Forest canary: Difference between revisions

Forest canary
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Fringillidae
Subfamily:	Carduelinae
Genus:	Crithagra
Species:	C. scotops
Binomial name
	Crithagra scotops; Sundevall, 1850
Synonyms
	Serinus scotops

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The forest canary (Crithagra scotops) is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in South Africa and Eswatini. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

The forest canary was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic.^[2] The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the forest canary were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.^[3]^[4]

Diet and Foraging

The Forest canary’s main diet comes from seeds, fruits, and figs. Seeds like Panicum (Guinea grasses), Alyssum, and Passerina corymbosa (gonna) are commonly found in their diet. A flower that the Forest canaries enjoy is Penaea cneorum or Penaeaceae.^[5] Some of the types of leaves that these birds enjoy in their diet are Senecio (creeping groundsel) and Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Sneezewood). In addition to these, the Forest canary will also eat insects. However, insects are usually consumed during the breeding season as a source of more protein.^[6] When searching for food, they will forage in small groups or pairs. They tend to forage in low areas, such as the ground or near bushes and flowers. When eating, they will usually take cover to stay hidden.^[7]

Breeding

Breeding season for the forest canary is usually from October to March, though it can vary from location to location or circumstance of their climate.^[7] The Forest canary prefers a warmer climate, considering their primary location is in the southernmost portion of Africa. During this time, they may have up to two broods. They are known to be monogamous, having a long-term pairing with one mate.^[6] Both the male and female make the nest by splitting the responsibilities. The female builds the nest while the male collects materials, such as twigs and plant fibers. The female will then hatch a brood of 2-5 eggs. In about 14 days, the eggs then hatch. Both parents proceed to feed the chicks until they fledge within the next 14–19 days.^[6]

Appearance

The Forest canary is a small bird with a short, thick beak, measuring 11–13 cm in length and weighing 10-14 g.^[7] The male and female are identifiable by their differences in color. The feathers on the back and wings of the male are yellow with a slight green tint, while the female has a greenish-gray color with yellow on its underparts. Both the male and female have a black mask that trails from the forehead to the eyes, as well as being marked with multiple black streaks on their upper parts.^[7] The juvenile Forest canary is similar in appearance to the female, with a dull olive hue.

Location

The Forest canary resides in Sub-Saharan Africa. They live in countries such as Cameroon, Congo, and Kenya.^[6] The Forest canary prefers a dry, warmer climate, considering their primary location is in the southernmost portion of Africa. These birds can be found inedges and clearings in the dense bush of highland or submontane evergreen forests. This climate includes the Eastern Cape, dry Euphorbia-dominated woodlands on south-facing valley slopes, and remnant forest patches in highveld grasslands, edges of cultivation, principally maize (Zea mays), tree plantations, scrub, orchards, and gardens (Birds of World). From sea level to 1800 m. These birds can also span along the Limpopo Province south to KwaZulu-Natal and down the southern coast to the Eastern and Western Cape.^[5]

Threats

These birds are known to be the prey of Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon).^[5] However, other than this, the Forest canary isn't known to be of prey to any others. There are environmental dangers such as deforestation, natural disaster, and wildfires. They are not an endangered species.

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Crithagra scotops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720113A94658032. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720113A94658032.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ Swainson, William (1827). "On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 348.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Crithagra scotops (Forest canary)". www.biodiversityexplorer.info. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alderson, Rosie. (1911). My foreign doves and pigeons. London: "The Feathered World;".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Clement, Peter (2020). "Forest Canary (Crithagra scotops), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.forcan1.01species_shared.bow.project_name. ISSN 2771-3105.

External links

Forest canary - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.

This Fringillidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Crithagra scotops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720113A94658032. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720113A94658032.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2015-06-08.

[ioc-3] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[4] Swainson, William (1827). "On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 348.

[:0-5] "Crithagra scotops (Forest canary)". www.biodiversityexplorer.info. Retrieved 2023-10-19.

[:1-6] Alderson, Rosie. (1911). My foreign doves and pigeons. London: "The Feathered World;".

