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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Unencyclopedic tone|date=February 2022}}
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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = C. Ramchandra
| name = C. Ramchandra
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1982|01|05|1918|01|12}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1982|01|05|1918|01|12}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film Music|Film music]] [[composer]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| occupation = [[Film Music|Film music]] [[composer]], [[Film producer]]
| years_active = 1935–1971
| years_active = 1935 – 1971
| awards =
| awards =
}}
}}


'''Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar''' (12 January 1918 – 5 January 1982), also known as '''C. Ramchandra''' or '''Chitalkar''' or '''Anna Sahib''', was an Indian [[music director]] and [[playback singer]].<ref name=ICHF>[https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/c-ramchandra C Ramchandra - Music Director] Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation website, Retrieved 12 January 2022</ref><ref name=MySwar/>
'''Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar''' (12 January 1918 – 5 January 1982), also known as '''C. Ramchandra''' or '''Chitalkar''' or '''Anna Sahib''', was an Indian [[music director]] and [[playback singer]].<ref name=ICHF>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/c-ramchandra |title=C Ramchandra - Music Director Profile|website= Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation website|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183720/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/c-ramchandra |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MySwar/>


As a composer, he mostly used the name C. Ramchandra, though he also used the names Annasaheb (in the movies ''Bahadur Pratap'', ''Matwale'', and ''Madadgaar''), Ram Chitalkar (in the movies ''Sukhi Jeevan'', ''Badla'', ''Mr. Jhatpat'', ''Bahadur'', and ''Dosti''), and Shyamoo (in the movie ''Yeh hai duniya''). Further, he often sang and acted in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movies under the name R. N. Chitalkar. For his career as an occasional playback singer he used only his surname Chitalkar. Chitalkar sang some renowned and unforgettable duets with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] such as "Kitna Haseen Hai Mausam" in the film ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955) and "Shola Jo Bhadke" in ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'' (1951).<ref name=MySwar/>
As a composer, he mostly used the name C. Ramchandra, though he also used the names Annasaheb (in the movies ''Bahadur Pratap'', ''Matwale'', and ''Madadgaar''), Ram Chitalkar (in the movies ''Sukhi Jeevan'', ''Badla'', ''Mr. Jhatpat'', ''Bahadur'', and ''Dosti''), and Shyamoo (in the movie ''Yeh hai duniya''). Further, he often sang and acted in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movies under the name R. N. Chitalkar. For his career as an occasional playback singer he used only his surname Chitalkar. Chitalkar sang some renowned and unforgettable duets with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] such as "Kitna Haseen Hai Mausam" in the film ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955) and "Shola Jo Bhadke" in ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'' (1951).<ref name=MySwar/>
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Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar was born on 12 January 1918 in [[Puntamba]] into a [[Marathi Brahmin]] family, a small town in [[Ahmednagar district]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He studied music under Vinayakbua Patwardhan at "Gandharva Mahavidyalaya" and also under Shankarrao Sapre of Nagpur where he studied music alongside [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]. He joined the movie industry playing the lead role in Y. V. Rao's movie, ''Naganand''. He also had some small roles at Minerva Movietone in the movies ''[[Said-e-Havas]]'' (1936) and ''[[Atma Tarang]]'' (1937).
Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar was born on 12 January 1918 in [[Puntamba]] into a [[Marathi Brahmin]] family, a small town in [[Ahmednagar district]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He studied music under Vinayakbua Patwardhan at "Gandharva Mahavidyalaya" and also under Shankarrao Sapre of Nagpur where he studied music alongside [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]. He joined the movie industry playing the lead role in Y. V. Rao's movie, ''Naganand''. He also had some small roles at Minerva Movietone in the movies ''[[Said-e-Havas]]'' (1936) and ''[[Atma Tarang]]'' (1937).


Ramchandra provided harmonium accompaniment for Minerva composers Bundu Khan and Habib Khan. He debuted as music director in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movies with Jayakkodi and ''[[Vana Mohini]]''. He received public notice as a good composer in Bhagwan Dada's ''Sukhi Jeevan'' (1942), and established a long association that culminated with the musical box office hit ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'' (1951).
Ramchandra provided harmonium accompaniment for Minerva composers Bundu Khan and Habib Khan. He debuted as music director in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movies with Jayakkodi and ''[[Vana Mohini]]''. He received public notice as a good composer in Bhagwan Dada's ''Sukhi Jeevan'' (1942), and established a long association that culminated with the musical box office hit ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'' (1951).<ref name=DNA/>


