Convent of São Francisco (Estremoz): Difference between revisions
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{{Geobox|Building |
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{{Infobox building |
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| name = Convent of São Francisco |
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| name = Convent of São Francisco |
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| native_name = Convento de São Francisco |
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| native_category = Convento |
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| logo = |
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| image_caption = The main facade of the Church and Convent of São Francisco of Estremoz |
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| image = Estremoz-SFrancisco.jpg |
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aEstremoz |
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| image_size = |
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| image_caption = The main facade of the Church and Convent of São Francisco of Estremoz |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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aEstremoz |
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| official_name = Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz |
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| etymology = St. Francis of Assisi |
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| map_caption = Location of the convent within the municipality of [[Estremoz]] |
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<!-- location --> |
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| symbol = |
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| location = [[Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André)]] |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| address = |
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| location_city = [[Estremoz]] |
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| location_country = [[Portugal]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|38|50|38|N|7|35|12.7|W|display=inline,title}} |
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| region_type = Subregion |
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<!-- stats --> |
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| region = [[Alentejo Central]] |
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| etymology = |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| status = |
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| cancelled = |
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| topped_out = |
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| building_type = [[Convent]] |
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| architectural_style = [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] |
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| lat_m = 50 |
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| material = Marble |
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| classification = |
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| altitude = |
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| namesake = |
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| groundbreaking_date = |
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| long_s = 12.7 |
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| stop_date = |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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| est_completion = |
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| completion_date = |
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| length_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
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| opened_date = |
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| inauguration_date = |
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| width_orientation = Northwest-Southeast |
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| owner = [[Portugal|Portuguese Republic]] |
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| height = |
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| architectural = |
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| style1 = [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] |
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| structural_system = |
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| style2 = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] |
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| size = |
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<!-- *** History & management *** --> |
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| grounds_area = |
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| architect = Manuel Francisco<br>Coelho Guimarães |
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| established_type = Origin |
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| references = |
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<!-- *** Access *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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| visitation = |
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| visitation_date = |
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| access = ''Largo dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra'' (''Largo Dragões de Olivença'') |
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| whs_name = |
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| whs_year = |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free = [[IGESPAR|Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico]] |
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| free_type = Management |
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| free1 = DRCNorte (Decree 114/2012, Diário da República, Série 1, 102, 25 May 2012) |
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| free1_type = Operator |
