Jump to content

Privileged partnership: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
GreenC bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,521,423 edits
Reformat 1 URL (Wayback Medic 2.5)
 
(33 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Cooperation between the EU and a non-EU country}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
'''Privileged partnership''' is a generic term for increased cooperation between the [[European Union]] and a non-EU country to advance common goals,<ref name="NeighboursJHA">{{Cite journal |last=Knelangen |first=Wilhelm |date=2007-01-01 |title=A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice? |url=https://www.academia.edu/2473018/A_Neighbourhood_of_Freedom_Security_and_Justice |journal=… Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards …}}</ref> often without pursuing EU membership.<ref name="Leggewie">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-08 |title=EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy? |url=https://www.eurozine.com/privileged-partnership-less-democracy/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.eurozine.com}}</ref><ref name="Wesley">{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=James Wesley |date=2009 |title=BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145018 |journal=TRAMES |language=English |volume=XIII |issue=3 |pages=232–247 |issn=1406-0922}}</ref><ref name="Sevilay">{{Cite journal |last=Kahraman |first=Sevilay |date=2005-01-01 |title=THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/perception/issue/49002/625138 |journal=PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–28 |issn=1300-8641}}</ref>


==History==
'''Privileged partnership''' ({{lang-tr|İmtiyazlı ortaklık}}) is the term coined by the German conservative party [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] for their model of the future relation between [[Turkey]] and the [[European Union]], which falls short of full membership. In February 2004, [[Angela Merkel]], then opposition leader, now [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|chancellor of Germany]], visited Turkey to present the idea, which was vehemently rejected by [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and the [[Government of Turkey|Turkish government]].
The term was initially used to describe an alternative to [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|EU membership for Turkey]] that was first floated in November 2002 by [[Heinrich August Winkler]] in [[Die Zeit]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winkler |first=Heinrich August |date=2002-11-13 |title=EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/eu_und_tuerkei |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070}}</ref> and later formally proposed in 2004,<ref name="dipobs">"WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html here]}}</ref><ref name="nyt">"Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0 here]</ref> although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia<ref name="pravda">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2003-05-31 |title=French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership |url=https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=PravdaReport |language=en}}</ref> and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.<ref name="euobs17914">{{Cite web |date=2004-12-03 |title=Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel |url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>


Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163">{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans |url=https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref> It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries<ref name="com2004373">"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see [http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf here]</ref><ref name="Chifu">{{Cite journal |last=Chifu |first=Iulian |date=2006 |title=The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=169466 |journal=EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova |language=English |issue=10}}</ref><ref name="bmeia">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-14 |title=Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy |url=https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,<ref name="com2003104">{{Citation |title=Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours |date=2003 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52003DC0104 |access-date=2024-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia<ref name="ansamed">"EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see [http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/10/02/EU-Tunisia-privileged-partnership-November-Barroso-says_7566621.html here]</ref><ref name="tunisialive">"Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see [http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105023850/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/ |date=5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="almonitor">"Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203054844/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html |date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> and with Russia.<ref name="milcher">{{Citation |last=Milcher |first=Susanne |title=The Economic Rationale of the “European Neighbourhood Policy” |date=2007 |work=Europe after Enlargement |pages=165–188 |editor-last=Aslund |editor-first=Anders |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/europe-after-enlargement/economic-rationale-of-the-european-neighbourhood-policy/2844FAEE78C7AA7F0B4379D762AEA313 |access-date=2024-10-31 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87286-7 |last2=Slay |first2=Ben |last3=Collins |first3=Mark |editor2-last=Dabrowski |editor2-first=Marek}}</ref>
The idea is now supported by former French president and head of the [[Convention on the Future of Europe]] [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], former [[President of France|French president]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].


Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the [[European Economic Community]].<ref name="warning">"Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see [http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070819/http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
The term is also used in context with other countries, like when the Spanish foreign minister [[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]] spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.


