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Coordinates: 42°52′57″N 74°35′14″E / 42.8824°N 74.5871°E / 42.8824; 74.5871
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{{Infobox university
{{Infobox university
| name = Kyrgyz National University
| name = Kyrgyz National University
| native_name = {{lang-ky|Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети}}<br> {{lang-ru|Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына}}
| native_name = {{nativename|ky|Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети}}<br>{{nativename|ru|Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына}}
| native_name_lang = Kyrgyz
| native_name_lang = Kyrgyz
| other_name =
| other_name = KNU
| former_name =
| former_name =
| image = KNU coat of arms.png
| image =
| image_size = 150
| image_size = 150
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| latin_name = Universitas Nationalis Chirgisica
| motto =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| motto_lang =
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| undergrad =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| postgrad =
| city = {{flag|Bishkek}}
| city = [[Bishkek]]
| country = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| country = [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| coor =
| coor =
| campus =
| campus =
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}}
}}
[[File:KUUbashky.jpg|thumb|right|Kyrgyz National University]]
[[File:KUUbashky.jpg|thumb|right|Kyrgyz National University]]
The '''Kyrgyz National University''',{{efn|{{langx|ky|Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети|Jusup Balasagyn atyndagy Kyrgyz Uluttuk Universiteti}}, {{IPA|ky|t͡ɕʊ̥ˈsʊp bɑɫɑsɑˈʁɯn ɑtʰɯ̥ndɑˈʁɯ qʰɯrˈɢɯs ʊɫʊt̚ˈtʰʊχ ʊnʲɪvʲɪrsʲɪˈtʲetɪ|pron}}}} named after renowned [[Maturidi]] poet [[Yūsuf Balasaguni|Jusup Balasagyn]], is a [[national university]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]].
[[File:Jusup Balasagyn.jpg|thumb|A monument to [[Yūsuf Balasaguni]] outside the university.]]
The '''Kyrgyz National University,''' named after [[Yūsuf Balasaguni|Jusup Balasagyn]] ({{lang-ky|Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети}}; {{lang-ru|Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына}}), is a [[national university]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]].


Kyrgyz National University is located in the capital city of [[Bishkek]]. It is the oldest and the largest Higher Education Institution of the Kyrgyz Republic. The institution was established on 25 October 1925 as the Kyrgyz Institute of Education.
Kyrgyz National University is located in the capital city of [[Bishkek]]. It is the oldest and the largest Higher Education Institution of the Kyrgyz Republic. The institution was established on 25 October 1925 as the Kyrgyz Institute of Education.
Recently Kyrgyz National University started its Faculty of Medicine in collaboration with LN University,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lnctu.ac.in/kyrgyz-national-university-lnct-university-signed-mou-establishing-medical-faculty-bishkek/|title=Kyrgyz National University and LNCT University signed an MOU for establishing Medical Faculty at Bishkek|date=30 April 2019}}</ref> India, and has thus become the first university in Central Asia to start a Faculty of Medicine in association with an Indian university. Under this collaboration, [https://lnmc.kg/ LN Medical college, Bishkek] is founded in the Faculty of medicine.Today the Kyrgyz National University offers a 5 year MD Physician program using the teaching platform of LN University, [[Bhopal]], India
In August 2023, Kyrgyz National University Faculty of Medicine has established an MOU with Yenepoya university.<ref name="knu_9608"/> During the meeting, issues of establishing and further developing mutually beneficial cooperation between the two universities in the field of education, science, culture and other areas were discussed. The Indian side was also interested in the medical faculty of KNU. At the end of the meeting, the rector of KNU Mr.Tolobek Abdyrakhmanov and Vice chancellor of Yenepoya university, Mr. Mohammad Farhaad, signed a Memorandum of Cooperation between the Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn and Yenepoya University. Yenepoya International Education based in Bishkek will be the official academic partners globally for Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn in the Faculty of medicine from the year 2023 September and has thus become the first university in Central Asia to start a Faculty of Medicine in association with an International university. Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn will also fulfill the international regulatory requirements for medical education including USMLE,UKMLE,NMC,ECFMG and others. From the year 2023 with this new collaboration the Kyrgyz National University will offers a 6 year MD Physician program using the teaching platform of Yenepoya International Education and Yenepoya University, India.


