John D. Rockefeller Jr.: Difference between revisions

John D. Rockefeller Jr.
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
	Rockefeller in 1920
Born	John Davison Rockefeller Jr.; January 29, 1874; Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Died	May 11, 1960 (aged 86); Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
Alma mater	Brown University (BA)
Occupations	Financier; philanthropist;
Years active	1897−1959
Spouses	; Abigail Greene Aldrich (m. 1901; died 1948) ; Martha Baird (m. 1951)
Children	Abigail; John III; Nelson; Laurance; Winthrop; David;
Parent(s)	John Davison Rockefeller Sr.; Laura Celestia Spelman
Relatives	Rockefeller family
Awards	Public Welfare Medal (1943)

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John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (January 29, 1874 – May 11, 1960) was an American financier and philanthropist. Rockefeller was the fifth child and only son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He was involved in the development of the vast office complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center, making him one of the largest real estate holders in the city. Towards the end of his life, he was famous for his philanthropy, donating over $500 million to a wide variety of different causes, including educational establishments. Among his projects was the reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia. He was widely blamed for having orchestrated the Ludlow Massacre and other offenses during the Colorado Coalfield War.^[1]^[2] Rockefeller was the father of six children: Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David.

Early life

John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was born on January 29, 1874, in Cleveland, Ohio.^[3] He was the fifth and youngest child of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. His four older sisters were Elizabeth (Bessie), Alice (who died an infant), Alta, and Edith. Living in his father's mansion at 4 West 54th Street, he attended Park Avenue Baptist Church at 64th Street (now Central Presbyterian Church) and the Browning School, a tutorial establishment set up for him and other children of associates of the family; it was located in a brownstone owned by the Rockefellers, on West 55th Street. His father John Sr. and uncle William Rockefeller Jr. co-founded Standard Oil together.

Initially, he had intended to go to Yale University but was encouraged by William Rainey Harper, president of the University of Chicago, among others, to enter the Baptist-oriented Brown University instead. Nicknamed "Johnny Rock" by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and the Mandolin clubs, taught a Bible class, and was elected junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money, he stood out as different from other rich men's sons.^[4]

In 1897, he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after taking nearly a dozen courses in the social sciences, including a study of Karl Marx's Das Kapital. He joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

Business career

After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting up operations in the newly formed family office at 26 Broadway where he became a director of Standard Oil. He later also became a director at J. P. Morgan's U.S. Steel company, which had been formed in 1901. Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt to "purify" his ongoing philanthropy from commercial and financial interests after the Hearst media empire unearthed a bribery scandal involving John Dustin Archbold (the successor to Senior as head of Standard Oil) and two prominent members of Congress.^[5]

In September 1913, the United Mine Workers of America declared a strike against the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) company in what would become the Colorado Coalfield War. Junior owned a controlling interest in CF&I (40% of its stock) and sat on the board as an absentee director.^[6] In April 1914, after a long period of industrial unrest, the Ludlow Massacre occurred at a tent camp occupied by striking miners. At least 20 men, women, and children died in the attack. This was followed by nine days of violence between miners, strikebreakers, the Colorado National Guard. Although he did not order the attack that began this unrest, there are accounts to suggest Junior was mostly to blame for the violence, with the awful working conditions, death ratio, and no paid dead work which included securing unstable ceilings, workers were forced into working in unsafe conditions just to make ends meet. In January 1915, Junior was called to testify before the Commission on Industrial Relations. Many critics blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre.^[7] Margaret Sanger wrote an attack piece in her magazine The Woman Rebel, declaring, "But remember Ludlow! Remember the men and women and children who were sacrificed in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr., might continue his noble career of charity and philanthropy as a supporter of the Christian faith."^[8]^[9]

He was at the time being advised by the pioneer public relations expert, Ivy Lee, and William Lyon Mackenzie King. Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially to listen closely to the grievances. This was novel advice and attracted widespread media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conflict, and present a more humanized version of the Rockefellers.^[10] Mackenzie King said Rockefeller's testimony was the turning point in Junior's life, restoring the reputation of the family name; it also heralded a new era of industrial relations in the country.^[11]

