Jump to content

1892: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
July–September: non-notable event
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(43 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 10: Line 10:


=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – [[Ellis Island]] begins processing immigrants to the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harlan D. Unrau|title=Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service|year=1984|page=208}}</ref>
* [[January 1]] – [[Ellis Island]] begins processing [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants to the United States]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Harlan D. Unrau|title=Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service|year=1984|page=208}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] – [[Rudolf Diesel]] applies for a patent, on his compression ignition engine (the [[Diesel engine]]).
* [[February 27]] – [[Rudolf Diesel]] applies for a patent, on his compression ignition engine (the [[Diesel engine]]).
* [[February 29]] – [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] is incorporated as a town.
* [[February 29]] – [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] is incorporated as a town.
Line 34: Line 34:
* [[May 24]] – Prince George (later [[George V of the United Kingdom]]) becomes [[Duke of York]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fryde | first = E. B. | title = Handbook of British chronology | publisher = New York Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780521563505 | page=48}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] – Prince George (later [[George V of the United Kingdom]]) becomes [[Duke of York]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fryde | first = E. B. | title = Handbook of British chronology | publisher = New York Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780521563505 | page=48}}</ref>
* [[June 5]] – An oil fire in [[Oil City, Pennsylvania]], United States, kills 130 people.
* [[June 5]] – An oil fire in [[Oil City, Pennsylvania]], United States, kills 130 people.
* [[June 6]] - The [[Chicago "L"]] begins operation for the first time with the opening of the [[South Side Elevated Railroad|Chicago and South Side Rapid Transit Railroad]].
* [[June 7]] – [[Homer Plessy]], a mixed-race man, is arrested for deliberately sitting in a whites-only railroad car in Louisiana, leading to the landmark United States Supreme Court decision ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', which legitimized "[[separate but equal]]" [[racial segregation in the United States]].
* [[June 7]] – [[Homer Plessy]], a mixed-race man, is arrested for deliberately sitting in a whites-only railroad car in Louisiana, leading to the landmark United States Supreme Court decision ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', which legitimized "[[separate but equal]]" [[racial segregation in the United States]].
* [[June 11]] – The [[Limelight Department]], later one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in [[Melbourne]], Australia.
* [[June 11]] – The [[Limelight Department]], later one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in [[Melbourne]], Australia.
Line 50: Line 51:
* [[August 4]]
* [[August 4]]
** The father and stepmother of [[Lizzie Borden]] are found murdered in their [[Fall River, Massachusetts]] home; she will be acquitted of their murder.
** The father and stepmother of [[Lizzie Borden]] are found murdered in their [[Fall River, Massachusetts]] home; she will be acquitted of their murder.
** [[Franklin Park, Illinois]] is incorporated as a village.
* [[August 9]] – [[Thomas Edison]] receives a [[patent]] for a two-way [[Telegraphy|telegraph]].
* [[August 9]] – [[Thomas Edison]] receives a [[patent]] for a two-way [[Telegraphy|telegraph]].
* [[August 15]] – [[Valparaíso]], [[Chile]] founds its first football team, [[Santiago Wanderers]].
* [[August 15]] – [[Valparaíso]], [[Chile]] founds its first football team, [[Santiago Wanderers]].
* [[August 18]] – [[William Ewart Gladstone]] assumes the U.K. premiership, as head of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government, with [[Irish Nationalist Party]] support.
* [[August 18]] – [[William Ewart Gladstone]] assumes the U.K. premiership, as head of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government, with [[Irish Nationalist Party]] support.
* [[September 3]] – The [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest Football Club]] plays their first league match in England, a 2–2 draw with [[Everton F.C.]]
* [[September 8]] – [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|The Pledge of Allegiance]] is first recited in the United States.
* [[September 8]] – [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|The Pledge of Allegiance]] is first recited in the United States.
* [[September 9]] – [[Amalthea (moon)|Amalthea]], the fifth moon of [[Jupiter]], is discovered by [[Edward Emerson Barnard]].