== History ==
== History ==
On October 25, 1925, it was decided to open the Institute of Education. This was to solve the issue of training pedagogical personnel on the territory of the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36)|Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]]. In 1928, by the decision of the government of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Institute of Education was transformed into the Kirghiz Central Pedagogical Technical School. In August 1929, the institution added new buildings and equipment, as well as invited specialists and teachers from other [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]]. On 13 January 1932, by the decision of the [[Council of People's Commissars of the USSR]], it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State Pedagogical Institute, named after [[Mikhail Frunze]]. There were 4 faculties in the institute: physics and mathematics, biology, literature and the faculty of social sciences. The first academic year began on October 3, 1933.
On October 25, 1925, it was decided to open the Institute of Education. Its purpose was training the local population to be schoolteachers. In 1928, by the decision of the government of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Institute of Education was transformed into the Kirghiz Central Pedagogical Technical School. In August 1929, the institution added new buildings and equipment, as well as invited specialists and teachers from other [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]]. On 13 January 1932, by the decision of the [[Council of People's Commissars of the USSR]], it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State Pedagogical Institute, named after [[Mikhail Frunze]]. There were 4 faculties in the institute: physics and mathematics, biology, literature and the faculty of social sciences. The first academic year began on October 3, 1933.


On 1 September 1939, the Kyrgyz Medical Academy was established with the recruitment of 200 students. On 21 May 1951, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State University, with the following faculties: philology, biology, physics, mathematics, history, geology and geodesy. In the decree adopted by the Council of Ministers of the [[Kyrgyz SSR]], the Kyrgyz State University belonged to higher educational institutions of the first category.
On 1 September 1939, the Kyrgyz Medical Academy was established with the recruitment of 200 students. On 21 May 1951, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State University, with the following faculties: philology, biology, physics, mathematics, history, geology and geodesy. In the decree adopted by the Council of Ministers of the [[Kyrgyz SSR]], the Kyrgyz State University belonged to higher educational institutions of the first category.


On December 11, 1972 it was renamed as the Kyrgyz State University on the 50th anniversary of the [[USSR]]. In 1982, the university was awarded the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour|Order of the Red Banner of Labor]]. On 11 August 1993, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State National University (KGNU). By decree of President [[Askar Akayev]] on 11 May 2002, it was renamed after [[Yusuf Balasaghuni]] ({{lang-ky|Жусуп Баласагын}}).<ref name="Istoriya KNU">{{cite news|url=http://www.university.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:2010-02-26-09-48-16&catid=46:cat-obshiesvedeniya&Itemid=74|title=Istoriya KNU|date=15 September 2012|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>
On December 11, 1972 it was renamed as the Kyrgyz State University on the 50th anniversary of the [[USSR]]. In 1982, the university was awarded the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour|Order of the Red Banner of Labor]]. On 11 August 1993, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State National University (KGNU). By decree of President [[Askar Akayev]] on 11 May 2002, it was renamed after [[Yusuf Balasaghuni]] ({{langx|ky|Жусуп Баласагын}}).<ref name="Istoriya KNU">{{cite news|url=http://www.university.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50:2010-02-26-09-48-16&catid=46:cat-obshiesvedeniya&Itemid=74|title=Istoriya KNU|date=15 September 2012|access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>


== University structure ==
== University structure ==
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=== Faculties ===
=== Faculties ===
* Faculty of Medicine (Yenepoya International Education) <ref name="knu_9608"/>
* Faculty of Medicine (LN Medical College) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lnctu.ac.in/kyrgyz-national-university-lnct-university-signed-mou-establishing-medical-faculty-bishkek/|title=Kyrgyz National University and LNCT University signed an MOU for establishing Medical Faculty at Bishkek|date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
* Faculty of State and Municipal Management
* Faculty of State and Municipal Management
* Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Cybernetics
* Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Cybernetics
Line 120: Line 119:


=== Colleges ===
=== Colleges ===
* Medical College (Yenepoya International Education) <ref name="knu_9608"/>
* LN Medical College <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lnctu.ac.in/kyrgyz-national-university-lnct-university-signed-mou-establishing-medical-faculty-bishkek/|title=Kyrgyz National University and LNCT University signed an MOU for establishing Medical Faculty at Bishkek|date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
* Pedagogical college
* Pedagogical college
* Juridical College
* Juridical College
Line 160: Line 159:


== Vestnik KNU ==
== Vestnik KNU ==
[[File:Vestnik KNU 2016 (magazine).jpg|thumb|The cover of "Vestnik KNU" magazine for 2016. Special edition.]]
The university's magazine, ''Vestnik'', has been published since 1997. ''Vestnik'' is a scientific, educational, and informational publication registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic.
The university's magazine, ''Vestnik'', has been published since 1997. ''Vestnik'' is a scientific, educational, and informational publication registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic.