During the Great Depression, he was involved in the financing, development, and construction of the Rockefeller Center, a vast office complex in midtown Manhattan, and as a result, became one of the largest real estate holders in New York City. He was influential in attracting leading blue-chip corporations as tenants in the complex, including GE and its then affiliates RCA, NBC and RKO, as well as Standard Oil of New Jersey (now ExxonMobil), Associated Press, Time Inc, and branches of Chase National Bank (now JP Morgan Chase).

The family office, of which he was in charge, shifted from 26 Broadway to the 56th floor of the landmark 30 Rockefeller Plaza upon its completion in 1933. The office formally became "Rockefeller Family and Associates" (and informally, "Room 5600").

In 1921, Junior received about 10% of the shares of the Equitable Trust Company from his father, making him the bank's largest shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930, Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, he was still the largest shareholder in what became known as "the Rockefeller bank". As late as the 1960s, the family still retained about 1% of the bank's shares, by which time his son David had become the bank's president.^[12]

In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in Harlem. The financial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 Eighth Avenue near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City financial institutions in that it employed African Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as well as in key management positions. However, the bank folded after only a few years of operation.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Philanthropy and social causes

In a celebrated letter to Nicholas Murray Butler in June 1932, subsequently printed on the front page of The New York Times, Rockefeller, a lifelong teetotaler, argued against the continuation of the Eighteenth Amendment on the principal grounds of an increase in disrespect for the law. This letter became an important event in pushing the nation to repeal Prohibition.^[16]

Rockefeller was known for his philanthropy, giving over $537 million^[17] to myriad causes over his lifetime^[18] compared to $240 million to his own family.^[19] He created the Sealantic Fund in 1938 to channel gifts to his favorite causes; previously his main philanthropic organization had been the Davison Fund. He had become the Rockefeller Foundation's inaugural president in May 1913 and proceeded to dramatically expand the scope of this institution, founded by his father. Later he would become involved in other organizations set up by Senior: Rockefeller University and the International Education Board.

In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918, which was subsequently folded into the Rockefeller Foundation in 1929.^[20] A committed internationalist, he financially supported programs of the League of Nations and crucially funded the formation and ongoing expenses of the Council on Foreign Relations and its initial headquarters building in New York in 1921.^[21]^[22]

He established the Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913, a major initiative that investigated such social issues as prostitution and venereal disease, as well as studies in police administration and support for birth control clinics and research. In 1924, at the instigation of his wife, he provided crucial funding for Margaret Sanger–who had previously been a personal opponent to him due to his treatment of workers–in her work on birth control and involvement in population issues.^[23] He donated $5,000 to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925.^[24]

In the arts, he gave extensive property he owned on West 54th Street in Manhattan for the site of the Museum of Modern Art, which had been co-founded by his wife in 1929.

In 1925, he purchased the George Grey Barnard collection of medieval art and cloister fragments for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He also purchased land north of the original site, now Fort Tryon Park, for a new building, The Cloisters.^[25]^[26]

In November 1926, Rockefeller came to the College of William and Mary for the dedication of an auditorium built-in memory of the organizers of Phi Beta Kappa, the honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in 1776. Rockefeller was a member of the society and had helped pay for the auditorium. He had visited Williamsburg the previous March, when the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin escorted him—along with his wife Abby, and their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop—on a quick tour of the city. The upshot of his visit was that he approved the plans already developed by Goodwin and launched the massive historical restoration of Colonial Williamsburg on November 22, 1927. Amongst many other buildings restored through his largesse was The College of William & Mary's Wren Building and the Episcopalian Bruton Parish Church.^[27]

In 1940, Rockefeller hosted Bill Wilson, one of the original founders of Alcoholics Anonymous, and others at a dinner to tell their stories. "News of this got out on the world wires; inquiries poured in again and many people went to the bookstores to get the book, Alcoholics Anonymous." Rockefeller offered to pay for the publication of the book, but in keeping with AA traditions of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money.^[28]