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| free2 = '''National Monument'''<br>''Monumento Nacional'' |
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| free2_type = Status |
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| free3 = Decree 8/228, Diário do Governo, Série 1, 133 (4 July 1922) (Tomb of Esteves da Gata and the Chapel of D. Fradique de Portugal); Decree 9842, Diário do Governo, Série 1, 137 (20 June 1924) (Igreja de São Francisco); Special Protection Zone (ZEP), Dispatch, Diário do Governo, Série 2, 83 (7 April 1962) |
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| free3_type = Listing |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map = |
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| map_caption = Location of the convent within the municipality of [[Estremoz]] |
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| map_background = |
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| map_locator = |
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| map_locator_x = |
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| map_locator_y = |
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<!-- *** Website *** --> |
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| commons = |
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| website = |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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The ''' Convent of São Francisco''' ({{ |
The ''' Convent of São Francisco''' ({{langx|pt|Convento de São Francisco}}) is a monastery in the [[Freguesia|civil parish]] of [[Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André)]], in the [[Concelho|municipality]] of [[Estremoz]], in the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Évora (district)|district of Évora]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Igreja e Convento de Sao Francisco (1).JPG|thumb|235px|left|The church and convent dependenies]] |
[[File:Igreja e Convento de Sao Francisco (1).JPG|thumb|235px|left|The church and convent dependenies]] |
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[[File:Igreja conventual de S. Francisco Estremoz (1).jpg|thumb|235px|left|The principal facade of the Baroque church of St. Francis]] |
[[File:Igreja conventual de S. Francisco Estremoz (1).jpg|thumb|235px|left|The principal facade of the Baroque [[Igreja de São Francisco (Estremoz)|church of St. Francis]]]] |
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In 1255, the Royal Convent of Estremoz was founded. The noble Eborense knight, Nuno Martins, was buried at the foot of the cross. First of the cloistered order, he enjoyed royal favour and protection, as he was almost canonical with his fellows.<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3833 |title=Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz (IPA.00003833/PT040704060011) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=Manuel |last1=Branco |year=1993 |accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> |
In 1255, the Royal Convent of Estremoz was founded. The noble Eborense knight, Nuno Martins, was buried at the foot of the cross. First of the cloistered order, he enjoyed royal favour and protection, as he was almost canonical with his fellows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3833|title=Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3833 |title=Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz (IPA.00003833/PT040704060011) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=Manuel |last1=Branco |year=1993 |accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> |
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Between the end of the 14th century and beginning of the 15th century, the tomb of Esteves da Gata was constructed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> Sometime during the 15tth century, the chapel of D. Fradique was probably erected, ostensibly before its passing into the governance of the Province of the Algarves, in 1425.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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On 19 May 1509, D. Pedro de Castro, finance overseer, received 30 white stones for the convent construction.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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Between the end of the 14th century and beginning of the 15th century, the tomb of Esteves da Gata was constructed.<ref name=SIPA/> Sometime during the 15tth century, the chapel of D. Fradique was probably erected, ostensibly before its passing into the governance of the Province of the Algarves, in 1425.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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On 6 May 1520, a papal bull from [[Leo X]] gave license to King D. [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] to build a convent to the invocation of St. Francis in the village of Estremoz.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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An inscription, dated 3 March 1535, was placed over the portico of the chapel of D. Fradique.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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By order of the reformer, the Archbishop Infante D. Henrique delivered in 1541 the observance of the Province of the Algarves.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
On 6 May 1520, a papal bull from [[Leo X]] gave license to King D. [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] to build a convent to the invocation of St. Francis in the village of Estremoz.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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A gravestone on the wall, over the sarcophagus, was installed in 1624 and reproduced part of another epigraph of 1401.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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By the middle of the 18th century, D. Josefa Maria da Silveira, wife of Barnabé Henriques ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to Christ Child ({{langx|pt|Capela do Menino Jesus}}).<ref name=SIPA/> The tomb of Esteves da Gata which was integrated into a small edicula tomb at the cross of the church was transferred to the entrance to the nave along the epistole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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An inscription, dated 3 March 1535, was placed over the portico of the chapel of D. Fradique.<ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