Influenced by [[Benny Goodman]], Ramchandra introduced in his compositions the alto sax in combination with guitar and harmonica. He also included whistling in one of his famous songs, ''Aana meri jaan Sunday ke Sunday'' in film ''[[Shehnai (1947 film)|Shehnai]]'' (1947). He used a combination of a bongo, an oboe, a trumpet, a clarinet and a sax for the song ''Shola Jo Bhadke'' in film ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]''. He sang the title song "Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo" with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], which included rock rhythms. He provided the musical score for the scat song "Ina mina dika" in ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'' (1957).
Influenced by [[Benny Goodman]], Ramchandra introduced in his compositions the alto sax in combination with guitar and harmonica. He also included whistling in one of his famous songs, ''Aana meri jaan Sunday ke Sunday'' in film ''[[Shehnai (1947 film)|Shehnai]]'' (1947). He used a combination of a bongo, an oboe, a trumpet, a clarinet and a sax for the song ''Shola Jo Bhadke'' in film ''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]''. He sang the title song "Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo" with [[Lata Mangeshkar]], which included rock rhythms. He provided the musical score for the scat song "Ina mina dika" in ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'' (1957).
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Perhaps C. Ramchandra's biggest success as a music composer was the 1953 movie ''[[Anarkali]]'' starring Beena Roy in the title role and Pradeep Kumar. The songs that he composed for this movie are today legendary. Songs of this movie like "Yeh Zindagi Usiki Hai", "Mujhse Mat Poochh Mere Ishq Main Kya Rakha Hai", "Mohabbat Aisi Dhadkan Hai", "Jaag Dard-E-Ishq Jaag" etc. went on to become huge hits and were highly acclaimed. ''Anarkali'' also perhaps saw the famed composer-singer combination of Ramchandra and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] at their best ever together. A film critic in London who watched the movie is said to have remarked that the heroine sang like an angel without knowing that the angel was actually Lata giving playback for the actress. Similarly, C. Ramchandra's compositions in V. Shantaram's ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959) and ''[[Stree (1961 film)|Stree]]'' (1961) were also quite popular and are still remembered.
Perhaps C. Ramchandra's biggest success as a music composer was the 1953 movie ''[[Anarkali]]'' starring Beena Roy in the title role and Pradeep Kumar. The songs that he composed for this movie are today legendary. Songs of this movie like "Yeh Zindagi Usiki Hai", "Mujhse Mat Poochh Mere Ishq Main Kya Rakha Hai", "Mohabbat Aisi Dhadkan Hai", "Jaag Dard-E-Ishq Jaag" etc. went on to become huge hits and were highly acclaimed. ''Anarkali'' also perhaps saw the famed composer-singer combination of Ramchandra and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] at their best ever together. A film critic in London who watched the movie is said to have remarked that the heroine sang like an angel without knowing that the angel was actually Lata giving playback for the actress. Similarly, C. Ramchandra's compositions in V. Shantaram's ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959) and ''[[Stree (1961 film)|Stree]]'' (1961) were also quite popular and are still remembered.


[[File:Residence and blue plaque of C. Ramchandra in Pune.jpg|alt=blue plaque in the foreground and a bungalow in background|thumb|Former residence and blue plaque of Ramchandra in Pune]]
The highly popular patriotic song ''"[[Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon]]"'', which was sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and penned by poet [[Pradeep]], was a composition of Ramchandra.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-composer-c-ramchandra-s-10-most-memorable-songs-2161441 |newspaper=DNA India website |author=Param Arunachalam |date=2 January 2016 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: Composer C Ramchandra's 10 most memorable songs |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> It was later performed live, by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], in the presence of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at the [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], in [[New Delhi]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 1963. It is said [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became so sentimental that tears rolled down his cheeks.<ref name=MySwar>[http://myswar.co/artist/c-ramchandra C. Ramchandra (profile)] MySwar.com website, Retrieved 12 January 2022</ref> On 27 Jan 2014, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was felicitated by the then chief minister of [[Gujarat]], [[Narendra Modi]] at Mumbai to commemorate the 51st Anniversary of this song.
The highly popular patriotic song ''"[[Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon]]"'', which was sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and penned by poet [[Kavi Pradeep|Pradeep]], was a composition of Ramchandra.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-composer-c-ramchandra-s-10-most-memorable-songs-2161441 |newspaper=DNA India website |author=Param Arunachalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220091400/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-composer-c-ramchandra-s-10-most-memorable-songs-2161441|date=2 January 2016 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: Composer C Ramchandra's 10 most memorable songs |access-date=1 April 2024|archive-date=20 December 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was later performed live, by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], in the presence of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at the [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], in [[New Delhi]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 1963. It is said [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became so sentimental that tears rolled down his cheeks.<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|url=http://myswar.co/artist/c-ramchandra|title= C. Ramchandra (profile)|website=MySwar.com website|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206042442/http://myswar.co/artist/c-ramchandra|archive-date=6 December 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 Jan 2014, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was felicitated by the then chief minister of [[Gujarat]], [[Narendra Modi]] at Mumbai to commemorate the 51st anniversary of this song.


Ramchandra similarly provided a memorable musical score accompanying a competition between two dancers whose roles were played by [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] for the song ''[[Kannum Kannum Kalanthu]]'' lyrics penned by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], sung by [[P. Leela]] and [[Jikki]] in the Tamil movie ''[[Vanjikottai Valiban]]'' (1958). He remade the song in Hindi as "Aaja Tu Raja Aaja" from ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' (1958) written by P. L. Santoshi where [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Sudha Malhotra]] rendered their voice.
Ramchandra similarly provided a memorable musical score accompanying a competition between two dancers whose roles were played by [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] for the song ''[[Kannum Kannum Kalanthu]]'' lyrics penned by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], sung by [[P. Leela]] and [[Jikki]] in the Tamil movie ''[[Vanjikottai Valiban]]'' (1958). He remade the song in Hindi as "Aaja Tu Raja Aaja" from ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' (1958) written by P. L. Santoshi where [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Sudha Malhotra]] rendered their voice.
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==Death==
==Death==
C. Ramchandra died on 5 January 1982, a week before his 64th birthday, in Mumbai, India.<ref name=MySwar/>
C. Ramchandra died on 5 January 1982, at age 63, in Mumbai, India.<ref name=MySwar/>


==Awards and recognition==
==Awards and recognition==
His music fans were disappointed, when he was nominated for 'Best Music Director' twice for [[Filmfare Awards]] for the films [[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]] (1955) and [[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]] (1957) but ended up not actually winning them. It should also be mentioned here that one of his most successful films was [[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]] (1953) and it was released one year before the first Filmfare Award was given in 1954.
His music fans were disappointed, when he was nominated for 'Best Music Director' twice for [[Filmfare Awards]] for the films [[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]] (1955) and [[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]] (1957) but ended up not actually winning them. It should also be mentioned here that one of his most successful films was [[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]] (1953) and it was released one year before the first [[Filmfare Award]] was given in 1954.