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* 2011-2014 - I. Isamidinov
* 2011-2014 - I. Isamidinov
* 2015-2017 - C. Adamkulova
* 2015-2017 - C. Adamkulova
* 2017 - [[Kanat Sadykov|K. Sadykov]].{{cn|date=November 2023}}


== Faculty ==
== Faculty ==
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Counting both full-time and part-time instructors, KNU employed 67 professors and 339 associate professors.
Counting both full-time and part-time instructors, KNU employed 67 professors and 339 associate professors.


== Famous Alumni ==
== Notable alumni ==

* [[Turdakun Usubaliev]] - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Kirghizia|Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan]], 1961–1985
* [[Turdakun Usubaliev]] - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Kirghizia|Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan]], 1961–1985
* Shabdanbai Abdyramanov - People's Writer of Kyrgyzstan
* Shabdanbai Abdyramanov - People's Writer of Kyrgyzstan
Line 215: Line 213:
* Mukhamed Tsikanov - Russian statesman from [[Kabardino-Balkaria]]
* Mukhamed Tsikanov - Russian statesman from [[Kabardino-Balkaria]]
* [[Rakhat Achylova]] - sociologist and member of the Supreme Council
* [[Rakhat Achylova]] - sociologist and member of the Supreme Council
* [[Idris Anarbekovich Kadyrkulov]] - Ambassador


== Library ==
== Library ==
The KNU Scientific Library is one of the largest university libraries in Kyrgyzstan. The scientific library was established in 1932 on the basis of the Kyrgyz Pedagogical Institute.
The KNU Scientific Library is one of the largest university libraries in Kyrgyzstan. The scientific library was established in 1932 on the basis of the Kyrgyz Pedagogical Institute.


In 1941, the library's book stock was 134,000 texts, many obtained from the universities of [[Moscow]], [[Leningrad]] and other major cities of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. In 1951 the KNU library received educational, scientific and artistic literature from universities in Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Kazakh and Tomsk, as well as from the Academies of Sciences of [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Ukraine]].
In 1941, the library's book stock was 134,000 texts, many obtained from the universities of [[Moscow]], [[Leningrad]] and other major cities of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. In 1951 the KNU library received educational, scientific and artistic literature from universities in Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Kazakh and Tomsk, as well as from the Academies of Sciences of [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Ukraine]].


Today, the library is located in 8 educational buildings and has 60 employees.
Today, the library is located in 8 educational buildings and has 60 employees.<ref name="knu_9608"/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="knu_9608">{{cite web |url=https://www.knu.kg/ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9608:2023-08-02-11-45-04&catid=909:---011012&Itemid=1 |title=Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына |language=ky |trans-title=Kyrgyz National University named after Jusupa Balasag |website=knu.kg |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{External media
{{External media
| align = right
| float = right
| topic = Kyrgyz National University
| topic = Kyrgyz National University
| image1 = [[:ja:ファイル:KUUbashky.jpg|An image]] in the [[japanese Wikipedia]].
| image1 = [[:ja:ファイル:KUUbashky.jpg|An image]] in the [[Japanese Wikipedia]].
}}
}}

* {{Official website|https://www.knu.kg/}}


{{Universities in Kyrgyzstan}}
{{Universities in Kyrgyzstan}}

Latest revision as of 10:37, 14 November 2024

Kyrgyz National University
Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети (Kyrgyz)
Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына (Russian)
Other name
KNU
TypeState
Established1925 (100 years ago) (1925)
Location
Bishkek
,
Kyrgyzstan
Websitewww.knu.kg
Building details
Map
General information
LocationBishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Coordinates42°52′57″N 74°35′14″E / 42.8824°N 74.5871°E / 42.8824; 74.5871
Completed1925
Kyrgyz National University

The Kyrgyz National University,[a] named after renowned Maturidi poet Jusup Balasagyn, is a national university in Kyrgyzstan.

Kyrgyz National University is located in the capital city of Bishkek. It is the oldest and the largest Higher Education Institution of the Kyrgyz Republic. The institution was established on 25 October 1925 as the Kyrgyz Institute of Education.

