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{{Short description|Indigenous Jews of Norhern Africa}}
{{Short description|Indigenous Jews of Northern Africa}}
{{Expand French|Tochavim|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Berber Jews.jpg|thumb| [[Berber Jews]] cca. 1900]]
{{Italic title}}[[File:Berber Jews.jpg|thumb| [[Berber Jews]] cca. 1900]]
'''Toshavim''' ({{lang-he|תושבים}}, "residents") is a generic reference to non-[[Sephardic]] [[Jews]] who inhabited lands in which the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Jews expelled from Spain in 15th century]] settled ("[[Megorashim]]", "expellees").<ref name=brill>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/toshavim-COM_0021450 "Toshavim"], ''[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] online''</ref> The indigenous Jews in the area of [[North Africa]] known as [[Maghreb]] are also referred to as ''Maghrebim'' ([[Maghrebi Jews]]). In particular, the term "Toshavim" was applied to the indigenous [[Moroccan Jews|Jews of Morocco]].
'''''Toshavim''''' ({{langx|he|תושבים}}, "residents") or '''''bildiyīn''''' ({{Langx|ary|بلديين|4=of the country, natives}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gottreich |first=Emily |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062278289 |title=Jewish Morocco : a history from pre-Islamic to postcolonial times |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-78076-849-6 |location=London |oclc=1062278289}}</ref> is a generic reference to non-[[Sephardic]] [[Jews]] who inhabited lands in which the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Jews expelled from Spain in 15th century]] settled ("[[Megorashim]]", "expellees").<ref name=brill>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/toshavim-COM_0021450 "Toshavim"], ''[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] online''</ref> The Jews in the area of [[North Africa]] known as [[Maghreb]] are also referred to as ''Maghrebim'' ([[Maghrebi Jews]]). In particular, the term "Toshavim" was applied to the [[Moroccan Jews|Jews of Morocco]]. Both groups are considered indigenous to the area despite their migration and [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] origins.

During the middle ages migration between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa was common due to local political and economic conditions and depending on the ruling kingdom and treatment of Jews.<ref name="brill" /> Jews from Spain often fled to Morocco as early as the seventh century and during the twelfth century, Jews in both countries fled, crossing back and forth between the two lands.<ref name="brill" />


''Toshavim'' had their own ''[[minhagim]]'' ([[Judaism|Judaic]] traditions) and they spoke [[Judeo-Arabic dialects|Judeo-Arabic]] or [[Judeo-Berber language|Judeo-Berber]] dialects.
''Toshavim'' had their own ''[[minhagim]]'' ([[Judaism|Judaic]] traditions) and they spoke [[Judeo-Arabic dialects|Judeo-Arabic]] or [[Judeo-Berber language|Judeo-Berber]] dialects.
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The new arrivals did not always deal well with the local Jews. For example, in [[Algiers]] they called the local Jews derisively "[[turban]]-wearers" and vice versa, the Spanish Jews were called "[[beret]]-wearers".<ref name=riay1>[[Richard Ayoun]], "A l’arrivée des Juifs espagnols en Algérie : mutation de la communauté"</ref><ref name=riay2>Richard Ayoun, "Le Judaïsme Séfarade après l'expulsion d'Espagne de 1492, est-il un monde éclaté", ''Histoire, économie & société'', 1991, vol 10, no.2 pp. 143-158, {{doi|10.3406/hes.1991.1571}}</ref>
The new arrivals did not always deal well with the local Jews. For example, in [[Algiers]] they called the local Jews derisively "[[turban]]-wearers" and vice versa, the Spanish Jews were called "[[beret]]-wearers".<ref name=riay1>[[Richard Ayoun]], "A l’arrivée des Juifs espagnols en Algérie : mutation de la communauté"</ref><ref name=riay2>Richard Ayoun, "Le Judaïsme Séfarade après l'expulsion d'Espagne de 1492, est-il un monde éclaté", ''Histoire, économie & société'', 1991, vol 10, no.2 pp. 143-158, {{doi|10.3406/hes.1991.1571}}</ref>