Mumbai based troupe Musicolor, which is promoting vintage music, presented an exclusive tribute programmes featuring the gems of C Ramchandra at Dinanath Mangeshkar auditorium on 22 January 2010.
Mumbai-based troupe Musicolor, which promotes vintage music, presented an exclusive tribute programme featuring the gems of C Ramchandra at Dinanath Mangeshkar Auditorium on 22 January 2010.


==Popular songs==
==Popular songs==
Though Ramchandra used a number of ragas in his compositions, his favourite remained raga "[[Bageshri]]" ([[Azaad (1955 film)|Radha na bole - Azad, 1955]]). In a 1978 interview at BBC studios with Mahendra Kaul, he ascribed the reason to Bageshri's simplicity. However, he also composed songs in other ragas including [[Malkauns]] (''[[Navrang|Aadha hai chandrama- Navrang]]'').<ref name="int">{{cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Mahendra |title=Interview with C Ramchandra |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/bbcone/london/1979-09-02 |access-date=11 April 2019 |publisher=BBC Studios |date=2 February 1978}}</ref>
Though Ramchandra used a number of ragas in his compositions, his favourite remained raga "[[Bageshri]]" ([[Azaad (1955 film)|Radha na bole - Azad, 1955]]). In a 1978 interview at BBC studios with Mahendra Kaul, he ascribed the reason to Bageshri's simplicity. However, he also composed songs in other ragas including [[Malkauns]] (''[[Navrang|Aadha hai chandrama raat aadhi- Navrang]]'').<ref name="int">{{cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Mahendra |title=Interview with C Ramchandra |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/bbcone/london/1979-09-02 |access-date=11 April 2019 |publisher=BBC Studios |date=2 February 1978}}</ref>


