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{{Short description|Injury due to slight tearing of a muscle or tendon}}
{{About |the kind of muscle injury||Strain (disambiguation)}}
{{About |the kind of muscle injury||Strain (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Sprain}}
{{Distinguish|Sprain}}
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| synonyms = Muscle strain, pulled muscle, torn muscle
| synonyms = Muscle strain, pulled muscle, torn muscle
| field = [[Emergency medicine]]
| field = [[Emergency medicine]]
| symptoms =
| symptoms =Bruise, swelling, redness and soreness
| complications =
| complications =
| onset =
| onset =
| duration =
| duration =
| types =
| types =
| causes =
| causes =Excessive stress and/or repeated injury on a muscle
| risks =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| diagnosis =
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| deaths =
| deaths =
}}
}}
[[File:3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain-Tendon.jpg|alt=3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain|thumb|308x308px|3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain]]
[[File:3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain-Tendon.jpg|alt=3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain|thumb|308x308px|3D animation depicting strain]]

A '''strain''' is an acute or [[Chronic condition|chronic]] [[soft tissue injury]] that occurs to a [[muscle]], [[tendon]], or both (contractile components).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scranton.edu/faculty/kosmahl/courses/ortho/lecture-notes/pages/selective-tissue.shtml|title=Orthopaedic {{!}} Lecture Notes|website=www.scranton.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/sprains-and-strains/advanced |title=Sprains and Strains: In-Depth |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=January 2015}}</ref> The equivalent injury to a [[ligament]] is a [[sprain]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lFEBOHpBG4C&pg=PA60&dq=pulled+muscle+cause&as_brr=3&ei=RJeBSdlvlsAzjJW5mg4&client=firefox-a#PPA60,M1 ''Fitness For Dummies''] p 60, Suzanne Schlosberg, Liz Neporent, For Dummies, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7645-7851-0}}</ref>
A '''strain''' is an acute or [[Chronic condition|chronic]] [[soft tissue injury]] that occurs to a [[muscle]], [[tendon]], or both. The equivalent injury to a [[ligament]] is a [[sprain]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/sprains-and-strains/advanced |title=Sprains and Strains: In-Depth |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=January 2015}}</ref> Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and partially tears, under more physical stress than it can withstand, often from a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity. Strains most commonly occur in the foot, leg, or back. Immediate treatment typically includes four steps abbreviated as [[R.I.C.E.]]: rest, ice, compression, elevation.


==Signs and symptoms==
==Signs and symptoms==
Typical [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptom]]s of a strain include [[pain]], functional loss of the involved structure, [[muscle weakness]], [[bruising|contusion]], and localized [[inflammation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumitt|first1=Jason|last2=Cuddeford|first2=Tyler|date=November 2015|journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy|volume=10|issue=6|pages=748–759|issn=2159-2896|pmc=4637912|pmid=26618057|title=Current Concepts of Muscle and Tendon Adaptation to Strength and Conditioning}}</ref> A strain can range from mild annoyance to very painful, depending on the extent of injury.
Typical [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptom]]s of a strain include [[pain]], functional loss of the involved structure, [[muscle weakness]], [[bruising|contusion]], and localized [[inflammation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brumitt|first1=Jason|last2=Cuddeford|first2=Tyler|date=November 2015|journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy|volume=10|issue=6|pages=748–759|issn=2159-2896|pmc=4637912|pmid=26618057|title=Current Concepts of Muscle and Tendon Adaptation to Strength and Conditioning}}</ref> A strain can range from mild overstretching to severe tears, depending on the extent of injury.<ref name=":0"/>


==Cause==
==Cause==
A strain can occur as a result of improper body mechanics with any activity (e.g., [[contact sport]]s, lifting heavy objects, [[overstretching]]) that can induce mechanical trauma or injury.<ref name=":0" /> Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and is placed under more physical stress than it can exert.<ref name=":0" /> Strains commonly result in a partial or complete tear of a tendon or muscle, or they can be severe in the form of a complete tendon rupture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprains-strains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries |title=Sprains, Strains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries |website=OrthoInfo |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |first=Mary K. |last=Mulcahey |date=June 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> The most common body location for strains to occur is in the [[foot]], [[leg]], or [[Human back|back.]]<ref name=":1" />
A strain can occur as a result of improper body mechanics with any activity (e.g., [[contact sport]]s, lifting heavy objects) that can induce mechanical trauma or injury. Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and is placed under more physical stress than it can withstand.<ref name=":0" /> Strains commonly result in a partial or complete tear of a tendon or muscle, or they can be severe in the form of a complete tendon rupture. Strains most commonly occur in the [[foot]], [[leg]], or [[Human back|back.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprains-strains-and-other-soft-tissue-injuries |title=Sprains, Strains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries |website=OrthoInfo |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |first=Mary K. |last=Mulcahey |date=June 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> Acute strains are more closely associated with recent mechanical trauma or injury. Chronic strains typically result from repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons over a long period of time.<ref name=":0" />
* Acute strains are more closely associated with recent mechanical trauma or injury.
* Chronic strains typically result from repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons over a long period of time.<ref name=":0" />


