[Geringian]] stage of the [[Oligocene]] epoch to the [[Zanclean]] age of the [[Early Pliocene]] living 30.8—3.6 [[Annum|Mya]] existing approximately {{Mya|30.8-3.6|million years}}.<ref>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83322 PaleoBiology Database: ''Borophagini'', Taxonomy, Subtaxa]</ref>

==About==
==Biology==
''Borophagini'' were a short-faced, heavy-jawed canine usually massive in size. They were primarily [[carnivore]]s but [[dentition]] demonstrates [[omnivore]] traits. These animals were actively mobile. Reproduction was [[vivipary|viviparous]]<ref>Nowak, R. M., Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991</ref><ref>[http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae]</ref>
Borophagini were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids, usually massive in size. They were primarily [[carnivore]]s but [[dentition]] demonstrates [[omnivore]] traits.<ref>Nowak, R. M., Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf |title=Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae |access-date=2009-07-20 |archive-date=2007-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320023028/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Borophagini'' was named by Simpson (1945)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=George Gaylord|title=The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals|series=Bulletin of the AMNH|date=1945|volume=85|location=New York|hdl=2246/1104}}</ref> [credited to Simpson because he named Borophaginae]. It was assigned to Borophaginae by Wang et al. (1999)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Xiaoming|last2=Tedford|first2=Richard H.|last3=Taylor|first3=Beryl E.|title=Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)|date=1999|location=New York|hdl=2246/1588|series=Bulletin of the AMNH|volume=243}}</ref> and Wang et al. (2004).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Xiaoming|last2=Wideman|first2=Benjamin C.|last3=Nichols|first3=Ralph|last4=Hanneman|first4=Debra L.|title=A new species of ''Aleurodon'' (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|date=2004|volume=24|issue=2|pages=445–452|doi=10.1671/2493|jstor=4524730|bibcode=2004JVPal..24..445W |s2cid=21694500 }}</ref>

==Clade==
==Clade==
The clade includes: ''[[Cormocyon]]'', ''[[Desmocyon]]'', ''[[Metatomarctus]]'', ''[[Euoplocyon]]'', ''[[Psalidocyon]]'', ''[[Microtomarctus]]'', ''[[Protomarctus]]'', and ''[[Tephrocyon]]''.
The clade includes: ''[[Cormocyon]]'', ''[[Desmocyon]]'', ''[[Metatomarctus]]'', ''[[Euoplocyon]]'', ''[[Psalidocyon]]'', ''[[Microtomarctus]]'', ''[[Protomarctus]]'', and ''[[Tephrocyon]]''.

===Subtaxa and sister taxa===
===Subtaxa and sister taxa===
The subtaxa or subtribes are: ''[[Aelurodontina]]'', ''[[Borophagina]]'', and ''[[Cynarctina]]''. ''[[Phlaocyonini]]'' is the sister taxa.
The subtaxa or subtribes are: ''[[Aelurodontina]]'', ''[[Borophagina]]'', and ''[[Cynarctina]]''. ''[[Phlaocyonini]]'' is a sister taxon.

==Fossil distribution==
==Fossil distribution==
With the clade comprising many genus and subtaxa, the distribution of [[fossil]] specimens for ''Borophagini'' is widespread throughout the entire continent extending from coast to coast as well as [[Florida]] to western [[Oregon]] to the [[Panama Isthmus]].
With the clade comprising many genus and subtaxa, the distribution of [[fossil]] specimens for ''Borophagini'' is widespread throughout the entire continent extending from coast to coast as well as [[Florida]] to western [[Oregon]] to [[Panama]].


==Resources==
==Resources==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Canidae extinct nav}}
{{Canidae extinct nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4946288}}

[[Category:Borophagines| ]]
[[Category:Borophagines| ]]
[[Category:Pliocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Zanclean extinctions]]
[[Category:Mammal tribes]]

Latest revision as of 19:39, 18 November 2024

Borophagini
Temporal range: Oligocene-Early Pliocene
Borophagus secundus (top), Aelurodon taxoides (middle), Tomarctus brevirostris (bottom).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: †Borophaginae
Tribe: †Borophagini
G. G. Simpson, 1945
Range of Borophagini based on fossil distribution

Borophagini is a clade or tribe of the subfamily Borophaginae. This is an extinct group of terrestrial canids that were endemic and widespread throughout North America and Central America which lived during the Geringian stage of the Oligocene epoch to the Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene living 30.8—3.6 Mya existing approximately 27.2 million years.[1]

Biology

[edit]

Borophagini were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids, usually massive in size. They were primarily carnivores but dentition demonstrates omnivore traits.[2][3]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Borophagini was named by Simpson (1945)[4] [credited to Simpson because he named Borophaginae]. It was assigned to Borophaginae by Wang et al. (1999)[5] and Wang et al. (2004).[6]

Clade

[edit]

The clade includes: Cormocyon, Desmocyon, Metatomarctus, Euoplocyon, Psalidocyon, Microtomarctus, Protomarctus, and Tephrocyon.

Subtaxa and sister taxa

[edit]

The subtaxa or subtribes are: Aelurodontina, Borophagina, and Cynarctina. Phlaocyonini is a sister taxon.

Fossil distribution

[edit]

With the clade comprising many genus and subtaxa, the distribution of fossil specimens for Borophagini is widespread throughout the entire continent extending from coast to coast as well as Florida to western Oregon to Panama.

Resources

[edit]
  1. ^ PaleoBiology Database: Borophagini, Taxonomy, Subtaxa
  2. ^ Nowak, R. M., Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991
  3. ^ "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  4. ^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). "The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals". Bulletin of the AMNH. 85. New York. hdl:2246/1104. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E. (1999). Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the AMNH. Vol. 243. New York. hdl:2246/1588.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Wideman, Benjamin C.; Nichols, Ralph; Hanneman, Debra L. (2004). "A new species of Aleurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 445–452. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..445W. doi:10.1671/2493. JSTOR 4524730. S2CID 21694500.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borophagini&oldid=1258214405"