* [[September 9]] – [[Amalthea (moon)|Amalthea]], the fifth moon of [[Jupiter]], is discovered by [[Edward Emerson Barnard]].
Line 136: Line 135:
[[File:Mary Pickford cph.3c17995u.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary Pickford]]]]
[[File:Mary Pickford cph.3c17995u.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary Pickford]]]]
[[File:Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Harris|Arthur "Bomber" Harris]]]]
[[File:Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Arthur Harris|Arthur "Bomber" Harris]]]]
* [[March 1]] [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]], Japanese writer (d. [[1927]])
* [[March 1]]
** [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]], Japanese writer (d. [[1927]])
** [[Mercedes de Acosta]], American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (d. [[1968]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Mississippi John Hurt]] (some sources give his year of birth as [[1893]]), American [[country blues]] singer, guitarist (d. [[1966]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Mississippi John Hurt]] (some sources give his year of birth as [[1893]]), American [[country blues]] singer, guitarist (d. [[1966]])
* [[March 9]]
* [[March 9]]
Line 171: Line 172:
** [[Arthur Harris|Sir Arthur Harris]], British World War II Royal Air Force commander (d. [[1984]])
** [[Arthur Harris|Sir Arthur Harris]], British World War II Royal Air Force commander (d. [[1984]])
** [[Sir Robert Watson-Watt]], Scottish inventor of radar (d. [[1973]])
** [[Sir Robert Watson-Watt]], Scottish inventor of radar (d. [[1973]])
* [[April 16]] – [[Dora Richter]], German transgender woman and the first known person to undergo complete male-to-female [[gender-affirming surgery]] (d. unknown)<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Was wurde aus Dora? |trans-title=What became of Dora? |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/regional/berlin/rbb-was-wurde-aus-dora-100.html |website=[[Tagesschau (German TV programme)|Tagesschau]] |language=de}}</ref>
* [[April 16]] – [[Dora Richter]], German transgender woman and the first known person to undergo complete male-to-female [[gender-affirming surgery]] (d. 1966)<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Was wurde aus Dora? |trans-title=What became of Dora? |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/regional/berlin/rbb-was-wurde-aus-dora-100.html |website=[[Tagesschau (German TV programme)|Tagesschau]] |language=de}}</ref>
* [[April 19]] – [[Germaine Tailleferre]], French composer (d. [[1983]])
* [[April 19]] – [[Germaine Tailleferre]], French composer (d. [[1983]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Richard L. Conolly]], American admiral (d. [[1962]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Richard L. Conolly]], American admiral (d. [[1962]])
Line 236: Line 237:
** [[Milena Rudnytska]], Ukrainian educator, women's activist, politician and writer (d. [[1979]])
** [[Milena Rudnytska]], Ukrainian educator, women's activist, politician and writer (d. [[1979]])
* [[July 16]] – [[Michel Coiffard]], French World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[July 16]] – [[Michel Coiffard]], French World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[July 21]] - [[Lenore Ulric]], American actress (d. [[1970]])
* [[July 21]] [[Lenore Ulric]], American actress (d. [[1970]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], Austrian Nazi politician (d. [[1946]])
* [[July 22]] – [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], Austrian Nazi politician (d. [[1946]])
* [[July 23]] – [[Haile Selassie I]], Ethiopian emperor (d. [[1975]])
* [[July 23]] – [[Haile Selassie I]], Ethiopian emperor (d. [[1975]])
Line 253: Line 254:
** [[Walther Nehring]], German general (d. [[1983]])
** [[Walther Nehring]], German general (d. [[1983]])
* [[August 17]] – [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1942]])
* [[August 17]] – [[Tamon Yamaguchi]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1942]])
* [[August 19]] – [[Elizabeth Kozlova]], Russian ornithologist (d. [[1975]])
* [[August 25]] – [[Gabriel Guérin]], French World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[August 25]] – [[Gabriel Guérin]], French World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[August 26]] – [[Elizebeth Smith Friedman]], American cryptographer (d. [[1980]])
* [[August 26]] – [[Elizebeth Smith Friedman]], American cryptographer (d. [[1980]])
Line 262: Line 262:
[[File:Pinto Colvig in Jacksonville School.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pinto Colvig]]]]
[[File:Pinto Colvig in Jacksonville School.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pinto Colvig]]]]
[[File:S. Kragujevic, Ivo Andric, 1961.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ivo Andrić]]]]
[[File:S. Kragujevic, Ivo Andric, 1961.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Ivo Andrić]]]]
[[File:Stanislaw Ostrowski.gif|110px|thumb|[[Stanisław Ostrowski]]]]