Degrees of Injury (as classified by the American College of Sports Medicine):<ref>Millar, A. Lynn (2011). [https://www.acsm.org/docs/default-source/files-for-resource-library/sprains-strains-and-tears.pdf "Sprains, Strains and Tears"]. American College of Sports Medicine. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
Degrees of Injury (as classified by the [[American College of Sports Medicine]]):<ref>Millar, A. Lynn (2011). [https://www.acsm.org/docs/default-source/files-for-resource-library/sprains-strains-and-tears.pdf "Sprains, Strains and Tears"]. American College of Sports Medicine. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>
* First degree (mildest) – little tissue tearing; mild tenderness; pain with full range of motion.
* First degree (mildest) – little tissue tearing; mild tenderness; pain with full range of motion.
* Second degree – torn muscle or tendon tissues; painful, limited motion; possibly some swelling or depression at the spot of the injury.
* Second degree – torn muscle or tendon tissues; painful, limited motion; possibly some swelling or depression at the spot of the injury.
* Third degree (most severe) – limited or no movement; severe acute pain, though sometimes painless straight after the initial injury
* Third degree (most severe) – limited or no movement; severe acute pain, though sometimes painless straight after the initial injury


To establish a uniform definition amongst healthcare providers, in 2012 a Consensus Statement on suggested new terminology and classification of muscle injuries was published.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mueller-Wohlfahrt |first1=Hans-Wilhelm |last2=Haensel |first2=Lutz |last3=Mithoefer |first3=Kai |last4=Ekstrand |first4=Jan |last5=English |first5=Bryan |last6=McNally |first6=Steven |last7=Orchard |first7=John |last8=Dijk |first8=C. Niek van |last9=Kerkhoffs |first9=Gino M. |last10=Schamasch |first10=Patrick |last11=Blottner |first11=Dieter |last12=Swaerd |first12=Leif |last13=Goedhart |first13=Edwin |last14=Ueblacker |first14=Peter |title=Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement |journal=Br J Sports Med |volume=47 |issue=6 |date=1 October 2012 |pages=bjsports–2012–091448 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2012-091448 |pmid=23080315 |url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2012/10/25/bjsports-2012-091448 |language=en |issn=0306-3674|pmc=3607100 }}</ref>
To establish a uniform definition amongst healthcare providers, in 2012 a Consensus Statement on suggested new terminology and classification of muscle injuries was published.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mueller-Wohlfahrt |first1=Hans-Wilhelm |last2=Haensel |first2=Lutz |last3=Mithoefer |first3=Kai |last4=Ekstrand |first4=Jan |last5=English |first5=Bryan |last6=McNally |first6=Steven |last7=Orchard |first7=John |last8=Dijk |first8=C. Niek van |last9=Kerkhoffs |first9=Gino M. |last10=Schamasch |first10=Patrick |last11=Blottner |first11=Dieter |last12=Swaerd |first12=Leif |last13=Goedhart |first13=Edwin |last14=Ueblacker |first14=Peter |title=Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement |journal=Br J Sports Med |volume=47 |issue=6 |date=1 October 2012 |pages=bjsports–2012–091448 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2012-091448 |pmid=23080315 |url= |language=en |issn=0306-3674|pmc=3607100 }}</ref>


The classification suggestion were:
The classifications suggested were:
: The major difference suggested was the use of "indirect" muscle injury verse "grade 1" to provide a subclassifications when advanced images were negative.
: The major difference suggested was the use of "indirect" muscle injury verse "grade 1" to provide subclassifications when advanced images were negative.


