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{{Short description|Cooperation between the EU and a non-EU country}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2007}]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
'''Privileged partnership''' is a generic term for increased cooperation between the [[European Union]] and a non-EU country to advance common goals,<ref name="NeighboursJHA">{{Cite journal |last=Knelangen |first=Wilhelm |date=2007-01-01 |title=A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice? |url=https://www.academia.edu/2473018/A_Neighbourhood_of_Freedom_Security_and_Justice |journal=… Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards …}}</ref> often without pursuing EU membership.<ref name="Leggewie">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-08 |title=EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy? |url=https://www.eurozine.com/privileged-partnership-less-democracy/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.eurozine.com}}</ref><ref name="Wesley">{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=James Wesley |date=2009 |title=BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=145018 |journal=TRAMES |language=English |volume=XIII |issue=3 |pages=232–247 |issn=1406-0922}}</ref><ref name="Sevilay">{{Cite journal |last=Kahraman |first=Sevilay |date=2005-01-01 |title=THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/perception/issue/49002/625138 |journal=PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–28 |issn=1300-8641}}</ref>


==History==
'''Privileged partnership''' is the term coined by the German conservative party [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] for their model of the future relation between [[Turkey]] and the [[European Union]], which falls short of full membership. In February 2004, [[Angela Merkel]], then opposition leader, now [[chancellor of Germany]], visited Turkey to present the idea, which was vehemently rejected by [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and the [[Government of Turkey|turkish government]].
The term was initially used to describe an alternative to [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|EU membership for Turkey]] that was first floated in November 2002 by [[Heinrich August Winkler]] in [[Die Zeit]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winkler |first=Heinrich August |date=2002-11-13 |title=EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/eu_und_tuerkei |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070}}</ref> and later formally proposed in 2004,<ref name="dipobs">"WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130121214454/http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/EN/belge/2-661/what-is-privileged-partnership-for.html here]}}</ref><ref name="nyt">"Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/opinion/15iht-edgutten_ed3_.html?_r=0 here]</ref> although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia<ref name="pravda">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2003-05-31 |title=French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership |url=https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/50292-n/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=PravdaReport |language=en}}</ref> and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.<ref name="euobs17914">{{Cite web |date=2004-12-03 |title=Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel |url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/17914 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>


Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163">{{Cite web |date=2006-03-17 |title=Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans |url=https://euobserver.com/enlargement/21163 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref> It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries<ref name="com2004373">"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see [http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/strategy/strategy_paper_en.pdf here]</ref><ref name="Chifu">{{Cite journal |last=Chifu |first=Iulian |date=2006 |title=The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=169466 |journal=EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova |language=English |issue=10}}</ref><ref name="bmeia">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-14 |title=Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy |url=https://archive.today/20130114192940/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/foreign-policy/europe/neighbourhood-policy.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,<ref name="com2003104">{{Citation |title=Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours |date=2003 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex:52003DC0104 |access-date=2024-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia<ref name="ansamed">"EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see [http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/10/02/EU-Tunisia-privileged-partnership-November-Barroso-says_7566621.html here]</ref><ref name="tunisialive">"Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see [http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105023850/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/29/tunisia-will-become-a-eu-privileged-partner/ |date=5 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="almonitor">"Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203054844/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/11/tunisia-european-union-partnership.html |date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> and with Russia.<ref name="milcher">{{Citation |last=Milcher |first=Susanne |title=The Economic Rationale of the “European Neighbourhood Policy” |date=2007 |work=Europe after Enlargement |pages=165–188 |editor-last=Aslund |editor-first=Anders |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/europe-after-enlargement/economic-rationale-of-the-european-neighbourhood-policy/2844FAEE78C7AA7F0B4379D762AEA313 |access-date=2024-10-31 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87286-7 |last2=Slay |first2=Ben |last3=Collins |first3=Mark |editor2-last=Dabrowski |editor2-first=Marek}}</ref>
The idea is now supported by former French president and head of the [[European Convention#Convention on the Future of Europe|Convention on the Future of Europe]] [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], current [[President of France|French president]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], and [[Chancellor of Austria|Austrian Chancellor]] [[Wolfgang Schüssel]], among others.