In August 2023, Kyrgyz National University Faculty of Medicine has established an MOU with Yenepoya university.[1] During the meeting, issues of establishing and further developing mutually beneficial cooperation between the two universities in the field of education, science, culture and other areas were discussed. The Indian side was also interested in the medical faculty of KNU. At the end of the meeting, the rector of KNU Mr.Tolobek Abdyrakhmanov and Vice chancellor of Yenepoya university, Mr. Mohammad Farhaad, signed a Memorandum of Cooperation between the Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn and Yenepoya University. Yenepoya International Education based in Bishkek will be the official academic partners globally for Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn in the Faculty of medicine from the year 2023 September and has thus become the first university in Central Asia to start a Faculty of Medicine in association with an International university. Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn will also fulfill the international regulatory requirements for medical education including USMLE,UKMLE,NMC,ECFMG and others. From the year 2023 with this new collaboration the Kyrgyz National University will offers a 6 year MD Physician program using the teaching platform of Yenepoya International Education and Yenepoya University, India.

History

[edit]

On October 25, 1925, it was decided to open the Institute of Education. Its purpose was training the local population to be schoolteachers. In 1928, by the decision of the government of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Institute of Education was transformed into the Kirghiz Central Pedagogical Technical School. In August 1929, the institution added new buildings and equipment, as well as invited specialists and teachers from other Soviet republics. On 13 January 1932, by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State Pedagogical Institute, named after Mikhail Frunze. There were 4 faculties in the institute: physics and mathematics, biology, literature and the faculty of social sciences. The first academic year began on October 3, 1933.

On 1 September 1939, the Kyrgyz Medical Academy was established with the recruitment of 200 students. On 21 May 1951, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State University, with the following faculties: philology, biology, physics, mathematics, history, geology and geodesy. In the decree adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR, the Kyrgyz State University belonged to higher educational institutions of the first category.

On December 11, 1972 it was renamed as the Kyrgyz State University on the 50th anniversary of the USSR. In 1982, the university was awarded the Soviet Union's Order of the Red Banner of Labor. On 11 August 1993, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State National University (KGNU). By decree of President Askar Akayev on 11 May 2002, it was renamed after Yusuf Balasaghuni (Kyrgyz: Жусуп Баласагын).[2]

University structure

[edit]

There is the Academical Worker's Union Committee, which defends the professional interests of educators. The supervisory function in the KNU is performed by the Board of Trustees, which includes prominent public figures, scientists and graduates. There are 8 members in total in the Board of Trustees. The highest collegiate management body in the KNU is the Scientific Council, in which there are 63 members.[3]

Faculties

[edit]
  • Faculty of Medicine (Yenepoya International Education) [1]
  • Faculty of State and Municipal Management
  • Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Cybernetics
  • Faculty of Physics and Electronics
  • Faculty of Information and Innovation Technologies
  • Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
  • Faculty of Biology
  • Faculty of Geography and Ecology and Tourism
  • Faculty of Kyrgyz Philology
  • Faculty of Russian and Slavic Philology
  • Faculty of History and Regional Studies
  • Faculty of Journalism
  • Faculty of Social and Human Sciences
  • Faculty of Foreign Languages
  • Kyrgyz-European Faculty
  • Faculty of International Relations and Oriental Studies
  • Kyrgyz-Chinese Faculty
  • Pedagogical Faculty
  • Faculty of Retraining and Staff Development
  • Faculty of State and Municipal Management
  • Faculty of Economics
  • Faculty of Law
  • Faculty of Management and Business
  • Faculty of Medicine and Surgery

Institutions

[edit]
  • Kyrgyz-Chinese Confucius Institute
  • Institute of Basic Sciences

Colleges

[edit]
  • Medical College (Yenepoya International Education) [1]
  • Pedagogical college
  • Juridical College
  • College of Economics
  • Kyrgyz-Chinese College
  • IT College