The following is a short list of some of Ramchandra's best compositions:
The following is a short list of some of Ramchandra's best compositions:
⚫
* ''Qismat Ki Hawa Kabhi Naram'' (''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'')
* ''Yeh Zindagi Usi Ki Hai'' (''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'')<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/><ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Yeh Zindagi Usi Ki Hai'' (''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'')<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/><ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Ae Mere Watan Ke Logo''<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/><ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Ae Mere Watan Ke Logo''<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/><ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Dheere Se Aaja Ri Ankhiyan Mein'' (''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Dheere Se Aaja Ri Ankhiyan Mein'' (''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Bholi soorat dilke khote, naam bade aur darshan chhote'' (''Albela'')
* ''Mere dilki ghadi karen tiktiktik O baje raatke baaraa'' (''Albela'')
* ''Katatay hain dukh mein yeh din'' (''Parchhaain'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Katatay hain dukh mein yeh din'' (''Parchhaain'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Tum kya jaano, tumhari yaad mein'' (''Shin Shinaki Bubala Boo'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Tum kya jaano, tumhari yaad mein'' (''Shin Shinaki Bubala Boo'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Aankhon mein sama jao is dil mein raha karana'' (''Yasmin'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Aankhon mein sama jao is dil mein raha karana'' (''Yasmin'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Kitna haseen hai mausam'' (''Azaad'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Kitna haseen hai mausam'' (''Azaad'')<ref name=ICHF/>
⚫
* ''Shola Jo Bhadke, Dil Mera Dhadke'' (''Albela'') (1951)<ref name=DNA/>
⚫
* ''Mohabbat Hi Na Jo Samjhe, Woh Zalim Pyar Kya Jane'' (''Parchhain'') (1952)<ref name=DNA/>
⚫
* '' Ina Meena Dika '' (''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'')
⚫
* ''Qismat Ki Hawa Kabhi Naram'' (''[[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]]'')
* ''Chhed Sakhi Sargam'' (''Sargam'')<ref name=DNA/>
* ''Koi kisi ka deewaana na bane'' (''Sargam'')
* ''Koi kisi ka deewaana na bane'' (''Sargam'')
* ''Jaag dard-e-ishq jaag'' (''Anarkali'')
* ''Jaag dard-e-ishq jaag'' (''Anarkali'')
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* ''Mujh pe ilzaam-e-bewafaai hai'' (''Yasmin'')
* ''Mujh pe ilzaam-e-bewafaai hai'' (''Yasmin'')
* ''Aye chand pyar mera tujh se ye kah raha hai'' (''Khazana'')
* ''Aye chand pyar mera tujh se ye kah raha hai'' (''Khazana'')
* ''Muhobbat mein aise zamane bhi aaye'' (''Sagaai'')
* ''Muhobbat mein aise zamane bhi aaye'' (''[[Sagai (film)|Sagai]]'')
* ''Aa ja ab to aa ja'' (''[[Anarkali (1953 film))|Anarkali]]'')
* ''Aa ja ab to aa ja'' (''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'')
* ''Tere dar se khushi mangi magar gum de diya tu ne'' (''Hungama'')
* ''Tere dar se khushi mangi magar gum de diya tu ne'' (''Hungama'')
* ''Tere phoolon se bhi pyar'' (''Nastik'')
* ''Tere phoolon se bhi pyar'' (''Nastik'')
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* ''Balma bada nadan'' (''Albela'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Balma bada nadan'' (''Albela'')<ref name=ICHF/>
* ''Dil se bhula do tum humen'' (''Patanga'')
* ''Dil se bhula do tum humen'' (''Patanga'')
⚫
* Sipayee O Sipayee ([[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]) (Telugu film)
* ''Kaghaz ki thi woh nao jis main ham jarahe the'' (''Zaban'')
* ''Kaghaz ki thi woh nao jis main ham jarahe the'' (''Zaban'')
* ''Dil ki duniya basa ke sawariyan'' (''Amardeep'')
* ''Dil ki duniya basa ke sawariyan'' (''Amardeep'')
* ''Jab Dil Ko Sataave Gham, Chhed Sakhi Sargam'' (Sargam) (1950)<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/>
⚫
* '' Ina Meena Dika '' (''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'')
* ''Jab Dil Ko Sataave Gham, Chhed Sakhi Sargam'' Sargam (1950)<ref name=DNA/><ref name=MySwar/>
* ''Dekh Tere Sansaar Ki Haalat Kya Ho Gai Bhagwan'' (''Nastik'') (1954)<ref name=DNA/>
⚫
* ''Shola Jo Bhadke, Dil Mera Dhadke'' Albela (1951)<ref name=DNA/>
⚫
* ''Mohabbat Hi Na Jo Samjhe, Woh Zalim Pyar Kya Jane'' Parchhain (1952)<ref name=DNA/>
* ''Dekh Tere Sansaar Ki Haalat Kya Ho Gai Bhagwan'' Nastik (1954)
* ''Naa Bole Naa Bole Naa Bole Re'' ([[Azaad (1955 film)|Azad]])<ref name=DNA/>
* ''Naa Bole Naa Bole Naa Bole Re'' ([[Azaad (1955 film)|Azad]])<ref name=DNA/>
* ''Aplam chaplam chaplai re''
* ''Aplam chaplam chaplai re''
* '' Mere man ka banera panchi kyon baar bar dole''
* '' Mere man ka baanvra panchhi kyon baar baar dole''
* ''Dekh hame awaaz na dena''
* ''Dekh hamen awaaz na dena'' (''Amardeep'')
* ''Aapka chehra mashalla'' (''Rootha Na Karo'')
* ''Bechain Nazar Betaab Jigar(Yasmin)
* ''Bechain Nazar Betaab Jigar'' (Yasmin)
* ''Kehte Hai pyar kisko panchi jara bata de(Baarish)''
* ''Kehte Hai pyar kisko panchi jara bata de'' (Baarish)
* ''Kitna Badal Gaya Insaan'' (Nastik)<ref name=DNA/>

C Ramchandra composed music for some Marathi songs, which are liked as well.
* ''Malamali Tarunya Maze'' – ''Gharkul'' (1970) Singer – [[Asha Bhosle]] / Lyrics – [[Suresh Bhat]]
* ''Pachole Amhi Ho Pachole'' – Singer Chitalkar / Lyrics – Anna Joshi
{The tune was later reused in [[Damini]] (1993) as ‘Gawah Hai Chand Taare’ by [[Nadeem Shravan]]}
* ''Achandrasurya Nando Swatantrya Bharatache'' – ''Gharkul'' (1970) / Singer – Rani Verma & Chorus, Lyrics – Ga Di Madgulkar [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]
* House of Bamboo – ''Gharkul'' (1970) Singers – [[Manna Dey]], Pramila Datar and Chorus / Lyrics – [[Shanta Shelke]]
* ''Aai Bagh Na Kasa Ha Dada'' – Balgeet/Song for kids (1972) / Singer – Sushma Shrestha, Lyrics – Shanta Shelke
* ''Roop Pahta Lochani'' – ''Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev'' (1964) / Singer – Asha Bhosle, Lyrics – [[Sant Dnyaneshwar]]