[:2-7] Clement, Peter (2020). "Forest Canary (Crithagra scotops), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.forcan1.01species_shared.bow.project_name. ISSN 2771-3105.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
 | name = Forest canary
 | image = Forest Canary (Serinus scotops) facing left, side view.jpg
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22720113/0 |title=''Serinus scotops'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Crithagra scotops'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22720113A94658032 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720113A94658032.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
 | genus = Crithagra
 | species = scotops
 | authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1850
-| synonyms =''Serinus scotops'' }}
+| synonyms =''Serinus scotops''
+}}
-The '''forest canary''' (''Crithagra scotops'') is a species of [[finch]] in the family [[Fringillidae]].
+The '''forest canary''' ('''''Crithagra scotops''''') is a species of [[finch]] in the family [[Fringillidae]].
-It is found in [[South Africa]] and [[Swaziland]].
+It is found in [[South Africa]] and [[Eswatini]].
 Its natural [[habitat]]s are [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest]] and subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]].
-The forest canary was formerly placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Serinus]]'' but phylogenetic analysis using [[mitochondrial]] and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was [[polyphyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=Dario  | last2=Prŷs-Jones | first2=Robert | last3=Rasmussen | first3=Pamela C. | last4=Ericson | first4=Per G.P. | year=2012 | title=The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=581–596 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 | url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | pmid=22023825}}</ref> The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the forest canary were moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Crithagra]]''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Finches, euphonias | work= World Bird List Version 5.2| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=5 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Swainson | first=William | author-link=William John Swainson | year=1827 | title=On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined | journal=Zoological Journal | volume=3 | page=348 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2339407 }}</ref>
+The forest canary was formerly placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Serinus]]'' but phylogenetic analysis using [[mitochondrial]] and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was [[polyphyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=Dario | last2=Prŷs-Jones | first2=Robert | last3=Rasmussen | first3=Pamela C. | last4=Ericson | first4=Per G.P. | year=2012 | title=The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=581–596 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 | url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | pmid=22023825 | access-date=2015-06-08 | archive-date=2018-09-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130508/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the forest canary were moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Crithagra]]''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Finches, euphonias | work= World Bird List Version 5.2| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=5 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Swainson | first=William | author-link=William John Swainson | year=1827 | title=On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined | journal=Zoological Journal | volume=3 | page=348 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2339407 }}</ref>
+== Diet and Foraging ==
+The Forest canary’s main diet comes from seeds, fruits, and figs. Seeds like ''[[Panicum]]'' (Guinea grasses), ''[[Alyssum]],'' and ''[[Passerina]] corymbosa'' (gonna) are commonly found in their diet. A flower that the Forest canaries enjoy is ''[[Penaea]] [[cneorum]]'' or [[Penaeaceae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crithagra scotops (Forest canary) |url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/birds/fringillidae/crithagra_scotops.htm |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.biodiversityexplorer.info}}</ref> Some of the types of leaves that these birds enjoy in their diet are ''[[Senecio]]'' ([[Senecio angulatus|creeping groundsel]]) and ''[[Ptaeroxylon]] obliquum'' ([[Sneezewood]]). In addition to these, the Forest canary will also eat insects. However, insects are usually consumed during the breeding season as a source of more protein.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Alderson |first=Rosie. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.55303 |title=My foreign doves and pigeons |date=1911 |publisher="The Feathered World;" |location=London}}</ref> When searching for food, they will [[forage]] in small groups or pairs. They tend to forage in low areas, such as the ground or near [[Shrub|bushes]] and [[flower]]s. When eating, they will usually take cover to stay hidden.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Clement |first=Peter |date=2020 |title=Forest Canary (Crithagra scotops), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/forcan1/cur/introduction#hab |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.forcan1.01species_shared.bow.project_name |issn=2771-3105}}</ref>
+== Breeding ==
+[[Breeding season]] for the forest canary is usually from October to March, though it can vary from location to location or circumstance of their climate.<ref name=":2" /> The Forest canary prefers a warmer [[climate]], considering their primary location is in the [[South Africa|southernmost]] portion of Africa. During this time, they may have up to two [[Clutch (eggs)|broods]]. They are known to be [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], having a long-term pairing with one mate.<ref name=":1" /> Both the male and female make the nest by splitting the responsibilities. The female builds the nest while the male collects materials, such as [[twig]]s and [[plant fibers]]. The female will then hatch a brood of 2-5 eggs. In about 14 days, the eggs then hatch. Both parents proceed to feed the chicks until they [[fledge]] within the next 14–19 days.<ref name=":1" />
+== Appearance ==
+The Forest canary is a small bird with a short, thick [[beak]], measuring 11–13&nbsp;cm in length and weighing 10-14 g.<ref name=":2" /> The male and female are identifiable by their differences in color. The feathers on the back and wings of the male are yellow with a slight green tint, while the female has a greenish-gray color with [[yellow]] on its underparts. Both the male and female have a black mask that trails from the forehead to the eyes, as well as being marked with multiple black streaks on their upper parts.<ref name=":2" /> The juvenile Forest canary is similar in appearance to the female, with a dull olive hue.
+== Location ==
+The Forest canary resides in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. They live in countries such as [[Cameroon]], [[Congo Free State|Congo]], and [[Kenya]].<ref name=":1" /> The Forest canary prefers a dry, warmer climate, considering their primary location is in the southernmost portion of Africa. These birds can be found inedges and [[Clearing (geography)|clearings]] in the dense bush of highland or [[submontane]] evergreen [[forest]]s. This climate includes the [[Eastern Cape]], dry [[Euphorbia]]-dominated [[woodland]]s on south-facing [[valley]] slopes, and remnant forest patches in [[highveld]] [[grassland]]s, edges of cultivation, principally [[maize]] (Zea mays), tree plantations, scrub, [[orchard]]s, and [[garden]]s (Birds of World). From [[sea level]] to 1800 m. These birds can also span along the [[Limpopo Province]] south to [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and down the southern coast to the Eastern and Western Cape.<ref name=":0" />
+== Threats ==
+These birds are known to be the prey of ''[[Peregrine falcon|Falco peregrinus]]'' (Peregrine falcon).<ref name=":0" /> However, other than this, the Forest canary isn't known to be of prey to any others. There are environmental dangers such as [[deforestation]], [[natural disaster]], and [[wildfire]]s. They are not an endangered species.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-{{Commons category|Crithagra scotops}}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|Crithagra scotops}}
 * Forest canary - [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/873.pdf Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds].
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q27075806}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:canary, forest}}
 [[Category:Crithagra|forest canary]]
-[[Category:Birds of Southern Africa]]
+[[Category:Southern Afromontane endemic bird species]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1850|forest canary]]
 [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
-[[Category:Fauna of South Africa]]
-[[Category:Endemic fauna of South Africa]]
 {{Fringillidae-stub}}