==By country==
Turkey has utterly rejected the idea of a privileged partnership and finds that the EU must fulfill its obligation to the Turkish nation.
===Albania===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.<ref name="euobs21163"/>


===Algeria===
Furthermore, the term is highly speculative and has no clarity as to what it exactly means or about its contents. Usually, it's implied that this kind of relationship means mostly freedom in trade among the EU and Turkey. There are arguments that it could as well be a new kind of [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|capitulation]].<ref>http://www.hamburghaber.de/cikti.php?bul=942</ref>
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Algeria.<ref name="bmeia"/>


===Armenia===
==References==
{{See also|Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement}}
{{reflist}}
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Armenia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Azerbaijan===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Azerbaijan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Belarus===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Belarus.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Croatia===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Egypt===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Egypt.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===North Macedonia===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Georgia===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Georgia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Israel===
The term was used by Spanish foreign minister [[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]], who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.<ref name="euobs17914"/> It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Israel.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Jordan===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Jordan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Kosovo===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Lebanon===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Lebanon.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Libya===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Libya.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Moldova===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Moldova.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Morocco===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Morocco.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Palestine===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including the Palestinian Authority.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Russia===
French President [[Jacques Chirac]] used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.<ref name="pravda"/>

===Serbia and Montenegro===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Syria===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Syria.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Tunisia===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Tunisia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Turkey===
'''Privileged partnership''' ({{langx|tr|İmtiyazlı ortaklık}}) was the term used by [[Angela Merkel]] in February 2004<ref name="dipobs"/> to describe a future relationship between [[Turkey]] and the [[European Union]] which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by [[CDU/CSU]] members.<ref name="nyt"/>

===Ukraine===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Ukraine.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===United Kingdom===
The term was used by [[Jacques Delors]] for a proposed relationship between the [[European Union]] and the [[United Kingdom]] should it exit the EU.<ref name="france24">"Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see [http://www.france24.com/en/20121228-britain-could-leave-european-union-commission-delors-eurozone-economy here]</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union]]
* [[Enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[Enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[Future enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[European integration]]
* [[European Union Association Agreement]]
* [[Potential enlargement of the European Union]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}


{{Reach of the European Union}}
[[Category:Turkey–European Union relations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Israel]]
{{Foreign relations of the European Union}}
{{Portal bar|European Union|Politics}}
[[Category:Germany–Turkey relations]]


[[Category:Third-country relations of the European Union]]
[[de:Privilegierte Partnerschaft]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
[[fr:Partenariat privilégié]]

Latest revision as of 13:28, 15 November 2024

Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals,[1] often without pursuing EU membership.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit[5] and later formally proposed in 2004,[6][7] although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia[8] and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.[9]

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.[10] It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries[11][12][13] considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,[14] and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia[15][16][17] and with Russia.[18]

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.[19]

By country

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.[10]

Algeria

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.[13]

Armenia

[edit]
See also: Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.[13]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.[13]

Belarus

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.[13]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[10]

Croatia

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.[10]

Egypt

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.[13]

North Macedonia

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.[10]

Georgia

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.[13]

Israel

[edit]

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.[9] It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.[13]

Jordan

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.[13]

Kosovo

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.[10]

Lebanon

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.[13]

Libya

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.[13]

Moldova

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.[13]

Morocco

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.[13]

Palestine

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.[13]

Russia

[edit]

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.[8]

Serbia and Montenegro

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.[10]

Syria

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria.[13]

Tunisia

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia.[13]

Turkey

[edit]

Privileged partnership (Turkish: İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004[6] to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members.[7]

Ukraine

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine.[13]

United Kingdom

[edit]

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Knelangen, Wilhelm (1 January 2007). "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?". … Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards ….
  2. ^ "EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy?". www.eurozine.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  3. ^ Scott, James Wesley (2009). "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS". TRAMES. XIII (3): 232–247. ISSN 1406-0922.
  4. ^ Kahraman, Sevilay (1 January 2005). "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT". PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs. 10 (4): 1–28. ISSN 1300-8641.
  5. ^ Winkler, Heinrich August (13 November 2002). "EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  6. ^ a b "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped]
  7. ^ a b "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here
  8. ^ a b Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  11. ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here
  12. ^ Chifu, Iulian (2006). "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach". EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova (10).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  14. ^ Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, 2003, retrieved 31 October 2024
  15. ^ "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here
  16. ^ "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Milcher, Susanne; Slay, Ben; Collins, Mark (2007), Aslund, Anders; Dabrowski, Marek (eds.), "The Economic Rationale of the "European Neighbourhood Policy"", Europe after Enlargement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–188, ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7, retrieved 31 October 2024
  19. ^ "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privileged_partnership&oldid=1257543848"