Through negotiations by his son Nelson, in 1946 he bought for $8.5 million—from the major New York real estate developer William Zeckendorf—the land along the East River in Manhattan which he later donated for the United Nations headquarters. This was after he had vetoed the family estate at Pocantico as a prospective site for the headquarters (see Kykuit).^[29] Another UN connection was his early financial support for its predecessor, the League of Nations; this included a gift to endow a major library for the League in Geneva which today still remains a resource for the UN.^[30]

A confirmed ecumenicist, over the years he gave substantial sums to Protestant and Baptist institutions, ranging from the Interchurch World Movement, the Federal Council of Churches, the Union Theological Seminary, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York's Riverside Church, and the World Council of Churches. He was also instrumental in the development of the research that led to Robert and Helen Lynd's famous Middletown studies work that was conducted in the city of Muncie, Indiana, that arose out of the financially supported Institute of Social and Religious Research.

As a follow on to his involvement in the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller was a major initiator with his close friend and advisor William Lyon Mackenzie King in the nascent industrial relations movement; along with major chief executives of the time, he incorporated Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC) in 1926, a consulting firm whose main goal was to establish industrial relations as a recognized academic discipline at Princeton University and other institutions. It succeeded through the support of prominent corporate chieftains of the time, such as Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope of General Electric.^[31]

Overseas philanthropy

In the 1920s, he also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Reims Cathedral, the Château de Fontainebleau and the Château de Versailles, for which in 1936 he was awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur, which also was awarded decades later to his son David Rockefeller.

He also liberally funded the notable early excavations at Luxor in Egypt, and the American School of Classical Studies for excavation of the Agora and the reconstruction of the Stoa of Attalos, both in Athens; the American Academy in Rome; Lingnan University in China; St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo; the library of the Imperial University in Tokyo; and the Shakespeare Memorial Endowment at Stratford-on-Avon.

In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem – the Rockefeller Museum – which today houses many antiquities and was the home of many of the Dead Sea Scrolls until they were moved to the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum.^[32]

Conservation

He had a special interest in conservation, and purchased and donated land for many American National Parks, including Grand Teton (hiding his involvement and intentions behind the Snake River Land Company), Mesa Verde National Park,^[33] Acadia, Great Smoky Mountains, Yosemite, and Shenandoah. In the case of Acadia National Park, he financed and engineered an extensive Carriage Road network throughout the park. Both the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway that connects Yellowstone National Park to the Grand Teton National Park and the Rockefeller Memorial in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were named after him. He was also active in the movement to save redwood trees, making a significant contribution to Save the Redwoods League in the 1920s to enable the purchase of what would become the Rockefeller Forest in Humboldt Redwoods State Park. In 1930, Rockefeller helped the federal government extend Yosemite National Park's boundary by 15,570 acres (63.0 km²) by purchasing tracts held by timber companies for about $3.3 million. Rockefeller covered half of the cost.^[34]

In 1951, he established Sleepy Hollow Restorations, which brought together under one administrative body the management and operation of two historic sites he had acquired: Philipsburg Manor House in North Tarrytown, now called Sleepy Hollow (acquired in 1940 and donated to the Tarrytown Historical Society), and Sunnyside, Washington Irving's home, acquired in 1945. He bought Van Cortland Manor in Croton-on-Hudson in 1953 and in 1959 donated it to Sleepy Hollow Restorations. In all, he invested more than $12 million in the acquisition and restoration of the three properties that were the core of the organization's holdings. In 1986, Sleepy Hollow Restorations became Historic Hudson Valley, which also operates the current guided tours of the Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit in Pocantico Hills.

He is the author of the noted life principle, among others, inscribed on a tablet facing his famed Rockefeller Center: "I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty".^[35]

In 1935, Rockefeller received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award, "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." He was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1943.^[36]

Family

In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited by the powerful senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich of Rhode Island to join a party aboard President William McKinley's yacht, the USS Dolphin, on a cruise to Cuba. Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefeller's future wife, philanthropist and socialite Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich, was included in the large party. The two had first met in the fall of 1894 and had been courting for over four years.

