Geronticus: Difference between revisions

Geronticus; Temporal range: Middle Miocene to recent; 13–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Nesting southern bald ibis (G. calvus) with young.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Pelecaniformes
Family:	Threskiornithidae
Subfamily:	Threskiornithinae
Genus:	Geronticus; Wagler, 1832
Type species
	Tantalus calvus; Boddaert, 1783
Species
	Geronticus calvus; Geronticus eremita; For fossil species, see text

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The small bird genus Geronticus belongs to the ibis subfamily Threskiornithinae. Its name is derived from the Greek gérontos (γέρωντος, "old man")^[2] in reference to the bald head of these dark-plumaged birds; in English, they are called bald ibises.

The genus was erected by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832.^[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the southern bald ibis (Geronticus calvus).^[4]^[5]

Species

Genus **Geronticus** – Wagler, 1832 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
northern bald ibis or waldrapp	Geronticus eremita (Linnaeus, 1758)	Mediterranean	Size: Has a neck crest of elongated feathers. ^[6] Habitat: Its range had expanded after the last glacial period to the Alps of Germany and even a bit further north,^{[citation needed]} but it was rendered extinct there mainly due to habitat destruction and unsustainable hunting. It is subject to ongoing reintroduction programs. Diet:	EN
southern bald ibis	Geronticus calvus (Boddaert, 1783)	subtropical southern Africa	Size: Has a red crown patch but no crest.^[7] Habitat: Diet:	NT

Like most ibises, they are gregarious long-legged wading birds with long down-curved bills; they form one subfamily of the Threskiornithidae, the other subfamily being the spoonbills. The two Geronticus species differ from other ibises in that they have unfeathered faces and heads, breed on cliffs rather than in trees, and prefer arid habitats to the wetlands used by their relatives. Their food contains fewer aquatic animals and more terrestrial ones; they are known to gather together and feed on locust swarms, killing many of these notorious pests. This has also contributed to their decline however, as they were much affected by indiscriminate pesticide spraying in the mid-to-late 20th century, leading to their disappearance from many regions.^[8]

Fossil record

Geronticus perplexus is by far the oldest fossil assigned to the present genus. It is known only from a piece of distal right humerus, found at Sansan, France, in Middle Miocene rocks of the Serravallian faunal stage MN 6 (about 12-14 million years ago). It was initially considered to be a heron and placed in the genera Ardea and Proardea. More plesiomorphic than the living species, it seems to represent an ancient member of the Geronticus lineage, in line with the theory that most living ibis genera seem to have evolved before 15 million years ago (mya).^[9]

Geronticus apelex is apparently the direct ancestor of the southern bald ibis. Its remains were found in Early Pliocene deposits near Langebaanweg, South Africa, which date back about five million years.

What may be an ancestral European form, Geronticus balcanicus, was found in a Late Pliocene deposit near Slivnitsa, Bulgaria. It is hitherto only known from one left and one right carpometacarpus piece (NMNHS 14 and NMNHS 453, respectively) which are almost identical to those of living bald ibises. Contemporaneous with these during the early MN18 faunal stage – about two mya – birds entirely indistinguishable from the modern northern bald ibis inhabited at least Spain, if not the whole western Mediterranean region already. Thus, the extinct species may be the immediate ancestor of G. eremita, which would have originated at the western extent of its range. Some authors even include the Bulgarian population in G. eremita, but most are more cautious. G. balcanicus may also represent a lineage related but not ancestral to the northern bald ibis, which inhabited the inland regions northeastwards of the European Alpides and – like the immediate ancestor of G. eremita in this scenario – was isolated from the ancestors of G. calvus when gene flow across tropical Africa ceased.^[10]