Indirect Muscle Injury
Indirect Muscle Injury
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===Risk factors===
===Risk factors===
Although strains are not restricted to athletes and can happen while doing everyday tasks, people who play [[sport]]s are more at risk for developing a strain.<ref name=":1" /> It is common for an [[Soft tissue injury|injury]] to develop when there is a sudden increase in [[Time|duration]], [[Intensity (physics)|intensity]], or [[frequency]] of an activity.<ref name=":1" />
Although strains are not restricted to athletes and can happen while doing everyday tasks, people who play sports are more at risk for developing a strain. It is common for an [[Soft tissue injury|injury]] to develop when there is a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity.<ref name=":1" />


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
The first-line treatment for a muscular strain in the [[acute phase]] include five steps commonly known as [[P.R.I.C.E.]]<ref>{{MedicalMnemonics|235|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=T.A.H. |last1=Järvinen |display-authors=etal |title=Muscle injuries: optimising recovery |journal=Best Practice and Research in Clinical Rheumatology |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=April 2007 |pages=317–331 |pmid=17512485 |doi=10.1016/j.berh.2006.12.004}}</ref>
The first-line treatment for a muscular strain in the [[acute phase]] include five steps commonly known as [[P.R.I.C.E.]]<ref>{{MedicalMnemonics|235|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=T.A.H. |last1=Järvinen |display-authors=etal |title=Muscle injuries: optimising recovery |journal=Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=April 2007 |pages=317–331 |pmid=17512485 |doi=10.1016/j.berh.2006.12.004}}</ref>


* Protection: Apply soft padding to minimize impact with objects.
* Protection: Apply soft padding to minimize impact with objects.
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* Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is possible in order to promote venous blood return to the systemic circulation.
* Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is possible in order to promote venous blood return to the systemic circulation.


Immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of [[NSAID]]s and [[Cold compression therapy]]. [[Cold compression therapy]] acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing [[leukocyte extravasation]] into the injured area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078022649/998035/Prentice15e_Chap10.pdf |title=Tissue Response to Injury |work=Principles of Athletic Training |last=Prentice |first=William E. |date=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031110608/http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078022649/998035/Prentice15e_Chap10.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-31 |isbn=0078022649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.endomed.net/wp-content/uploads/ColdandCompressionTherapy.pdf |title=Clinical Studies on Cold and Compression Therapy |publisher=Endomed, Inc. |date=December 2007 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> NSAIDs such as [[Ibuprofen/paracetamol]] work to reduce the immediate inflammation by inhibiting [[Cyclooxygenase-1|Cox-1]] and [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition|Cox-2]] enzymes, which are the enzymes responsible for converting [[arachidonic acid]] into [[prostaglandin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com/Forms/Common/print.aspx?cpnum=303&sec=mondesc,monclas,monbran,monmech,monphar,monindi,monadmi,moncontr,monpreg,moninte,monadve,monivco,monsup,monmp&t=0|title=Clinical Pharmacology|website=www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=TJ |last1=Noonan |first2=WE |last2=Garrett Jr |title=Muscle strain injury: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |volume=7 |issue=4 |date=July–August 1999 |pages=262–269 |doi=10.5435/00124635-199907000-00006 |pmid=10434080}}</ref> However, NSAIDs, including [[aspirin]] and ibuprofen, affect platelet function (this is why they are known as "blood thinners") and should not be taken during the period when tissue is bleeding because they will tend to increase blood flow, inhibit clotting, and thereby increase bleeding and swelling.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} After the bleeding has stopped, NSAIDs can be used with some effectiveness to reduce inflammation and pain.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}
Immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of [[NSAID]]s and [[Cold compression therapy]]. Cold compression therapy acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing [[leukocyte extravasation]] into the injured area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078022649/998035/Prentice15e_Chap10.pdf |title=Tissue Response to Injury |work=Principles of Athletic Training |last=Prentice |first=William E. |date=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031110608/http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078022649/998035/Prentice15e_Chap10.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-31 |isbn=0078022649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.endomed.net/wp-content/uploads/ColdandCompressionTherapy.pdf |title=Clinical Studies on Cold and Compression Therapy |publisher=Endomed, Inc. |date=December 2007 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> NSAIDs such as [[Ibuprofen/paracetamol]] work to reduce the immediate inflammation by inhibiting [[Cyclooxygenase-1|Cox-1]] and [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition|Cox-2]] enzymes, which are the enzymes responsible for converting [[arachidonic acid]] into [[prostaglandin]]. However, NSAIDs, including [[aspirin]] and ibuprofen, affect platelet function (this is why they are known as "blood thinners") and should not be taken during the period when tissue is bleeding because they will tend to increase blood flow, inhibit clotting, and thereby increase bleeding and swelling. After the bleeding has stopped, NSAIDs can be used with some effectiveness to reduce inflammation and pain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Richard O. |last2=Graham |first2=Garry G. |title=The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=142–145 |doi=10.18773/austprescr.2004.119 |date=1 December 2004 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