Rockefeller married Abby on October 9, 1901, in what was seen at the time as the consummate marriage of capitalism and politics. She was a daughter of Senator Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was the major social event of its time – one of the most lavish of the Gilded Age. It was held at the Aldrich Mansion at Warwick Neck, Rhode Island, and attended by executives of Standard Oil and other companies.^[37]

The couple had six children; Abby in 1903, John III in 1906, Nelson in 1908, Laurance in 1910, Winthrop in 1912, and David in 1915.

Abby died of a heart attack at the family apartment at 740 Park Avenue in April 1948. Junior remarried in 1951, to Martha Baird, the widow of his old college classmate Arthur Allen.

His sons, the five Rockefeller brothers, established an extensive network of social connections and institutional power over time, based on the foundations that Junior – and before him Senior – had laid down. David became a prominent banker, philanthropist and world statesman. Abby and John III became philanthropists. Laurance became a venture capitalist and conservationist. Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller later became state governors; Nelson went on to serve as Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford.

Death

Rockefeller died of pneumonia on May 11, 1960, at the age of 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was interred in the family cemetery in Tarrytown, with 40 family members present.^[38]

Residences

From 1901 ^[39] to 1913, Junior lived at 13 West 54th Street in New York. Afterward, Junior's principal residence in New York was the 9-story mansion at 10 West 54th Street, but he owned a group of properties in this vicinity, including Nos. 4, 12, 14 and 16 (some of these properties had been previously acquired by his father, John D. Rockefeller).^[40] After he vacated No. 10 in 1936, these properties were razed and subsequently all the land was gifted to his wife's Museum of Modern Art. In that year he moved into a luxurious 40-room triplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue. In 1953, the real estate developer William Zeckendorf bought the 740 Park Avenue apartment complex and then sold it to Rockefeller, who quickly turned the building into a cooperative, selling it on to his rich neighbors in the building.

Years later, just after his son Nelson become Governor of New York, Rockefeller helped foil a bid by greenmailer Saul Steinberg to take over Chemical Bank. Steinberg bought Junior's apartment for $225,000, $25,000 less than it had cost new in 1929. It has since been called the greatest trophy apartment in New York, in the world's richest apartment building.^[41]

Honors and legacy

In 1929, Junior was elected an honorary member of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati. In 1935, he received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." In 1939, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society under statute 12.

The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Brown University, completed in 1964, is named in his honor.

Citations

^ Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
^ "Ludlow Massacre". University of Denver.
^ "Rockefeller Archive Center: Extended Biography". Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Kert, Bernice (1993). Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House. pp. 62–63.
^ Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. pp. 548–551.
^ Zinn, Howard (1990). The Politics of History (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-252-06122-6.
^ "In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow". The New York Times. May 21, 1915. Retrieved December 26, 2017 – via History Matters.
^ Sanger, Margaret (May 1994). "Cannibals". New York University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
^ Baker, Jean H. (2011). Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion. Hill and Wange. p. 79.
^ Heath, Robert L., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of public relations. Vol. 1. p. 485.
^ Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. pp. 571–586.
^ Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. New York: Random House. pp. 124–25.
^ Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (September 1930). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 37, no. 9. p. 309.
^ Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (August 1933). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 40, no. 8. p. 186.
^ Harvey, Chester D.; Reed, James, eds. (1939). "The Harlems". New York City Guide. New York, New York: Random House. p. 265.
^ Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press. pp. 246–247.
^ "John Rockefeller Jr". The Philanthropy Hall of Fame.
^ "Rockefeller Archive Center". Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Kunzinger Urwin, Cathy (1991). Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Rockefeller as Governor of Arkansas, 1967-71. University of Arkansas Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-55728-200-2.
^ Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 596.
^ Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 638.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 156.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 113–115, 191, 461–462.
^ Katz, Esther; Sanger, Margaret (2003). The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel. University of Illinois Press. p. 430.
^ Barnet, Peter; Wu, Nancy (2005). The Cloisters: Medieval Art and Architecture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 11–13. ISBN 1-58839-176-0.
^ "The Cloisters Museum and Gardens". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
^ Molineux, Will (Autumn 2004). "The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William Graves Perry". Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008.
^ "Foreword". The Big Book (PDF) (2nd ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous. 1955. p. xviii.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 432–433.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 173.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 183–184.
^ Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. New York: Random House. pp. 44–48.
^ "Mesa Verde National Park Receives Gift Of Artworks From The Estate Of David Rockefeller". www.nationalparkstraveler.org. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ Russell, Carl Parcher (1968). One Hundred Years in Yosemite: The Story of a Great Park and Its Friends. Yosemite Natural History Foundation.
^ Wilson, John Donald (1986). The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. p. 328.
^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^ Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 81–85.
^ https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-john-d-rockefeller-jr-d/111650506/
^ "New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr". The New York Times. September 26, 1901. p. 16. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
^ Gross, Michael (2006). 740 Park Avenue: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building. Crown Publishing Group.^{[page needed]}