* [[September 4]] – [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (d. [[1974]])
* [[September 4]] – [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (d. [[1974]])
* [[September 5]]
* [[September 5]] – [[Joseph Szigeti]], Hungarian violinist (d. [[1973]])
** [[Hugo Österman]], Finnish general (d. [[1975]])
** [[Joseph Szigeti]], Hungarian violinist (d. [[1973]])
* [[September 6]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]])
* [[September 6]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]])
* [[September 9]] – [[Tsuru Aoki]], Japanese American actress (d. [[1961]])
* [[September 9]] – [[Tsuru Aoki]], Japanese American actress (d. [[1961]])
Line 276: Line 273:
=== October ===
=== October ===
* [[October 2]] – [[Ilie Crețulescu]], Romanian general (d. [[1971]])
* [[October 2]] – [[Ilie Crețulescu]], Romanian general (d. [[1971]])
* [[October 3]] – [[Sentarō Ōmori]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1974]])
* [[October 4]]
* [[October 4]]
** [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], Austrian statesman, chancellor (d. [[1934]])
** [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], Austrian statesman, chancellor (d. [[1934]])
** [[Luis Trenker]], South Tyrolean film producer, director, writer, actor, architect and alpinist (d. [[1990]])
** [[Luis Trenker]], South Tyrolean film producer, director, writer, actor, architect and alpinist (d. [[1990]])
* [[October 6]] – [[Jackie Saunders]], American silent movie actress (d. [[1954]])
* [[October 8]] – [[Marina Tsvetaeva]], Russian poet (d. [[1941]])
* [[October 8]] – [[Marina Tsvetaeva]], Russian poet (d. [[1941]])
* [[October 9]] – [[Ivo Andrić]], Serbo-Croatian writer, [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1975]])
* [[October 9]] – [[Ivo Andrić]], Serbo-Croatian writer, [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1975]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Giovanni De Briganti]], Italian aviator (d. [[1937]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Malcolm McGregor]], American silent film actor (d. [[1945]])
* [[October 14]] – [[Andrei Yeremenko]], Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. [[1970]])
* [[October 14]] – [[Andrei Yeremenko]], Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. [[1970]])
* [[October 16]]
**[[Kiyonao Ichiki]], Japanese army officer (d. [[1942]])
**[[Józef Kustroń]], Polish general (d. [[1939]])
* [[October 17]] – [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], Indian jurist, economist (d. [[1953]])
* [[October 17]] – [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], Indian jurist, economist (d. [[1953]])
* [[October 23]] – [[Gummo Marx]], American actor, comedian (d. [[1977]])
* [[October 23]] – [[Gummo Marx]], American actor, comedian (d. [[1977]])
* [[October 27]] – [[Graciliano Ramos]], Brazilian writer (d. [[1953]])
* [[October 27]] – [[Graciliano Ramos]], Brazilian writer (d. [[1953]])
* [[October 28]] – [[Dink Johnson]], American jazz musician (d. [[1954]])
* [[October 29]] – [[Stanisław Ostrowski]], [[President of Poland]] (d. [[1982]])
* [[October 29]] – [[Stanisław Ostrowski]], former [[President of Poland]] (d. [[1982]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Charles Atlas]], Italian-American [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]], [[sideshow]] performer (d. [[1972]])
* [[October 30]] – [[Charles Atlas]], Italian-American [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]], [[sideshow]] performer (d. [[1972]])
* [[October 31]] – [[Alexander Alekhine]], Russian chess champion (d. [[1946]])
* [[October 31]] – [[Alexander Alekhine]], Russian chess champion (d. [[1946]])
Line 303: Line 292:
* [[November 5]] – [[J. B. S. Haldane]], British geneticist (d. [[1964]])
* [[November 5]] – [[J. B. S. Haldane]], British geneticist (d. [[1964]])
* [[November 9]] – [[Erich Auerbach]], German philologist (d. [[1957]])
* [[November 9]] – [[Erich Auerbach]], German philologist (d. [[1957]])
* [[November 11]] – [[Isidor Achron]], Polish-American pianist, composer and brother of [[Joseph Achron]] (d. [[1948]])
* [[November 12]] – [[Guo Moruo]], Chinese author, poet (d. [[1978]])
* [[November 12]] – [[Guo Moruo]], Chinese author, poet (d. [[1978]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Dieudonné Costes]], French aviator (d. [[1973]])
* [[November 16]]
* [[November 16]]
**[[Richard Hale]], American singer, actor (d. [[1981]])
**[[Richard Hale]], American singer, actor (d. [[1981]])
Line 312: Line 299:
**[[James Collip]], Canadian [[biochemist]] (d. [[1965]])
**[[James Collip]], Canadian [[biochemist]] (d. [[1965]])
* [[November 22]] – [[Emma Tillman]], American supercentenarian, briefly the world's oldest living person and last surviving person born in 1892 (d. [[2007]])
* [[November 22]] – [[Emma Tillman]], American supercentenarian, briefly the world's oldest living person and last surviving person born in 1892 (d. [[2007]])
* [[November 24]] – [[Daniel McVey]], Australian public servant (d. [[1972]])