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the [[European Economic Community]].<ref name="warning">"Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see [http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070819/http://www.cires.unifi.it/upload/sub/PUBBLICAZIONI/WP/Warning_4_06.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

==By country==
===Albania===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Algeria===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Algeria.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Armenia===
{{See also|Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement}}
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Armenia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Azerbaijan===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Azerbaijan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Belarus===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Belarus.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Croatia===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Egypt===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Egypt.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===North Macedonia===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Georgia===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Georgia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Israel===
The term was used by Spanish foreign minister [[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]], who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.<ref name="euobs17914"/> It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Israel.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Jordan===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Jordan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Kosovo===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Lebanon===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Lebanon.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Libya===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Libya.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Moldova===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Moldova.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Morocco===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Morocco.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Palestine===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including the Palestinian Authority.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Russia===
French President [[Jacques Chirac]] used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.<ref name="pravda"/>

===Serbia and Montenegro===
The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

===Syria===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Syria.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Tunisia===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Tunisia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===Turkey===
'''Privileged partnership''' ({{langx|tr|İmtiyazlı ortaklık}}) was the term used by [[Angela Merkel]] in February 2004<ref name="dipobs"/> to describe a future relationship between [[Turkey]] and the [[European Union]] which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by [[CDU/CSU]] members.<ref name="nyt"/>

===Ukraine===
The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the [[European Neighbourhood Policy]], including Ukraine.<ref name="bmeia"/>

===United Kingdom===
The term was used by [[Jacques Delors]] for a proposed relationship between the [[European Union]] and the [[United Kingdom]] should it exit the EU.<ref name="france24">"Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see [http://www.france24.com/en/20121228-britain-could-leave-european-union-commission-delors-eurozone-economy here]</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union]]
* [[Enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[Enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[European integration]]
* [[European Union Association Agreement]]
* [[Potential enlargement of the European Union]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}


{{Reach of the European Union}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of Turkey]]
{{Foreign relations of the European Union}}
{{Portal bar|European Union|Politics}}


[[Category:Third-country relations of the European Union]]
[[de:Privilegierte Partnerschaft]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
[[fr:Partenariat privilégié]]

Latest revision as of 13:28, 15 November 2024

Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals,[1] often without pursuing EU membership.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit[5] and later formally proposed in 2004,[6][7] although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia[8] and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.[9]

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.[10] It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries[11][12][13] considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,[14] and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia[15][16][17] and with Russia.[18]

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.[19]

By country

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.[10]

Algeria

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.[13]

Armenia

[edit]
See also: Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.[13]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.[13]

Belarus

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.[13]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[10]

Croatia

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.[10]

Egypt

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.[13]

North Macedonia

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.[10]

Georgia

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.[13]

Israel

[edit]

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.[9] It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.[13]

Jordan

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.[13]

Kosovo

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.[10]

Lebanon

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.[13]

Libya

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.[13]

Moldova

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.[13]

Morocco

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.[13]

Palestine

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.[13]

Russia

[edit]

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.[8]

Serbia and Montenegro

[edit]

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.[10]

Syria

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria.[13]

Tunisia

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia.[13]

Turkey

[edit]

Privileged partnership (Turkish: İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004[6] to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members.[7]

Ukraine

[edit]

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine.[13]

United Kingdom

[edit]

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Knelangen, Wilhelm (1 January 2007). "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?". … Policy. Challenges for the EU-Policy towards ….
  2. ^ "EU-Turkey: Privileged partnership, less democracy?". www.eurozine.com. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  3. ^ Scott, James Wesley (2009). "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS". TRAMES. XIII (3): 232–247. ISSN 1406-0922.
  4. ^ Kahraman, Sevilay (1 January 2005). "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT". PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs. 10 (4): 1–28. ISSN 1300-8641.
  5. ^ Winkler, Heinrich August (13 November 2002). "EU: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  6. ^ a b "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped]
  7. ^ a b "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here
  8. ^ a b Team, Editorial (31 May 2003). "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership". PravdaReport. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Spanish foreign minister backs 'virtual membership' for Israel". EUobserver. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Balkans". EUobserver. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  11. ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here
  12. ^ Chifu, Iulian (2006). "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian Approach". EuroJournal.org - Journal of Foreign Policy of Moldova (10).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Neighbourhood Policy". archive.ph. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  14. ^ Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, 2003, retrieved 31 October 2024
  15. ^ "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here
  16. ^ "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Milcher, Susanne; Slay, Ben; Collins, Mark (2007), Aslund, Anders; Dabrowski, Marek (eds.), "The Economic Rationale of the "European Neighbourhood Policy"", Europe after Enlargement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–188, ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7, retrieved 31 October 2024
  19. ^ "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here
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