External links

Non-profit organization positions
New title	President of the Rockefeller Foundation February 11, 1913 – November 6, 1917	Succeeded by George E. Vincent
New title	Chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation 1917–1939	Succeeded by Walter W. Stewart
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Prince Albert, Duke of York	*Cover of Time* magazine** January 19, 1925	Succeeded by Charles B. Warren

[1] Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.

[2] "Ludlow Massacre". University of Denver.

[minibio-3] "Rockefeller Archive Center: Extended Biography". Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.

[4] Kert, Bernice (1993). Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House. pp. 62–63.

[5] Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. pp. 548–551.

[6] Zinn, Howard (1990). The Politics of History (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-252-06122-6.

[7] "In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow". The New York Times. May 21, 1915. Retrieved December 26, 2017 – via History Matters.

[8] Sanger, Margaret (May 1994). "Cannibals". New York University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

[9] Baker, Jean H. (2011). Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion. Hill and Wange. p. 79.

[10] Heath, Robert L., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of public relations. Vol. 1. p. 485.

[11] Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. pp. 571–586.

[12] Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. New York: Random House. pp. 124–25.

[Crisis-Sep1930-13] Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (September 1930). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 37, no. 9. p. 309.

[Crisis-Aug1933-14] Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, ed. (August 1933). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 40, no. 8. p. 186.

[NYC-Guide-15] Harvey, Chester D.; Reed, James, eds. (1939). "The Harlems". New York City Guide. New York, New York: Random House. p. 265.

[16] Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press. pp. 246–247.

[17] "John Rockefeller Jr". The Philanthropy Hall of Fame.

[18] "Rockefeller Archive Center". Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.

[19] Kunzinger Urwin, Cathy (1991). Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Rockefeller as Governor of Arkansas, 1967-71. University of Arkansas Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-55728-200-2.

[20] Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 596.

[21] Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 638.

[22] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 156.

[23] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 113–115, 191, 461–462.

[24] Katz, Esther; Sanger, Margaret (2003). The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel. University of Illinois Press. p. 430.

[25] Barnet, Peter; Wu, Nancy (2005). The Cloisters: Medieval Art and Architecture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 11–13. ISBN 1-58839-176-0.

[26] "The Cloisters Museum and Gardens". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[27] Molineux, Will (Autumn 2004). "The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William Graves Perry". Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008.

[28] "Foreword". The Big Book (PDF) (2nd ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous. 1955. p. xviii.

[29] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 432–433.

[30] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 173.

[31] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 183–184.

[32] Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. New York: Random House. pp. 44–48.

[33] "Mesa Verde National Park Receives Gift Of Artworks From The Estate Of David Rockefeller". www.nationalparkstraveler.org. Retrieved July 24, 2019.