==Filmography==
==Filmography==
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# [[Aanchal (1960 film)|Aanchal]] (1960)
# [[Aanchal (1960 film)|Aanchal]] (1960)
# [[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]] (1955)<ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/chitalkar-ramchandra|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2011|access-date=8 October 2023|website=Upperstall.com website|title=C. Ramchandra filmography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909085257/http://www.upperstall.com/people/chitalkar-ramchandra}}</ref><ref name=citwf/>
# [[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]] (1955)
# Ahinsa (1947)
# Ahinsa (1947)
# [[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]] (1951)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Albela (1951 film)|Albela]] (1951)<ref name=citwf/><ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Amar Rahe Yeh Pyar]] (1961)
# [[Amar Rahe Yeh Pyar]] (1961)
# [[Amar Deep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]] (1958)
# [[Amar Deep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]] (1958)
# [[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]] (1953)
# [[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]] (1953)<ref name=upperstall/>
# [[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]] (1957)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]] (1957)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Akbar Salim Anarkali]] (1979)<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/person350534.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2019|access-date=8 October 2023|title=C. Ramchandra filmography|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206004138/https://www.citwf.com/person350534.htm}}</ref>
⚫
# ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'' (1979)
# [[Baarish (film)|Baarish]] (1957)
# [[Baarish (film)|Baarish]] (1957)
# [[Bachchon Ka Khel]] (1946)
# [[Bachchon Ka Khel]] (1946)
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# Bahadur (1944 film)
# Bahadur (1944 film)
# Bahadur Pratap (1947)
# Bahadur Pratap (1947)
# [[Bahurani (1963 film)|Bahurani]] (1963)
# [[Bahurani (1963 film)|Bahurani]] (1963)<ref name=citwf/>
# Balram Shri Krishna (1968)
# Balram Shri Krishna (1968)
# Bhakt Raj (1943)
# Bhakt Raj (1943)
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# Duniya (1949)
# Duniya (1949)
# Duniya Gol Hai (1955)
# Duniya Gol Hai (1955)
# Ghungroo (1952)
# Ghungroo (1952)<ref name=upperstall/>
# Girls School (1949), with [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
# Girls School (1949), with [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
# Hanso Hanso Ae Duniya Walo (1942)
# Hanso Hanso Ae Duniya Walo (1942)
# Hum Diwane (1965)
# Hum Diwane (1965)
# Hungama (1952)
# Hungama (1952)<ref name=upperstall/>
# [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] (1955)
# [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] (1955)<ref name=citwf/>
# Jhaanjhar (1953)
# Jhaanjhar (1953)
# [[Jhamela]] (1953)
# [[Jhamela]] (1953)<ref name=citwf/>
# Jitne Door Utne Paas (1960) (Unreleased)
# Jitne Door Utne Paas (1960) (Unreleased)
# Kaarigar (1965)
# Kaarigar (1965)
Line 153: Line 165:
# Mr. Jhatpat (1943)
# Mr. Jhatpat (1943)
# Muskurahat (1943)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Muskurahat (1943)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Nastik (1954 film)|Nastik]] (1954)<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=citwf/>
# Nastik (1954)
# [[Nadiya Ke Paar (1948 film)|Nadiya Ke Par]] (1948)
# [[Nadiya Ke Paar (1948 film)|Nadiya Ke Par]] (1948)
# Naghma-e-Sehra (1945)
# Naghma-e-Sehra (1945)
# Namoona (1949)
# Namoona (1949)
# [[Nausherwan-E-Adil]] (1957)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Nausherwan-E-Adil]] (1957)<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Navrang]] (1959)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Navrang]] (1959)<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=citwf/><ref name=ICHF/>
# Nazrana (1948) (Unreleased)
# Nazrana (1948) (Unreleased)
# Nirala (1950)
# [[Nirala (film)|Nirala]] (1950)<ref name=citwf/>
# Payal Ki Jhankar (1968)
# Payal Ki Jhankar (1968)
# [[Paigham]] (1959)
# [[Paigham]] (1959)<ref name=citwf/>
# [[Parchhain]] (1952)
# [[Parchhain]] (1952)
# [[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]] (1949)
# [[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]] (1949)
Line 172: Line 184:
# Sajan (1947)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Sajan (1947)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Sanwaria (1949)
# Sanwaria (1949)
# Saqi (1952)
# Saqi (1952)<ref name=citwf/>
# Savdhan (1954)
# Savdhan (1954)
# Sawan (1945)
# Sawan (1945)
# Safar (1946)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Safar (1946)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Sagaai (1951)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Sagai (film)|Sagai]] (1951)<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]] (1950)<ref name=ICHF/>
# [[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]] (1950)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Samrat Chandragupt (1945)
# Samrat Chandragupt (1945)
# Sangeeta (1950)
# Sangeeta (1950)
# Sangram (1950)
# Sangram (1950)
# [[Sargam (1950 film)|Sargam]] (1950)
# [[Sargam (1950 film)|Sargam]] (1950)<ref name=citwf/>
# Sarhad (1960)
# Sarhad (1960)
# Saudagar (1951), with Hanuman Prasad
# Saudagar (1951), with Hanuman Prasad
# Shabistan (1951)
# Shabistan (1951)
# Shadi Se Pehle (1947)
# Shadi Se Pehle (1947)<ref name=citwf/>
# Shagoofa (1953)
# Shagoofa (1953)
# Sharda (1957)
# Sharda (1957)<ref name=upperstall/>
# Shatranj (1956)
# Shatranj (1956)
# Shehnai (1947)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Shehnai (1947)<ref name=ICHF/>
# Sher Dil (1965)
# Sher Dil (1965)
# Shin Shinaki Bublaa Boo (1952)
# Shin Shinaki Bublaa Boo (1952)<ref name=upperstall/>
# Siphaiya (1949)
# Siphaiya (1949)
# [[Stree (1961 film)|Stree]] (1961)
# [[Stree (1961 film)|Stree]] (1961)
Line 206: Line 218:
# Veer Bhimsen (1964)
# Veer Bhimsen (1964)
# Wahan Ke Log (1967)
# Wahan Ke Log (1967)
# [[Yasmin (1955 film)|Yasmin]] (1955)<ref name=upperstall/><ref name=citwf/>
# Yasmin (1955)
# Zaban (1943)
# Zaban (1943)
# Zindagi Aur Maut (1965)
# Zindagi Aur Maut (1965)
Line 215: Line 227:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{iMDb name|0708128}}
* {{iMDb name|0708128}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rotxefs5s9U A Tribute To C. Ramchandra, Biography, The Greatest Music Composer Of Indian Cinema on YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rotxefs5s9U A Tribute To C. Ramchandra, Biography, The Greatest Music Composer Of Indian Cinema on YouTube]
Line 228: Line 241:
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:20th-century composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]