By order of the reformer, the Archbishop Infante D. Henrique delivered in 1541 the observance of the Province of the Algarves.<ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
A gravestone on the wall, over the sarcophagus, was installed in 1624 and reproduced part of another epigraph of 1401.<ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
By the middle of the 18th century, D. Josefa Maria da Silveira, wife of Barnabé Henriques ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to Christ Child ({{lang-pt|Capela do Menino Jesus}}).<ref name=SIPA/> The tomb of Esteves da Gata which was integrated into a small edicula tomb at the cross of the church was transferred to the entrance to the nave along the epistole.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The temple was remodelled in 1771.<ref name=SIPA/> |
The temple was remodelled in 1771.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The organ was constructed in 1790 by Manuel Francisco Coelho Guimarães,<ref name=":0" /> but it was partially destroyed in the 19th century. |
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The organ was constructed in 1790 by Manuel Francisco Coelho Guimarães, but it was partially destroyed in the 19th century. |
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In 1876, the ceiling of the chapel of D. Fradique was remodelled and repaired.<ref name=SIPA/> |
In 1876, the ceiling of the chapel of D. Fradique was remodelled and repaired.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
The first major works carried out by the DGEMN ''Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais'' (''General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments'') began in the middle of the 20th century, with general restoration work starting in 1944, followed by repairs to the roof in 1947, 1955, 1957 and 1958.<ref name=SIPA/> Preliminary surveys for the restoration of the chapel of D. Fradique 1963, which proceeded with the consolidation of the cross and general restoration of the ceiling.<ref name=SIPA/> Secondary repairs preceded in 1970 and in 1975 in the vaulted ceiling, and in 1980, repairs to the chapel contiguous with the sacristy, that include cleaning and revision of the ceiling tile of the Chapel of D. Fradique.<ref name=SIPA/> Similar repairs in the nave, cross and |
The first major works carried out by the DGEMN ''Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais'' (''General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments'') began in the middle of the 20th century, with general restoration work starting in 1944, followed by repairs to the roof in 1947, 1955, 1957 and 1958.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> Preliminary surveys for the restoration of the chapel of D. Fradique 1963, which proceeded with the consolidation of the cross and general restoration of the ceiling.<ref name=SIPA/> Secondary repairs preceded in 1970 and in 1975 in the vaulted ceiling, and in 1980, repairs to the chapel contiguous with the sacristy, that include cleaning and revision of the ceiling tile of the Chapel of D. Fradique.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> Similar repairs in the nave, cross and altar were completed in 1984, as a precursors to the work on the organ in 1999, under the direction of Pedro Guimarães.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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The tomb of Esteves da Gata has been classified as a [[National monuments of Portugal|National Monument of Portugal]] since 1922, and the [[Igreja de São Francisco (Estremoz)|Church]] since 1924.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/patrimonio-imovel/pesquisa-do-patrimonio/classificado-ou-em-vias-de-classificacao/geral/view/69808|title=Church of San Francisco, comprising the tomb of Esteves da Gata|website=www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> |
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==Architecture== |
==Architecture== |
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The monastery is located in an urban square, on a slope, but outside the medieval burg, alongside the Cross of São Francisco.<ref name=SIPA/> |
The monastery is located in an urban square, on a slope, but outside the medieval burg, alongside the Cross of São Francisco.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The long rectangular plan, includes a transept in the form of a Latin cross with the remains of the primitive church framed in polygonal apses in the south.<ref name=SIPA/> Not only are the rear arches, nor the tops, are sculpted, suggesting that the areas were covered in [[Arcosolium]].<ref name=SIPA/> |
The long rectangular plan, includes a transept in the form of a Latin cross with the remains of the primitive church framed in polygonal apses in the south.<ref name=SIPA/> Not only are the rear arches, nor the tops, are sculpted, suggesting that the areas were covered in [[Arcosolium]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> |
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Its square front is divided in two flights, topped by undulating triangular frontispiece of cornices.<ref name=SIPA/> Below the architrave, are three broad pillars divide it into three sections, with rectangular windows and ground floor porticos, with triangular cornices above of closed sides of masonry.<ref name=SIPA/> The tympanum is decorated with masonry, whose sides are strongly constricted into five sections.<ref name=SIPA/> To the south, abuts the cloister: within its interior is the triple-wide span of the ''Porta do Sol'', with three pointed arches embedded by triangular |