[34] Russell, Carl Parcher (1968). One Hundred Years in Yosemite: The Story of a Great Park and Its Friends. Yosemite Natural History Foundation.

[35] Wilson, John Donald (1986). The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. p. 328.

[PublicWelfare-36] "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011.

[37] Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 81–85.

[38] ttps://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-john-d-rockefeller-jr-d/111650506/

[nyt19010926-39] "New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr". The New York Times. September 26, 1901. p. 16. Retrieved May 24, 2021.

[40] Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021.

[41] Gross, Michael (2006). 740 Park Avenue: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building. Crown Publishing Group.^{[page needed]}

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 {{Short description|American financier and philanthropist (1874–1960)}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
 {{More footnotes needed|date=March 2024}}
-{{Ibid|date=June 2021}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
 {{Infobox person
 | name               = John D. Rockefeller Jr.
@@ Line 8: / Line 7: @@
 | caption            = Rockefeller in 1920
 | birth_name         = John Davison Rockefeller Jr.
-| birth_date         = {{birth date|mf=yes|1874|1|29}}<ref name=minibio/>
+| birth_date         = {{birth date|mf=yes|1874|01|29}}
 | birth_place        = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], U.S.
+| death_date         = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1960|05|11|1874|01|29}}
-| death_date         = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1960|5|11|1874|1|29}}<ref name=minibio>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |title=Rockefeller Archive Center: Extended Biography |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528154441/http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 | death_place        = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
 | occupation         = {{hlist|Financier|philanthropist}}
+| years active       = 1897−1959
 | alma mater         = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
 | spouse             = {{plainlist|
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 * {{Marriage|[[Martha Baird Rockefeller|Martha Baird]]|1951}}
 }}
-| parents            = [[John D. Rockefeller|John Davison Rockefeller Sr.]]<br>[[Laura Spelman Rockefeller|Laura Celestia Spelman]]
+| parents            = [[John D. Rockefeller|John Davison Rockefeller Sr.]]<br />[[Laura Spelman Rockefeller|Laura Celestia Spelman]]
 | children           = {{hlist|[[Abby Rockefeller Mauzé|Abigail]]|[[John D. Rockefeller III|John III]]|[[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]]|[[Laurance Rockefeller|Laurance]]|[[Winthrop Rockefeller|Winthrop]]|[[David Rockefeller|David]]}}
 | relatives          = [[Rockefeller family]]
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ==Early life==
-John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was the fifth and youngest child of [[Standard Oil]] co-founder [[John D. Rockefeller|John Davison Rockefeller Sr.]] and schoolteacher [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller|Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman]]. His four older sisters were [[Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong|Elizabeth (Bessie)]], Alice (who died an infant), [[Alta Rockefeller Prentice|Alta]], and [[Edith Rockefeller McCormick|Edith]]. Living in his father's mansion at 4 West [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]], he attended Park Avenue Baptist Church at 64th Street (now Central Presbyterian Church) and the [[Browning School]], a tutorial establishment set up for him and other children of associates of the family; it was located in a [[brownstone]] owned by the Rockefellers, on West [[55th Street (Manhattan)|55th Street]]. His father John Sr. and uncle [[William Rockefeller Jr.]] co-founded Standard Oil together.
+John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was born on January 29, 1874, in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref name=minibio>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |title=Rockefeller Archive Center: Extended Biography |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528154441/http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the fifth and youngest child of [[Standard Oil]] co-founder [[John D. Rockefeller|John Davison Rockefeller Sr.]] and schoolteacher [[Laura Spelman Rockefeller|Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman]]. His four older sisters were [[Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong|Elizabeth (Bessie)]], Alice (who died an infant), [[Alta Rockefeller Prentice|Alta]], and [[Edith Rockefeller McCormick|Edith]]. Living in his father's mansion at 4 West [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]], he attended Park Avenue Baptist Church at 64th Street (now Central Presbyterian Church) and the [[Browning School]], a tutorial establishment set up for him and other children of associates of the family; it was located in a [[brownstone]] owned by the Rockefellers, on West [[55th Street (Manhattan)|55th Street]]. His father John Sr. and uncle [[William Rockefeller Jr.]] co-founded Standard Oil together.