Footnotes

^ "Threskiornthidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
^ Brookes (2006) p.507
^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 1832. cols 1218–1235 [1232].
^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 67.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 264.
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Geronticus eremita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697488A130895601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Geronticus calvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697496A93617026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697496A93617026.en. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ del Hoyo et al. (1992): p.472, Snow (1998): pp.146-147, Sinclair (2002) p.74
^ Mlíkovský (2002)
^ del Hoyo et al. (1992), Boev (1998, 2002), Mlíkovský (2002)

References

Boev, Zlatozar (1998): Presence of Bald Ibises (Geronticus Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria. Geologica Balcanica 28 (1–2): 45–52.
Boev, Zlatozar (2002):Additional Material of Geronticus balcanicus Boev, 1998, and Precision of the Age of the Type Locality. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 52 (2): 53–58 [English with Bulgarian abstract]. full text
Brookes, Ian (ed.) (2006): The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-550-10185-3
|del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1992): Handbook of Birds of the World (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R. (2002): SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town ISBN 1-86872-721-1
Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.) (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X

External links

Geronticus, Systema Naturae 2000 Navigate: Taxon Index, Genus Level, G
Bald Ibis by Adam Riley, Focusing on Wildlife

[HM4-1] "Threskiornthidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-27.

[2] Brookes (2006) p.507

[3] Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 1832. cols 1218–1235 [1232].

[4] Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 67.

[5] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 264.

[6] BirdLife International (2018). "Geronticus eremita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697488A130895601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

[7] BirdLife International (2016). "Geronticus calvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697496A93617026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697496A93617026.en. Retrieved 26 December 2023.

[8] Hoyo et al. (1992): p.472, Snow (1998): pp.146-147, Sinclair (2002) p.74

[9] Mlíkovský (2002)