Its square front is divided in two flights, topped by undulating triangular frontispiece of cornices.<ref name=SIPA/> Below the architrave, are three broad pillars divide it into three sections, with rectangular windows and ground floor porticos, with triangular cornices above of closed sides of masonry.<ref name=SIPA/> The tympanum is decorated with masonry, whose sides are strongly constricted into five sections.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> To the south, abuts the cloister: within its interior is the triple-wide span of the ''Porta do Sol'', with three pointed arches embedded by triangular edicula, with simple squared and geometric colonnades.<ref name=SIPA/> In the first section, is the chapel of Dom Fradique of Portugal, built against the western wall of the nave, with a wide third section on the side of the epistle.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The central plan, is simple consisting of cubic masses, wedges, divided into two sections in granite stonework, finished in pinnacles and crowned crown with merlons.<ref name=SIPA/> There are four windows with three archivolts and lateral parapets, with one on each side.The south wing of the transept is truncated adjacent to the cloister.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The central plan, is simple consisting of cubic masses, wedges, divided into two sections in granite stonework, finished in pinnacles and crowned crown with merlons.<ref name=SIPA/> There are four windows with three archivolts and lateral parapets, with one on each side. The south wing of the transept is truncated adjacent to the cloister.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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===Interior=== |
===Interior=== |
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{{See also|Chapel of D. Fradique}} |
{{See also|Chapel of D. Fradique}} |
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The nave consists of five sections, covered by wood ceiling, separated into galleries by solid silhouetted faces, |
The nave consists of five sections, covered by wood ceiling, separated into galleries by solid silhouetted faces, divided by high arches pointed out from two archivolts, hanging over rectangular pillars, embedded and flanked by thin columns, all topped with phytomorphic crochet capitals.<ref name=SIPA/> Between the arches, are ogival gaps. In one of the lateral naves there is a chapel wall with the [[Tree of Jesse]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SIPA/> On the lateral face of the southern gallery, is the portico of the Chapel of Dom Fradique and, opposite it (on the epistle side), the tomb of Esteves da Gata.<ref name=SIPA/> The cross is open to four bands, similar to the nave and chancel, consisting of vaulted ceilings in masonry and triumphal arch dividing the retable.<ref name=SIPA/> The remaining arm of the transept, as well as the apse, covered in two-ribbed ogival sections, with buttons in black marble, that allow light to filter through slits.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Évora District]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Évora District]] |
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[[Category:National monuments in |
[[Category:National monuments in Évora District|Convent Sao Franciso Estremoz]] |
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[[Category:Manueline architecture]] |
[[Category:Manueline architecture]] |
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[[Category:Convents in Portugal|Sao Francisco Estremoz]] |
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[[Category:Estremoz]] |
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Latest revision as of 08:05, 12 November 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2017) |
| Convent of São Francisco | |
|---|---|
Convento de São Francisco | |
 The main facade of the Church and Convent of São Francisco of Estremoz
aEstremoz | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Convent |
| Architectural style | Gothic |
| Location | Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André) |
| Town or city | Estremoz |
| Country | Portugal |
| Coordinates | 38°50′38″N 7°35′12.7″W / 38.84389°N 7.586861°W |
| Owner | Portuguese Republic |
| Technical details | |
| Material | Marble |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Manuel Francisco Coelho Guimarães |
The Convent of São Francisco (Portuguese: Convento de São Francisco) is a monastery in the civil parish of Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André), in the municipality of Estremoz, in the Portuguese district of Évora.
History
[edit].JPG)
.jpg)
In 1255, the Royal Convent of Estremoz was founded. The noble Eborense knight, Nuno Martins, was buried at the foot of the cross. First of the cloistered order, he enjoyed royal favour and protection, as he was almost canonical with his fellows.[1][2]
Between the end of the 14th century and beginning of the 15th century, the tomb of Esteves da Gata was constructed.[1][2] Sometime during the 15tth century, the chapel of D. Fradique was probably erected, ostensibly before its passing into the governance of the Province of the Algarves, in 1425.[1][2]
On 19 May 1509, D. Pedro de Castro, finance overseer, received 30 white stones for the convent construction.[1][2]
On 6 May 1520, a papal bull from Leo X gave license to King D. Manuel I to build a convent to the invocation of St. Francis in the village of Estremoz.[1][2]
An inscription, dated 3 March 1535, was placed over the portico of the chapel of D. Fradique.[1][2]
By order of the reformer, the Archbishop Infante D. Henrique delivered in 1541 the observance of the Province of the Algarves.[1][2]
A gravestone on the wall, over the sarcophagus, was installed in 1624 and reproduced part of another epigraph of 1401.[1][2]