Latest revision as of 05:55, 11 November 2024

C. Ramchandra
Ramchandra in 1949
Born
Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar

(1918-01-12)12 January 1918
Puntamba, Ahmednagar district, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died5 January 1982(1982-01-05) (aged 63)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Other namesC. Ramchandra, Chitalkar, Anna Sahib
Occupation(s)Film music composer, Film producer
Years active1935 – 1971

Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar (12 January 1918 – 5 January 1982), also known as C. Ramchandra or Chitalkar or Anna Sahib, was an Indian music director and playback singer.[1][2]

As a composer, he mostly used the name C. Ramchandra, though he also used the names Annasaheb (in the movies Bahadur Pratap, Matwale, and Madadgaar), Ram Chitalkar (in the movies Sukhi Jeevan, Badla, Mr. Jhatpat, Bahadur, and Dosti), and Shyamoo (in the movie Yeh hai duniya). Further, he often sang and acted in Marathi movies under the name R. N. Chitalkar. For his career as an occasional playback singer he used only his surname Chitalkar. Chitalkar sang some renowned and unforgettable duets with Lata Mangeshkar such as "Kitna Haseen Hai Mausam" in the film Azaad (1955) and "Shola Jo Bhadke" in Albela (1951).[2]

Biography

[edit]

Ramchandra Narhar Chitalkar was born on 12 January 1918 in Puntamba into a Marathi Brahmin family, a small town in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, India. He studied music under Vinayakbua Patwardhan at "Gandharva Mahavidyalaya" and also under Shankarrao Sapre of Nagpur where he studied music alongside Vasantrao Deshpande. He joined the movie industry playing the lead role in Y. V. Rao's movie, Naganand. He also had some small roles at Minerva Movietone in the movies Said-e-Havas (1936) and Atma Tarang (1937).

Ramchandra provided harmonium accompaniment for Minerva composers Bundu Khan and Habib Khan. He debuted as music director in Tamil movies with Jayakkodi and Vana Mohini. He received public notice as a good composer in Bhagwan Dada's Sukhi Jeevan (1942), and established a long association that culminated with the musical box office hit Albela (1951).[3]

Influenced by Benny Goodman, Ramchandra introduced in his compositions the alto sax in combination with guitar and harmonica. He also included whistling in one of his famous songs, Aana meri jaan Sunday ke Sunday in film Shehnai (1947). He used a combination of a bongo, an oboe, a trumpet, a clarinet and a sax for the song Shola Jo Bhadke in film Albela. He sang the title song "Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo" with Lata Mangeshkar, which included rock rhythms. He provided the musical score for the scat song "Ina mina dika" in Aasha (1957).

Perhaps C. Ramchandra's biggest success as a music composer was the 1953 movie Anarkali starring Beena Roy in the title role and Pradeep Kumar. The songs that he composed for this movie are today legendary. Songs of this movie like "Yeh Zindagi Usiki Hai", "Mujhse Mat Poochh Mere Ishq Main Kya Rakha Hai", "Mohabbat Aisi Dhadkan Hai", "Jaag Dard-E-Ishq Jaag" etc. went on to become huge hits and were highly acclaimed. Anarkali also perhaps saw the famed composer-singer combination of Ramchandra and Lata Mangeshkar at their best ever together. A film critic in London who watched the movie is said to have remarked that the heroine sang like an angel without knowing that the angel was actually Lata giving playback for the actress. Similarly, C. Ramchandra's compositions in V. Shantaram's Navrang (1959) and Stree (1961) were also quite popular and are still remembered.

blue plaque in the foreground and a bungalow in background
Former residence and blue plaque of Ramchandra in Pune

The highly popular patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon", which was sung by Lata Mangeshkar and penned by poet Pradeep, was a composition of Ramchandra.[3] It was later performed live, by Lata Mangeshkar, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru at the National Stadium, in New Delhi on Republic Day in 1963. It is said Jawaharlal Nehru became so sentimental that tears rolled down his cheeks.[2] On 27 Jan 2014, Lata Mangeshkar was felicitated by the then chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi at Mumbai to commemorate the 51st anniversary of this song.

Ramchandra similarly provided a memorable musical score accompanying a competition between two dancers whose roles were played by Padmini and Vyjayanthimala for the song Kannum Kannum Kalanthu lyrics penned by Kothamangalam Subbu, sung by P. Leela and Jikki in the Tamil movie Vanjikottai Valiban (1958). He remade the song in Hindi as "Aaja Tu Raja Aaja" from Raj Tilak (1958) written by P. L. Santoshi where Asha Bhosle and Sudha Malhotra rendered their voice.

Ramchandra provided music compositions for a few Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, and Bhojpuri movies besides Hindi movies. He also produced three Hindi movies with New Sai Productions namely Jhanjhar (1953), Lehren (1953), Duniya Gol Hai (1955).

In the late 1960s, Ramchandra produced two Marathi movies, Dhananjay (1966) and Gharkul (1970). Apart from composing music, he also acted in them. Ramchandra wrote his autobiography The Symphony of My Life (माझ्या जीवनाची सरगम in Marathi) in 1977.