Centers, departments, departments and sectors

[edit]
  • Korean Language Center
  • Turkish Language Center
  • Turkish Resource Center named after Aziz Sancar[4]
  • Japanese Language Center
  • Department of International Cooperation
  • Press Service
  • Center for Language Studies
  • General Department
  • Central Archive
  • Sector for Civil Defense and Special Mobilization Work
  • Department of Legal Work
  • Human Resources Department
  • Educational-Methodical Management
  • Department of Informatization and Coordination of Academic Work
  • Sector of Licensing, Accreditation and Methodical Work
  • Dispatching Service
  • Department for the Preparation and Issuance of Documents on Education
  • Department of Postgraduate Study, Doctoral Studies and Magistracy
  • Scientific Library named after Asanbek Tabaldiev
  • Department of Information Technology and Computer Maintenance
  • State Language Department
  • Educational Work Department
  • Practice and Employment Sector
  • Scientific-Research Center "Atmosphere Monitoring"
  • Youth Committee
  • Council of Young Scientists
  • Alumni Association

Chairs

[edit]

The National Gymnasium of the KNU and the Department of Physical Culture of Sports operate from the KNU campus. KNU housese 61 academical departments in 19 faculties.

Vestnik KNU

[edit]

The university's magazine, Vestnik, has been published since 1997. Vestnik is a scientific, educational, and informational publication registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Vestnik is included on the list of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Kyrgyz Republic. The license agreement on the inclusion of the magazine in the list of publications the system of the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) was signed on 1 March 2016.

Educational process in KNU

[edit]

The educational process in KNU takes place in the following directions:

  • Undergraduate: on campus and in absentia; 56 programs.
  • Five year study: on campus and in absentia; 5 programs.
  • Magistracy: on campus and in absentia; 32 programs.
  • Secondary vocational education: on campus and in absentia; 14 programs.
  • At the Faculty of Economics and Pedagogy in the city of Osh - in absentia; 10 programs.

The educational process follows the Bologna Process.

KNU Rectors

[edit]

Below is a list of rectors of KNU.

  • 1951-1954 - B. Zhamgyrchinov
  • 1954-1960 - B. Yunusaliev
  • 1960-1977 - S. Tabyshaliev
  • 1977-1979 - M. Imanaliev
  • 1979-1986 - K. Otorbaev
  • 1986-1992 - U. Asanov
  • 1992-1998 - S. Toktomyshev
  • 1998-2000 - A. Borubayev
  • 2000-2005 - A. Kakeev
  • 2005-2006 - I. Bolzhurova (Acting)
  • 2006-2008 - Y. Omurkanov
  • 2008-2009 - A. Bekbalaev
  • 2010-2011 - A. Akunov
  • 2011-2014 - I. Isamidinov
  • 2015-2017 - C. Adamkulova
  • 2017 - K. Sadykov.[citation needed]

Faculty

[edit]

As of the 2016-2017 academic year, there were 2,654 teaching staff at KNU. Of them, 1,908 people or 71.9% of the total number of full-time teachers held a scientific degree.

KNU also employs around 271 part-time or non-teaching staff. Of these employees, 183 (or 67.5%) also hold a top degree.

Counting both full-time and part-time instructors, KNU employed 67 professors and 339 associate professors.

Notable alumni

[edit]

Library

[edit]

The KNU Scientific Library is one of the largest university libraries in Kyrgyzstan. The scientific library was established in 1932 on the basis of the Kyrgyz Pedagogical Institute.

In 1941, the library's book stock was 134,000 texts, many obtained from the universities of Moscow, Leningrad and other major cities of the USSR. In 1951 the KNU library received educational, scientific and artistic literature from universities in Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Kazakh and Tomsk, as well as from the Academies of Sciences of Armenia, Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine.

Today, the library is located in 8 educational buildings and has 60 employees.[1]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kyrgyz: Жусуп Баласагын атындагы Кыргыз Улуттук Университети, romanized: Jusup Balasagyn atyndagy Kyrgyz Uluttuk Universiteti, pronounced [t͡ɕʊ̥ˈsʊp bɑɫɑsɑˈʁɯn ɑtʰɯ̥ndɑˈʁɯ qʰɯrˈɢɯs ʊɫʊt̚ˈtʰʊχ ʊnʲɪvʲɪrsʲɪˈtʲetɪ]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына" [Kyrgyz National University named after Jusupa Balasag]. knu.kg (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  2. ^ "Istoriya KNU". 15 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  3. ^ "Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына". 2016-11-04. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  4. ^ Жээнбек, Эралиев. "Кыргызский национальный университет имени Жусупа Баласагына". www.knu.kg (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-08-01.
[edit]
External image
Kyrgyz National University
image icon An image in the Japanese Wikipedia.


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