[10] Hoyo et al. (1992), Boev (1998, 2002), Mlíkovský (2002)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
 __NOTOC__
+{{Automatic taxobox
-{{italictitle}}
+| fossil_range = [[Middle Miocene]] to recent<br/>{{fossilrange|13|0}}
-{{Taxobox
-| fossil_range = [[Middle Miocene]] to Recent<br/>{{fossilrange|13|0}}
-| name = ''Geronticus''
 | image = Baldibisnest.JPG
+| image_caption = Nesting [[southern bald ibis]] (''G. calvus'') with young.
-| image_width = 240px
+| taxon = Geronticus
-| image_caption = Nesting [[Southern Bald Ibis]] (''G. calvus'') with young.
+| authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1832
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| type_species =''[[Southern bald ibis|Tantalus calvus]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=24 |title= Threskiornthidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-27}}</ref>
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| type_species_authority = Boddaert, 1783
-| classis = [[Aves]]
+| subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
-| infraclassis = [[Neognathae]]
-| superordo = [[Neoaves]]
-| ordo = [[Pelecaniformes]]
-| familia = [[Threskiornithidae]]
-| subfamilia = [[Threskionithinae]]
-| genus = '''''Geronticus'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], [[1832]]
-| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 | subdivision =
 ''[[Geronticus calvus]]''<br />
@@ Line 25: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-The small [[bird]] [[genus]] '''''Geronticus''''' belongs to the [[ibis]] [[subfamily]] (Threskiornithinae). Its name is derived from the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] ''gérontos'' (γέρωντος, "old man")<ref> Brookes (2006) p.507</ref> in reference to the bald head of these dark-plumaged birds; in [[English (language)|English]] they are called '''bald ibises'''.
+The small bird [[genus]] '''''Geronticus''''' belongs to the [[ibis]] subfamily Threskiornithinae. Its name is derived from the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] ''gérontos'' (γέρωντος, "old man")<ref>Brookes (2006) p.507</ref> in reference to the bald head of these dark-plumaged birds; in English, they are called '''bald ibises'''.
+The genus was erected by the German naturalist [[Johann Georg Wagler]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Säugthiere und Vögel | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=1832 | at=cols 1218–1235 [1232] | language=German, Latin | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26455535 }}</ref> The [[type species]] was subsequently designated as the [[southern bald ibis]] (''Geronticus calvus'').<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | place=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=67 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668984 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=264 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108826 }}</ref>
-''Geronticus'' contains two living [[species]]. The [[Northern Bald Ibis]] (''G. eremita'') has a neck crest of elongated [[feather]]s. It is a [[Critically Endangered]] species found around the [[Mediterranean]]. Its range had expanded after the [[last glacial]] to [[Alps]] of [[Germany]] and even a bit further north, but it was rendered [[extinct]] there mainly due to [[habitat destruction]] and unsustainable [[hunting]]. The [[Southern Bald Ibis]] (''G. calvus'') with a red crown patch but no crest is classified as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] and found in [[subtropical]] southern [[Africa]].
+==Species==
-[[File:Geronticus eremita.jpg|thumb|left|Wild [[Northern Bald Ibis]] (''G. eremita'') foraging in [[Morocco]]]]
+{{Species table |genus= Geronticus |authority-name=[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]] |authority-year=1832 |species-count=two|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
-Like most ibises, they gregarious long-legged wading birds with long down-curved [[Beak|bills]]; they form one subfamily of the [[Threskiornithidae]], the other subfamily being the [[spoonbill]]s. The two ''Geronticus'' species differ from other ibises in that they have unfeathered faces and heads, breed on cliffs rather than in trees, and prefer [[arid]] habitats to the [[wetlands]] used by their relatives. Their food contains fewer [[aquatic animals]] and more [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] ones; they are known to gather together and feed on [[locust]] swarms, killing many of these notorious [[pest (organism)|pest]]s. This has also contributed to their decline however, as they were much affected by indiscriminate [[pesticide]] spraying in the mid-late 20th century, leading to their disappearance from many regions they used to inhabit.<ref>del Hoyo ''et al.'' (1992): p.472, Snow (1998): pp.146-147, Sinclair (2002) p.74</ref>
+{{Species table/row
+|name= northern bald ibis or waldrapp|binomial=[[Geronticus eremita]]
+|image=File:Waldrapp Geronticus eremita.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
+|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
+|range= Mediterranean
+|range-image=
+|range-image-size=180px
+|size=Has a neck crest of elongated feathers. <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Geronticus eremita'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22697488A130895601 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>