Despite the fact that ''Toshavim'' were apparently overwhelmed an absorbed by Sephardic immigrants, the differences in many areas of communal lives of ''Toshavim'' and ''Megorashim'' persisted for very long time: separate ''[[negidim]]'', separate synagogues, separate teachers, separate cemeteries, etc.<ref name=jage>Jane S. Gerber, "THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF FEZ AFTER 1492", ''Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies'', 1973, pp. 31-44 {{jstor|23529108}} </ref> For example, in [[Fez, Morocco]], the common ''[[minhag]]'' for (most of) the two communities was accepted only in 18th century.<ref name=gipe>{{Cite journal|last1=Gilson Miller|first1=Susan|last2=Petruccioli|first2=Attilio|last3=Bertagnin|first3=Mauro|date=2001|title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|volume=60|issue=3|pages=310–327|doi=10.2307/991758|jstor=991758}}</ref>
Despite the fact that ''Toshavim'' were apparently overwhelmed and absorbed by Sephardic immigrants, the differences in many areas of communal lives of ''Toshavim'' and ''Megorashim'' persisted for a very long time: separate ''[[negidim]]'', separate synagogues, separate teachers, separate cemeteries, etc.<ref name=jage>Jane S. Gerber, "THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF FEZ AFTER 1492", ''Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies'', 1973, pp. 31-44 {{JSTOR|23529108}} </ref> For example, in [[Fez, Morocco]], the common ''[[minhag]]'' for (most of) the two communities was accepted only in 18th century.<ref name=gipe>{{Cite journal|last1=Gilson Miller|first1=Susan|last2=Petruccioli|first2=Attilio|last3=Bertagnin|first3=Mauro|date=2001|title=Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|volume=60|issue=3|pages=310–327|doi=10.2307/991758|jstor=991758}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[Musta'arabi Jews]]
*[[Musta'arabi Jews]]
*{{ill|Terefah controversy|he|פולמוס הנפיחה}}, a severe [[halakha|halakhic]] controversy about a specific type of ''[[terefah]]'', among the [[Judaism in Fez|Fez Jewry]] between ''Toshavim'' and ''Megorashim''
*{{ill|Terefah controversy|he|פולמוס הנפיחה}}, a severe [[halakha|halakhic]] controversy about a specific type of ''[[terefah]]'', among the [[Judaism in Fez|Fez Jewry]] between ''Toshavim'' and ''Megorashim''
*[[Al Fassiyine Synagogue]]


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Maghrebi Jews]]
[[Category:Maghrebi Jews topics]]
[[Category:Jewish Moroccan history]]
[[Category:Jewish Moroccan history]]
[[Category:Jewish Algerian history]]
[[Category:Jewish Algerian history]]

Latest revision as of 12:51, 18 November 2024

Berber Jews cca. 1900

Toshavim (Hebrew: תושבים, "residents") or bildiyīn (Moroccan Arabic: بلديين, lit. 'of the country, natives')[1] is a generic reference to non-Sephardic Jews who inhabited lands in which the Jews expelled from Spain in 15th century settled ("Megorashim", "expellees").[2] The Jews in the area of North Africa known as Maghreb are also referred to as Maghrebim (Maghrebi Jews). In particular, the term "Toshavim" was applied to the Jews of Morocco. Both groups are considered indigenous to the area despite their migration and diaspora origins.

During the middle ages migration between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa was common due to local political and economic conditions and depending on the ruling kingdom and treatment of Jews.[2] Jews from Spain often fled to Morocco as early as the seventh century and during the twelfth century, Jews in both countries fled, crossing back and forth between the two lands.[2]

Toshavim had their own minhagim (Judaic traditions) and they spoke Judeo-Arabic or Judeo-Berber dialects.

The new arrivals did not always deal well with the local Jews. For example, in Algiers they called the local Jews derisively "turban-wearers" and vice versa, the Spanish Jews were called "beret-wearers".[3][4]

Despite the fact that Toshavim were apparently overwhelmed and absorbed by Sephardic immigrants, the differences in many areas of communal lives of Toshavim and Megorashim persisted for a very long time: separate negidim, separate synagogues, separate teachers, separate cemeteries, etc.[5] For example, in Fez, Morocco, the common minhag for (most of) the two communities was accepted only in 18th century.[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toshavim.
  1. ^ Gottreich, Emily (2020). Jewish Morocco : a history from pre-Islamic to postcolonial times. London. ISBN 978-1-78076-849-6. OCLC 1062278289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Toshavim", Brill online
  3. ^ Richard Ayoun, "A l’arrivée des Juifs espagnols en Algérie : mutation de la communauté"
  4. ^ Richard Ayoun, "Le Judaïsme Séfarade après l'expulsion d'Espagne de 1492, est-il un monde éclaté", Histoire, économie & société, 1991, vol 10, no.2 pp. 143-158, doi:10.3406/hes.1991.1571
  5. ^ Jane S. Gerber, "THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF FEZ AFTER 1492", Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1973, pp. 31-44 JSTOR 23529108
  6. ^ Gilson Miller, Susan; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 (3): 310–327. doi:10.2307/991758. JSTOR 991758.
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