=== December ===
=== December ===
Line 319: Line 305:
* [[December 6]] – [[Osbert Sitwell]], English writer (d. [[1969]])
* [[December 6]] – [[Osbert Sitwell]], English writer (d. [[1969]])
* [[December 7]] – [[Max Ehrlich]], German actor, screenwriter and humor writer (d. [[1944]] in [[Auschwitz concentration camp]])
* [[December 7]] – [[Max Ehrlich]], German actor, screenwriter and humor writer (d. [[1944]] in [[Auschwitz concentration camp]])
* [[December 8]] – [[Bert Hinkler]], Australian pioneer aviator (d. [[1933]])
* [[December 8]] – [[Bert Hinkler]], Australian aviator (d. [[1933]])
* [[December 9]] – [[André Randall]], French actor (d. [[1974]])
* [[December 11]] – [[Arnold Majewski]], Finnish military hero of Polish descent (d. [[1942]])<ref name="castrén">Castrén, Klaus: [https://www.genealogia.fi/genos-old/70/70_38.htm Majewski-suku Suomessa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202929/https://www.genealogia.fi/genos-old/70/70_38.htm |date=June 24, 2021 }}, GENOS - journal of the Finnish genealogy society, issue #70/1999. Accessed on 24 June 2021.</ref>
* [[December 11]] – [[Arnold Majewski]], Finnish military hero of Polish descent (d. [[1942]])<ref name="castrén">Castrén, Klaus: [https://www.genealogia.fi/genos-old/70/70_38.htm Majewski-suku Suomessa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202929/https://www.genealogia.fi/genos-old/70/70_38.htm |date=June 24, 2021 }}, GENOS - journal of the Finnish genealogy society, issue #70/1999. Accessed on 24 June 2021.</ref>
* [[December 12]]
* [[December 12]]
**[[Edward Almond]], American general (d. [[1979]])
**[[Edward Almond]], American general (d. [[1979]])
**[[Herman Potočnik|Herman Potočnik Noordung]], Slovenian rocket engineer (d. [[1929]])
**[[Herman Potočnik]], Slovenian rocket engineer (d. [[1929]])
* [[December 15]] – [[J. Paul Getty]], American industrialist (d. [[1976]])
* [[December 15]] – [[J. Paul Getty]], American industrialist (d. [[1976]])
* [[December 21]] – [[Rebecca West]], English author, journalist, literary critic and travel writer (d. [[1983]])
* [[December 21]]
**[[Amy Key Clarke]], English mystical poet (d. [[1980]])
**[[Rebecca West]], English author, journalist, literary critic and travel writer (d. [[1983]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Ruth Chatterton]], American actress, novelist and aviator (d. [[1961]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Ruth Chatterton]], American actress, novelist and aviator (d. [[1961]])
* [[December 26]] – [[Don Barclay (actor)|Don Barclay]], American actor (d. [[1975]])
* [[December 26]] – [[Don Barclay (actor)|Don Barclay]], American actor (d. [[1975]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Alfred Edwin McKay]], Canadian World War I flying ace (d. [[1917]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Emory Parnell]], American actor (d. [[1979]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Emory Parnell]], American actor (d. [[1979]])
* [[December 31]] – [[Stanley Price]], American film, television actor (d. [[1955]])
* [[December 31]] – [[Stanley Price]], American film, television actor (d. [[1955]])