+|habitat= Its range had expanded after the [[last glacial period]] to the [[Alps]] of [[Germany]] and even a bit further north,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} but it was rendered [[extinct]] there mainly due to [[habitat destruction]] and unsustainable [[hunting]]. It is subject to ongoing [[Northern bald ibis#Reintroductions|reintroduction programs]].
+|hunting=
+|iucn-status= EN
+|population=
+|direction=
+|subspecies=
+}}
+{{Species table/row
+|name= southern bald ibis|binomial=[[Geronticus calvus]]
+|image=File:Southern Bald RWD7.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
+|authority-name=Boddaert |authority-year=1783 |authority-not-original=yes
+|range= [[subtropical]] southern [[Africa]]
+|range-image=
+|range-image-size=180px
+|size=Has a red crown patch but no crest.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Geronticus calvus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22697496A93617026 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697496A93617026.en |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>
+|habitat=
+|hunting=
+|iucn-status= NT
+|population=
+|direction=
+|subspecies=
+}}
+{{Species table/end}}
+[[File:Geronticus eremita.jpg|thumb|left|Wild [[northern bald ibis]] (''G. eremita'') foraging in [[Morocco]]]]
+Like most ibises, they are gregarious long-legged [[wading bird]]s with long down-curved [[Beak|bills]]; they form one subfamily of the [[Threskiornithidae]], the other subfamily being the [[spoonbill]]s. The two ''Geronticus'' species differ from other ibises in that they have unfeathered faces and heads, breed on cliffs rather than in trees, and prefer [[arid]] habitats to the [[wetlands]] used by their relatives. Their food contains fewer [[aquatic animals]] and more [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] ones; they are known to gather together and feed on [[locust]] swarms, killing many of these notorious [[pest (organism)|pest]]s. This has also contributed to their decline however, as they were much affected by indiscriminate [[pesticide]] spraying in the mid-to-late 20th century, leading to their disappearance from many regions.<ref>del Hoyo ''et al.'' (1992): p.472, Snow (1998): pp.146-147, Sinclair (2002) p.74</ref>
 ==Fossil record==
-'''''Geronticus perplexus''''' is by far the oldest [[fossil]] assigned to the present genus. It is known only from a piece of [[distal]] right [[humerus]], found at [[Sansan]] ([[France]]) in [[Middle Miocene]] rocks of the [[Serravallian]] faunal stage [[MN 6 (faunal stage)|MN 6]] (about 12-14 mya). It was initially considered to be a [[heron]] and placed in the genera ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' and ''[[Proardea]]''. More [[plesiomorph]]ic than the living species, it seems to represent an ancient member of the ''Geronticus'' lineage, in line with the theory that most living ibis genera seem to have [[evolution|evolve]]d before 15 mya.<ref>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
+'''''Geronticus perplexus''''' is by far the oldest [[fossil]] assigned to the present genus. It is known only from a piece of [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] right [[humerus]], found at [[Sansan, Gers|Sansan]], [[France]], in [[Middle Miocene]] rocks of the [[Serravallian]] faunal stage [[MN 6 (faunal stage)|MN 6]] (about 12-14 million years ago). It was initially considered to be a [[heron]] and placed in the genera ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' and ''[[Proardea]]''. More [[plesiomorph]]ic than the living species, it seems to represent an ancient member of the ''Geronticus'' lineage, in line with the theory that most living ibis genera seem to have [[evolution|evolve]]d before 15 million years ago (mya).<ref>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
-'''''Geronticus apelex''''' is apparently the direct ancestor of the Southern Bald Ibis. Its remains were found in [[Early Pliocene]] deposits near [[Langebaanweg]] ([[South Africa]]) which date back about 5 million years.
+'''''Geronticus apelex''''' is apparently the direct ancestor of the southern bald ibis. Its remains were found in [[Early Pliocene]] deposits near [[Langebaanweg]], [[South Africa]], which date back about five million years.
-What may be an ancestral [[Europe]]an form, '''''Geronticus balcanicus''''', was found in a [[Late Pliocene]] deposit near [[Slivnitsa]] ([[Bulgaria]]). It is hitherto only known from one left and one right [[carpometacarpus]] piece ([[NMNHS]] 14 and NMNHS 453, respectively) which are almost alike those of living bald ibises. Contemporaneous with these during the early [[MN18]] [[faunal stage]] &ndash; about 2 [[million years ago]] (mya) &ndash; birds entirely indistinguishable from the modern Northern Bald Ibis inhabited at least [[Spain]], if not the whole western Mediterranean region already. Thus, the extinct species may be the immediate ancestor of ''G. eremita'', which would have originated at the western extent of its range. Some authors even include the Bulgarian population in ''G. eremita'', but most are more cautious. ''G. balcanicus'' may also represent a lineage related but not ancestral to the Northern Bald Ibis, which inhabited the inland regions northeastwards of the European [[Alpide]]s and &ndash; like the immediate ancestor of ''G. eremita'' in this scenario &ndash; was isolated from the ancestors of ''G. calvus'' when [[gene flow]] across [[tropical]] Africa ceased.<ref>del Hoyo ''et al.'' (1992), Boev (1998, 2002), Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