By the middle of the 18th century, D. Josefa Maria da Silveira, wife of Barnabé Henriques ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to Christ Child (Portuguese: Capela do Menino Jesus).[2] The tomb of Esteves da Gata which was integrated into a small edicula tomb at the cross of the church was transferred to the entrance to the nave along the epistole.[1][2]
The temple was remodelled in 1771.[2]
The organ was constructed in 1790 by Manuel Francisco Coelho Guimarães,[1] but it was partially destroyed in the 19th century. In 1876, the ceiling of the chapel of D. Fradique was remodelled and repaired.[2]
The first major works carried out by the DGEMN Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments) began in the middle of the 20th century, with general restoration work starting in 1944, followed by repairs to the roof in 1947, 1955, 1957 and 1958.[1][2] Preliminary surveys for the restoration of the chapel of D. Fradique 1963, which proceeded with the consolidation of the cross and general restoration of the ceiling.[2] Secondary repairs preceded in 1970 and in 1975 in the vaulted ceiling, and in 1980, repairs to the chapel contiguous with the sacristy, that include cleaning and revision of the ceiling tile of the Chapel of D. Fradique.[1][2] Similar repairs in the nave, cross and altar were completed in 1984, as a precursors to the work on the organ in 1999, under the direction of Pedro Guimarães.[1][2]
The tomb of Esteves da Gata has been classified as a National Monument of Portugal since 1922, and the Church since 1924.[3]
Architecture
[edit]
The monastery is located in an urban square, on a slope, but outside the medieval burg, alongside the Cross of São Francisco.[2]
The long rectangular plan, includes a transept in the form of a Latin cross with the remains of the primitive church framed in polygonal apses in the south.[2] Not only are the rear arches, nor the tops, are sculpted, suggesting that the areas were covered in Arcosolium.[1][2]
Its square front is divided in two flights, topped by undulating triangular frontispiece of cornices.[2] Below the architrave, are three broad pillars divide it into three sections, with rectangular windows and ground floor porticos, with triangular cornices above of closed sides of masonry.[2] The tympanum is decorated with masonry, whose sides are strongly constricted into five sections.[1][2] To the south, abuts the cloister: within its interior is the triple-wide span of the Porta do Sol, with three pointed arches embedded by triangular edicula, with simple squared and geometric colonnades.[2] In the first section, is the chapel of Dom Fradique of Portugal, built against the western wall of the nave, with a wide third section on the side of the epistle.[2]
The central plan, is simple consisting of cubic masses, wedges, divided into two sections in granite stonework, finished in pinnacles and crowned crown with merlons.[2] There are four windows with three archivolts and lateral parapets, with one on each side. The south wing of the transept is truncated adjacent to the cloister.[2]
Interior
[edit]The nave consists of five sections, covered by wood ceiling, separated into galleries by solid silhouetted faces, divided by high arches pointed out from two archivolts, hanging over rectangular pillars, embedded and flanked by thin columns, all topped with phytomorphic crochet capitals.[2] Between the arches, are ogival gaps. In one of the lateral naves there is a chapel wall with the Tree of Jesse.[1][2] On the lateral face of the southern gallery, is the portico of the Chapel of Dom Fradique and, opposite it (on the epistle side), the tomb of Esteves da Gata.[2] The cross is open to four bands, similar to the nave and chancel, consisting of vaulted ceilings in masonry and triumphal arch dividing the retable.[2] The remaining arm of the transept, as well as the apse, covered in two-ribbed ogival sections, with buttons in black marble, that allow light to filter through slits.[2]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Branco, Manuel (1993), SIPA (ed.), Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz (IPA.00003833/PT040704060011) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 17 April 2017
- ^ "Church of San Francisco, comprising the tomb of Esteves da Gata". www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-04-20.
Sources
[edit]- Chaves, Luís (1917), O Túmulo de Vasco Esteves de Gatuz, Arqueologia Artística (in Portuguese)
- Chaves, Luís (1917), Arqueologia Artística III - Siglas nos edifícios Medievais de Estremoz (in Portuguese), Estremoz, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Chicó, Mário Tavares (1981), A Arquitectura Gótica em Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Costa, Mário Alberto Nunes (1961), Estremoz e o seu Concelho nas «Memórias Paroquiais de 1735 (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Costa, Vasco (1993), Estevez de Gatuz e o seu Túmulo em Estremoz (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Crespo, José Lourenço Marques (1950), Estremoz e o seu Termo Regional (in Portuguese), Estremoz, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Espanca, Túlio (1966), Inventário Artístico de Portugal - Distrito de Évora, Concelho de Évora (in Portuguese), vol. VI, SNBA
- Espanca, Túlio (1975), Inventário artístico de Portugal-Distrito de Évora (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Espanca, Túlio, "Real Convento de São Francisco de Estremoz", A Cidade de Évora (in Portuguese)
- MOP, ed. (1957), Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1956 (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério das Obras Públicas
- Proença, Raul; Santos, Reynaldo (1883), Notícia sobre a reparação da Igreja de São Francisco na Villa de Estremoz (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sasntos, Reynaldo (1950), A Escultura em Portugal (in Portuguese), vol. I, Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Valença, Manuel (1990), A Arte Organística em Portugal (in Portuguese), vol. II, Braga, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)