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Alexandru Beldiceanu]], Romanian general (d. [[1982]])
* [[Ahmad Daouk]], two-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. [[1979]])
* [[Ahmad Daouk]], two-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. [[1979]])
* [[Gerald Haxton]], secretary and lover of [[W. Somerset Maugham]] (d. [[1944]])
* [[Abdallah Khalil]], third Prime Minister of Sudan (d. [[1970]])
* [[Abdallah Khalil]], third Prime Minister of Sudan (d. [[1970]])
* [[Genaro V. Vásquez]], Mexican lawyer (d. [[1967]])
* [[V. Veerasingam]], Ceylon Tamil teacher and politician (d. [[1964]])
* [[Wu Shuqing (revolutionary)|Wu Shuqing]], Chinese feminist, nationalist and revolutionary


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==

Latest revision as of 19:05, 10 November 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1892 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1892
MDCCCXCII
Ab urbe condita2645
Armenian calendar1341
ԹՎ ՌՅԽԱ
Assyrian calendar6642
Baháʼí calendar48–49
Balinese saka calendar1813–1814
Bengali calendar1299
Berber calendar2842
British Regnal year55 Vict. 1 – 56 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2436
Burmese calendar1254
Byzantine calendar7400–7401
Chinese calendar辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
4589 or 4382
    — to —
壬辰年 (Water Dragon)
4590 or 4383
Coptic calendar1608–1609
Discordian calendar3058
Ethiopian calendar1884–1885
Hebrew calendar5652–5653
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1948–1949
 - Shaka Samvat1813–1814
 - Kali Yuga4992–4993
Holocene calendar11892
Igbo calendar892–893
Iranian calendar1270–1271
Islamic calendar1309–1310
Japanese calendarMeiji 25
(明治25年)
Javanese calendar1821–1822
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4225
Minguo calendar20 before ROC
民前20年
Nanakshahi calendar424
Thai solar calendar2434–2435
Tibetan calendar阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
2018 or 1637 or 865
    — to —
阳水龙年
(male Water-Dragon)
2019 or 1638 or 866

1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1892nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 892nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 92nd year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1892, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In Samoa, this was the only leap year spanned to 367 days as July 4 repeated. This means that the International Date Line was drawn from the east of the country to go west.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]
February 27: Rudolf Diesel's patent.

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]
October 5: Dalton Gang.
Oct.31: "Sherlock Holmes"

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]
Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December · Date unknown

January

[edit]
Manuel Roxas
Ólafur Thors
Ernst Lubitsch
Juan Negrín
William P. Murphy

February

[edit]

March

[edit]
César Vallejo
Ferde Grofé
Mary Pickford
Arthur "Bomber" Harris

April

[edit]

May

[edit]
Manfred von Richthofen
Josip Broz Tito
Mieczysław Horszowski
Pearl S. Buck

June

[edit]

July

[edit]
Haile Selassie I
William Powell

August

[edit]
Jack L. Warner

September

[edit]
Edward Victor Appleton
Arthur Compton
Pinto Colvig
Ivo Andrić

October

[edit]

November

[edit]
Francisco Franco
Rebecca West

December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Louis Vuitton
Walt Whitman
Alexander Mackenzie

July–December

[edit]
John Greenleaf Whittier
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Werner von Siemens

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Harlan D. Unrau (1984). Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 208.
  2. ^ a b "Basket Football Game". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Massachusetts. March 12, 1892. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  3. ^ Fryde, E. B. (1996). Handbook of British chronology. Cambridge England: New York Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521563505.
  4. ^ Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: A Reassessment". The Journal of African History. XI (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
  5. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-395-27628-0.
  6. ^ Wallace, Sam (January 25, 2020). "The imperishable story of Julius Hirsch: the great goalscorer murdered at Auschwitz who adorns Stamford Bridge mural". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  7. ^ "Was wurde aus Dora?" [What became of Dora?]. Tagesschau (in German). May 29, 2023.
  8. ^ Redmond, Christopher (1993). A Sherlock Holmes handbook. Toronto Oxford: Simon & Pierre. p. 167. ISBN 9781554880577.
  9. ^ "Francisco Franco | Biography, Nickname, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  10. ^ Castrén, Klaus: Majewski-suku Suomessa Archived June 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, GENOS - journal of the Finnish genealogy society, issue #70/1999. Accessed on 24 June 2021.
  11. ^ Hitchins, Keith (1994). Rumania, 1866-1947. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780198221265.
  12. ^ Samuel Atkins Eliot (1910). Heralds of a Liberal Faith. American Unitarian Association. p. 151.
  13. ^ "The Dalton Brothers – Lawmen & Outlaws – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com.
  14. ^ Travelers' Record. Travelers Insurance Company. 1891. p. 6.
  15. ^ Beckenham Abstainers' Union (1895). The Abstainers' Advocate, Volumes 6–11. p. 182.