A new treatment for acute strains is the use of [[Platelet-rich plasma|platelet rich plasma]] (PRP) injections which have been shown to accelerate recovery from non surgical muscular injuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Halpern|first1=Brian C.|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Salma|last3=Rodeo|first3=Scott A.|date=2012-07-01|title=The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing|journal=HSS Journal |volume=8|issue=2|pages=137–145|doi=10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7|issn=1556-3316|pmc=3715623|pmid=23874254}}</ref>
A new treatment for acute strains is the use of [[Platelet-rich plasma|platelet rich plasma]] (PRP) injections which have been shown to accelerate recovery from non-surgical muscular injuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Halpern|first1=Brian C.|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Salma|last3=Rodeo|first3=Scott A.|date=2012-07-01|title=The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing|journal=HSS Journal |volume=8|issue=2|pages=137–145|doi=10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7|issn=1556-3316|pmc=3715623|pmid=23874254}}</ref>


It is recommended<ref>R. Neustaedter, "[http://www.cure-guide.com/Articles_on_Natural_Health/Injuries/injuries.html Natural Treatment for Injuries]" (accessed August 25, 200</ref> that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or [[Bone fracture|fractured bone]], a [[sprain]], or a complete muscle tear.
It is recommended that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or [[Bone fracture|fractured bone]], a [[sprain]], or a complete muscle tear.<ref>Neustaedter, Randy. [http://cure-guide.com/natural-treatment-for-injuries/ "Natural Treatment for Injuries"]. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Repetitive strain injury]]
⚫
* [[Pulled hamstring]]
* [[Sprain]]
* [[Achilles tendon rupture]]
* [[Achilles tendon rupture]]
⚫
* [[Pulled hamstring]]
⚫
* [[Repetitive strain injury]]


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Sprains_Strains/default.asp Questions and Answers about Sprains and Strains]&nbsp;- US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| DiseasesDB =
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| MeshID = D013180
| MeshID = D013180
}}
}}




{{Dislocations, sprains and strains}}
{{Dislocations, sprains and strains}}

Latest revision as of 22:42, 12 November 2024

This article is about the kind of muscle injury. For other uses, see Strain (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sprain.
Strain
Other namesMuscle strain, pulled muscle, torn muscle
Two images of the same strain to the hamstring and associated bruising. One of the pictures was shot through a mirror.
SpecialtyEmergency medicine
SymptomsBruise, swelling, redness and soreness
CausesExcessive stress and/or repeated injury on a muscle
3D Medical Animation Depicting Strain
3D animation depicting strain

A strain is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a muscle, tendon, or both. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain.[1] Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and partially tears, under more physical stress than it can withstand, often from a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity. Strains most commonly occur in the foot, leg, or back. Immediate treatment typically includes four steps abbreviated as R.I.C.E.: rest, ice, compression, elevation.

Signs and symptoms

[edit]

Typical signs and symptoms of a strain include pain, functional loss of the involved structure, muscle weakness, contusion, and localized inflammation.[2] A strain can range from mild overstretching to severe tears, depending on the extent of injury.[1]

Cause

[edit]

A strain can occur as a result of improper body mechanics with any activity (e.g., contact sports, lifting heavy objects) that can induce mechanical trauma or injury. Generally, the muscle or tendon overstretches and is placed under more physical stress than it can withstand.[1] Strains commonly result in a partial or complete tear of a tendon or muscle, or they can be severe in the form of a complete tendon rupture. Strains most commonly occur in the foot, leg, or back.[3] Acute strains are more closely associated with recent mechanical trauma or injury. Chronic strains typically result from repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons over a long period of time.[1]

Degrees of Injury (as classified by the American College of Sports Medicine):[4]

  • First degree (mildest) – little tissue tearing; mild tenderness; pain with full range of motion.
  • Second degree – torn muscle or tendon tissues; painful, limited motion; possibly some swelling or depression at the spot of the injury.
  • Third degree (most severe) – limited or no movement; severe acute pain, though sometimes painless straight after the initial injury

To establish a uniform definition amongst healthcare providers, in 2012 a Consensus Statement on suggested new terminology and classification of muscle injuries was published.[5]

The classifications suggested were:

The major difference suggested was the use of "indirect" muscle injury verse "grade 1" to provide subclassifications when advanced images were negative.