+What may be an ancestral [[Europe]]an form, '''''Geronticus balcanicus''''', was found in a [[Late Pliocene]] deposit near [[Slivnitsa]], [[Bulgaria]]. It is hitherto only known from one left and one right [[carpometacarpus]] piece ([[NMNHS]] 14 and NMNHS 453, respectively) which are almost identical to those of living bald ibises. Contemporaneous with these during the early [[MN18]] [[faunal stage]] &ndash; about two mya &ndash; birds entirely indistinguishable from the modern northern bald ibis inhabited at least [[Spain]], if not the whole western Mediterranean region already. Thus, the extinct species may be the immediate ancestor of ''G. eremita'', which would have originated at the western extent of its range. Some authors even include the Bulgarian population in ''G. eremita'', but most are more cautious. ''G. balcanicus'' may also represent a lineage related but not ancestral to the northern bald ibis, which inhabited the inland regions northeastwards of the European [[Alpide]]s and &ndash; like the immediate ancestor of ''G. eremita'' in this scenario &ndash; was isolated from the ancestors of ''G. calvus'' when [[gene flow]] across [[tropical]] Africa ceased.<ref>del Hoyo ''et al.'' (1992), Boev (1998, 2002), Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
 ==Footnotes==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==References==
-* {{aut|Boev, Zlatozar}} (1998): Presence of Bald Ibises (''Geronticus'' Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria. ''Geologica Balcanica'' '''28'''(1-2): 45-52.
+* Boev, Zlatozar (1998): Presence of Bald Ibises (''Geronticus'' Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria. ''Geologica Balcanica'' '''28''' (1–2): 45–52.
-* {{aut|Boev, Zlatozar}} (2002):Additional Material of ''Geronticus balcanicus'' Boev, 1998, and Precision of the Age of the Type Locality. ''Acta Zoologica Bulgarica'' '''52'''(2): 53-58 [English with Bulgarian abstract]. [http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/zb/sci/137_boev_2000_geronticus_additional_azb.pdf full text]
+* Boev, Zlatozar (2002):Additional Material of ''Geronticus balcanicus'' Boev, 1998, and Precision of the Age of the Type Locality. ''Acta Zoologica Bulgarica'' '''52''' (2): 53–58 [English with Bulgarian abstract]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110815091243/http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/zb/sci/137_boev_2000_geronticus_additional_azb.pdf full text]
-*{{aut|Brookes, Ian (ed.)}} (2006): ''[[The Chambers Dictionary]]'' (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. <small>ISBN  0550101853</small>
+* Brookes, Ian (ed.) (2006): ''[[The Chambers Dictionary]]'' (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. {{ISBN|0-550-10185-3}}
-* {{aut|del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.)}} (1992): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-10-5</small>
+* |del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1992): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-10-5}}
-* {{aut|Mlíkovský, Jirí}} (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World'' (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. <small>ISBN 80-901105-3-8</small> [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
+* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World'' (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
-* {{aut|Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R.}} (2002): ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa''. Struik, Cape Town <small>ISBN 1-86872-721-1</small>
+* Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R. (2002): ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa''. Struik, Cape Town {{ISBN|1-86872-721-1}}
-* {{aut|Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.)}} (1998): ''The Birds of the Western Palearctic'' (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. <small>ISBN 019854099X</small>
+* Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.) (1998): ''The Birds of the Western Palearctic'' (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-854099-X}}
 ==External links==
+* [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl Geronticus, Systema Naturae 2000] Navigate: Taxon Index, Genus Level, G
-{{commonscat}}
+* [http://focusingonwildlife.com/news/bald-ibis-by-adam-riley/ Bald Ibis by Adam Riley], Focusing on Wildlife
-* [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=51903 Genus ''Geronticus'']
+{{Threskiornithidae}}
-[[Category:Geronticus| ]]
+{{Pelecaniformes genera|A.|state=collapsed}}
-[[Category:Genera of birds]]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q913200}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Threskiornithidae]]
-[[br:Geronticus]]
-[[ca:Geronticus]]
+[[Category:Bird genera]]
+[[Category:Serravallian first appearances]]
-[[es:Geronticus]]
+[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
-[[fr:Geronticus]]
-[[it:Geronticus]]
-[[lt:Plikieji ibiai]]
-[[hu:Geronticus]]
-[[nl:Geronticus]]
-[[pl:Geronticus]]
-[[ru:Лысые ибисы]]