Death

[edit]

C. Ramchandra died on 5 January 1982, at age 63, in Mumbai, India.[2]

Awards and recognition

[edit]

His music fans were disappointed, when he was nominated for 'Best Music Director' twice for Filmfare Awards for the films Azaad (1955) and Aasha (1957) but ended up not actually winning them. It should also be mentioned here that one of his most successful films was Anarkali (1953) and it was released one year before the first Filmfare Award was given in 1954.

Mumbai-based troupe Musicolor, which promotes vintage music, presented an exclusive tribute programme featuring the gems of C Ramchandra at Dinanath Mangeshkar Auditorium on 22 January 2010.

[edit]

Though Ramchandra used a number of ragas in his compositions, his favourite remained raga "Bageshri" (Radha na bole - Azad, 1955). In a 1978 interview at BBC studios with Mahendra Kaul, he ascribed the reason to Bageshri's simplicity. However, he also composed songs in other ragas including Malkauns (Aadha hai chandrama raat aadhi- Navrang).[4]

The following is a short list of some of Ramchandra's best compositions:

  • Yeh Zindagi Usi Ki Hai (Anarkali)[3][2][1]
  • Ae Mere Watan Ke Logo[3][2][1]
  • Dheere Se Aaja Ri Ankhiyan Mein (Albela)[1]
  • Bholi soorat dilke khote, naam bade aur darshan chhote (Albela)
  • Mere dilki ghadi karen tiktiktik O baje raatke baaraa (Albela)
  • Katatay hain dukh mein yeh din (Parchhaain)[1]
  • Tum kya jaano, tumhari yaad mein (Shin Shinaki Bubala Boo)[1]
  • Aankhon mein sama jao is dil mein raha karana (Yasmin)[1]
  • Kitna haseen hai mausam (Azaad)[1]
  • Shola Jo Bhadke, Dil Mera Dhadke (Albela) (1951)[3]
  • Mohabbat Hi Na Jo Samjhe, Woh Zalim Pyar Kya Jane (Parchhain) (1952)[3]
  • Ina Meena Dika (Aasha)
  • Qismat Ki Hawa Kabhi Naram (Albela)
  • Chhed Sakhi Sargam (Sargam)[3]
  • Koi kisi ka deewaana na bane (Sargam)
  • Jaag dard-e-ishq jaag (Anarkali)
  • Mehfil mein jal uthi shama (Nirala)[2]
  • Aye pyar teri duniya se hum (Jhanjar)
  • Wafaaon ka majboor daman bichha kar dua kar gume dil khuda se dua kar (Anarkali)
  • Muhobbat aisi dhadkan hai jo samjhayi nahi jati (Anarkali)
  • Main jagu sari rain (Bahu Rani)
  • Ab woh raate kahan ab woh baate kahan (Yasmin)
  • Kannum Kannum Kalanthu (Vanjikottai Valiban) (Tamil film)
  • Jo mujhe bhula ke chale gaye (Sangeeta)
  • Mujh se mat poochh mere ishq mein kya rakha hai (Anarkali)
  • Dekho ji bahar aayi (Azad)
  • Jo dil ko jalaye sataye dukhaye aisi muhobbat se hum baaz aaye (Nirala)
  • Mujh pe ilzaam-e-bewafaai hai (Yasmin)
  • Aye chand pyar mera tujh se ye kah raha hai (Khazana)
  • Muhobbat mein aise zamane bhi aaye (Sagai)
  • Aa ja ab to aa ja (Anarkali)
  • Tere dar se khushi mangi magar gum de diya tu ne (Hungama)
  • Tere phoolon se bhi pyar (Nastik)
  • Kali kali ratiyan yaad sataye (Ghungaroo)
  • O nirdayi pritam (Stree)
  • Balma bada nadan (Albela)[1]
  • Dil se bhula do tum humen (Patanga)
  • Sipayee O Sipayee (Akbar Salim Anarkali) (Telugu film)
  • Kaghaz ki thi woh nao jis main ham jarahe the (Zaban)
  • Dil ki duniya basa ke sawariyan (Amardeep)
  • Jab Dil Ko Sataave Gham, Chhed Sakhi Sargam (Sargam) (1950)[3][2]
  • Dekh Tere Sansaar Ki Haalat Kya Ho Gai Bhagwan (Nastik) (1954)[3]
  • Naa Bole Naa Bole Naa Bole Re (Azad)[3]
  • Aplam chaplam chaplai re
  • Mere man ka baanvra panchhi kyon baar baar dole
  • Dekh hamen awaaz na dena (Amardeep)
  • Aapka chehra mashalla (Rootha Na Karo)
  • Bechain Nazar Betaab Jigar (Yasmin)
  • Kehte Hai pyar kisko panchi jara bata de (Baarish)
  • Kitna Badal Gaya Insaan (Nastik)[3]

C Ramchandra composed music for some Marathi songs, which are liked as well.