Indirect Muscle Injury FUNCTIONAL (Negative MSK US & MRI)[6]

  • Type 1: Overexertion-related Muscle Disorder
    • Type 1a: Fatigue induced
    • Type 1b: DOMS

• Type 2: Neuromuscular muscle disorder

    • Type 2a: Spine-Related
    • Type 2b: Muscle-Related

STRUCTURAL MUSCLE INJURY (Positive MSK US & MRI)[6] • Type 3: Partial Muscle Tear • Type 4: (Sub) total tear

DIRECT MUSCLE INJURY • Bump or Cut: Contact-related

Risk factors

[edit]

Although strains are not restricted to athletes and can happen while doing everyday tasks, people who play sports are more at risk for developing a strain. It is common for an injury to develop when there is a sudden increase in duration, intensity, or frequency of an activity.[3]

Treatment

[edit]

The first-line treatment for a muscular strain in the acute phase include five steps commonly known as P.R.I.C.E.[7][8]

  • Protection: Apply soft padding to minimize impact with objects.
  • Rest: Rest is necessary to accelerate healing and reduce the potential for re-injury.
  • Ice: Apply ice to induce vasoconstriction, which will reduce blood flow to the site of injury. Never ice for more than 20 minutes at a time.
  • Compression: Wrap the strained area with a soft-wrapped bandage to reduce further diapedesis and promote lymphatic drainage.
  • Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to the level of the heart as is possible in order to promote venous blood return to the systemic circulation.

Immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of NSAIDs and Cold compression therapy. Cold compression therapy acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing leukocyte extravasation into the injured area.[9][10] NSAIDs such as Ibuprofen/paracetamol work to reduce the immediate inflammation by inhibiting Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzymes, which are the enzymes responsible for converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin. However, NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen, affect platelet function (this is why they are known as "blood thinners") and should not be taken during the period when tissue is bleeding because they will tend to increase blood flow, inhibit clotting, and thereby increase bleeding and swelling. After the bleeding has stopped, NSAIDs can be used with some effectiveness to reduce inflammation and pain.[11]

A new treatment for acute strains is the use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections which have been shown to accelerate recovery from non-surgical muscular injuries.[12]

It is recommended that the person injured should consult a medical provider if the injury is accompanied by severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there is noticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can be signs of a broken or fractured bone, a sprain, or a complete muscle tear.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Sprains and Strains: In-Depth". National Institutes of Health. January 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ Brumitt, Jason; Cuddeford, Tyler (November 2015). "Current Concepts of Muscle and Tendon Adaptation to Strength and Conditioning". International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 10 (6): 748–759. ISSN 2159-2896. PMC 4637912. PMID 26618057.
  3. ^ a b Mulcahey, Mary K. (June 2020). "Sprains, Strains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries". OrthoInfo. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  4. ^ Millar, A. Lynn (2011). "Sprains, Strains and Tears". American College of Sports Medicine. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  5. ^ Mueller-Wohlfahrt, Hans-Wilhelm; Haensel, Lutz; Mithoefer, Kai; Ekstrand, Jan; English, Bryan; McNally, Steven; Orchard, John; Dijk, C. Niek van; Kerkhoffs, Gino M.; Schamasch, Patrick; Blottner, Dieter; Swaerd, Leif; Goedhart, Edwin; Ueblacker, Peter (1 October 2012). "Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement". Br J Sports Med. 47 (6): bjsports–2012–091448. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091448. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 3607100. PMID 23080315.
  6. ^ a b Stoller, David W. (2007). Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781773577.
  7. ^ MedicalMnemonics.com: 235
  8. ^ Järvinen, T.A.H.; et al. (April 2007). "Muscle injuries: optimising recovery". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 21 (2): 317–331. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.12.004. PMID 17512485.
  9. ^ Prentice, William E. (2014). "Tissue Response to Injury" (PDF). Principles of Athletic Training. ISBN 0078022649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-31.
  10. ^ "Clinical Studies on Cold and Compression Therapy" (PDF). Endomed, Inc. December 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  11. ^ Day, Richard O.; Graham, Garry G. (1 December 2004). "The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors". Australian Prescriber. 27 (6): 142–145. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2004.119.
  12. ^ Halpern, Brian C.; Chaudhury, Salma; Rodeo, Scott A. (2012-07-01). "The role of platelet-rich plasma in inducing musculoskeletal tissue healing". HSS Journal. 8 (2): 137–145. doi:10.1007/s11420-011-9239-7. ISSN 1556-3316. PMC 3715623. PMID 23874254.
  13. ^ Neustaedter, Randy. "Natural Treatment for Injuries". Retrieved 5 December 2020.
[edit]
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