  • Malamali Tarunya Maze – Gharkul (1970) Singer – Asha Bhosle / Lyrics – Suresh Bhat
  • Pachole Amhi Ho Pachole – Singer Chitalkar / Lyrics – Anna Joshi

{The tune was later reused in Damini (1993) as ‘Gawah Hai Chand Taare’ by Nadeem Shravan}

  • Achandrasurya Nando Swatantrya Bharatache – Gharkul (1970) / Singer – Rani Verma & Chorus, Lyrics – Ga Di Madgulkar Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar
  • House of Bamboo – Gharkul (1970) Singers – Manna Dey, Pramila Datar and Chorus / Lyrics – Shanta Shelke
  • Aai Bagh Na Kasa Ha Dada – Balgeet/Song for kids (1972) / Singer – Sushma Shrestha, Lyrics – Shanta Shelke
  • Roop Pahta Lochani – Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev (1964) / Singer – Asha Bhosle, Lyrics – Sant Dnyaneshwar

Filmography

[edit]

Movies for which Ramchandra provided musical scores are listed below in alphabetical order:

  1. Aanchal (1960)
  2. Azaad (1955)[5][6]
  3. Ahinsa (1947)
  4. Albela (1951)[6][1]
  5. Amar Rahe Yeh Pyar (1961)
  6. Amar Deep (1958)
  7. Anarkali (1953)[5]
  8. Aasha (1957)[1]
  9. Akbar Salim Anarkali (1979)[6]
  10. Baarish (1957)
  11. Bachchon Ka Khel (1946)
  12. Badla (1943)
  13. Bahadur (1944 film)
  14. Bahadur Pratap (1947)
  15. Bahurani (1963)[6]
  16. Balram Shri Krishna (1968)
  17. Bhakt Raj (1943)
  18. Chhatrapati Shivaji (1952)
  19. Daal Me Kaala (1964)
  20. Devta (1956)
  21. Dil Ki Baat (1944)
  22. Dosti (1946)
  23. Duniya (1949)
  24. Duniya Gol Hai (1955)
  25. Ghungroo (1952)[5]
  26. Girls School (1949), with Anil Biswas
  27. Hanso Hanso Ae Duniya Walo (1942)
  28. Hum Diwane (1965)
  29. Hungama (1952)[5]
  30. Insaniyat (1955)[6]
  31. Jhaanjhar (1953)
  32. Jhamela (1953)[6]
  33. Jitne Door Utne Paas (1960) (Unreleased)
  34. Kaarigar (1965)
  35. Kavi (1954)
  36. Khazana (1951)
  37. Khidki (1948)
  38. Labelaa (1966)
  39. Lahren (1953)
  40. Lalkar (1944)
  41. Leela (1947)[1]
  42. Lutera (1955)
  43. Madadgaar (1947)
  44. Madam Zapata (1962)
  45. Manorama (1944)
  46. Matwale (1947)
  47. Meenar (1954)
  48. Mera Munna (1948)
  49. Mr. Jhatpat (1943)
  50. Muskurahat (1943)[1]
  51. Nastik (1954)[5][6]
  52. Nadiya Ke Par (1948)
  53. Naghma-e-Sehra (1945)
  54. Namoona (1949)
  55. Nausherwan-E-Adil (1957)[5][1]
  56. Navrang (1959)[5][6][1]
  57. Nazrana (1948) (Unreleased)
  58. Nirala (1950)[6]
  59. Payal Ki Jhankar (1968)
  60. Paigham (1959)[6]
  61. Parchhain (1952)
  62. Patanga (1949)
  63. Pehli Jhalak (1954)
  64. Raj Tilak (1958)
  65. Raunaq 1944
  66. Rootha Na Karo (1970)
  67. Roshni (1949)
  68. Sajan (1947)[1]
  69. Sanwaria (1949)
  70. Saqi (1952)[6]
  71. Savdhan (1954)
  72. Sawan (1945)
  73. Safar (1946)[1]
  74. Sagai (1951)[5][1]
  75. Samadhi (1950)[1]
  76. Samrat Chandragupt (1945)
  77. Sangeeta (1950)
  78. Sangram (1950)
  79. Sargam (1950)[6]
  80. Sarhad (1960)
  81. Saudagar (1951), with Hanuman Prasad
  82. Shabistan (1951)
  83. Shadi Se Pehle (1947)[6]
  84. Shagoofa (1953)
  85. Sharda (1957)[5]
  86. Shatranj (1956)
  87. Shehnai (1947)[1]
  88. Sher Dil (1965)
  89. Shin Shinaki Bublaa Boo (1952)[5]
  90. Siphaiya (1949)
  91. Stree (1961)
  92. Subah Ka Tara (1954)
  93. Sukhi Jivan (1942)[1]
  94. Talaq (1958)
  95. Talash (1957)
  96. Tasveer (1966)
  97. Teerandaaz (1955)
  98. Toofani Takkar (1978)
  99. Tulsi Vivah (1971)
  100. Ustad Pedro (1951)
  101. Vana Mohini (1941)
  102. Veer Bhimsen (1964)
  103. Wahan Ke Log (1967)
  104. Yasmin (1955)[5][6]
  105. Zaban (1943)
  106. Zindagi Aur Maut (1965)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "C Ramchandra - Music Director Profile". Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation website. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "C. Ramchandra (profile)". MySwar.com website. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Param Arunachalam (2 January 2016). "Bollywood Retrospect: Composer C Ramchandra's 10 most memorable songs". DNA India website. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  4. ^ Kaul, Mahendra (2 February 1978). "Interview with C Ramchandra". BBC Studios. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "C. Ramchandra filmography". Upperstall.com website. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "C. Ramchandra filmography". Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
[edit]
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