-Initially, he had intended to go to [[Yale University]] but was encouraged by [[William Rainey Harper]], president of the [[University of Chicago]], among others, to enter the Baptist-oriented [[Brown University]] instead. Nicknamed "Johnny Rock" by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and the Mandolin clubs, taught a Bible class, and was elected junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money, he stood out as different from other rich men's sons.<ref>Details of Brown University days – see Bernice Kert, ''Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family''. New York: Random House, 1993. (pp.62–63)</ref>
+Initially, he had intended to go to [[Yale University]] but was encouraged by [[William Rainey Harper]], president of the [[University of Chicago]], among others, to enter the Baptist-oriented [[Brown University]] instead. Nicknamed "Johnny Rock" by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and the Mandolin clubs, taught a Bible class, and was elected junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money, he stood out as different from other rich men's sons.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bernice|last=Kert|title=Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family|location=New York|publisher=Random House|date=1993|pages=62–63}}</ref>
 In 1897, he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after taking nearly a dozen courses in the social sciences, including a study of [[Karl Marx]]'s ''[[Das Kapital]]''. He joined the [[Alpha Delta Phi]] fraternity and was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]].
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ==Business career==
 [[File:J. D. Rockefeller, Jr. 4 × 5 inch.jpg|thumb|John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1920]]
-After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting up operations in the newly formed [[family office]] at [[26 Broadway]] where he became a director of Standard Oil. He later also became a director at [[J. P. Morgan]]'s [[U.S. Steel]] company, which had been formed in 1901.  Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt to "purify" his ongoing philanthropy from commercial and financial interests after the [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst]] media empire unearthed a bribery scandal involving [[John Dustin Archbold]] (the successor to Senior as head of Standard Oil) and two prominent members of Congress.<ref>Resignation from Standard Oil and U.S. Steel boards – see [[Ron Chernow]], ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr.'', London: Warner Books, 1998. (pp.548–551)</ref>
+After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting up operations in the newly formed [[family office]] at [[26 Broadway]] where he became a director of Standard Oil. He later also became a director at [[J. P. Morgan]]'s [[U.S. Steel]] company, which had been formed in 1901.  Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt to "purify" his ongoing philanthropy from commercial and financial interests after the [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst]] media empire unearthed a bribery scandal involving [[John Dustin Archbold]] (the successor to Senior as head of Standard Oil) and two prominent members of Congress.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr|last=Chernow|first=Ron|author-link=Ron Chernow|location=London|publisher=Warner Books|date=1998|pages=548–551}}</ref>
-In September 1913, the [[United Mine Workers of America]] declared a strike against the [[Colorado Fuel and Iron]] (CF&I) company in what would become the [[Colorado Coalfield War]]. Junior owned a [[controlling interest]] in CF&I (40% of its stock) and sat on the board as an absentee director.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|title=The Politics of History|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofhistor0000zinn_m3v4|url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=978-0-252-06122-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofhistor0000zinn_m3v4/page/81 81]|edition=2nd}}</ref> In April 1914, after a long period of industrial unrest, the [[Ludlow Massacre]] occurred at a tent camp occupied by striking miners. At least 20 men, women, and children died in the attack. This was followed by nine days of violence between miners, strikebreakers, the [[Colorado Army National Guard|Colorado National Guard]].  Although he did not order the attack that began this unrest, there are accounts to suggest Junior was mostly to blame for the violence, with the awful working conditions, death ratio, and no paid dead work which included securing unstable ceilings, workers were forced into working in unsafe conditions just to make ends meet.  In January 1915, Junior was called to testify before the [[Commission on Industrial Relations]].  Many critics blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre.<ref>[http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5735/ In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 21, 1915. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</ref> [[Margaret Sanger]] wrote an attack piece in her magazine ''The Woman Rebel'', declaring, "But remember Ludlow! Remember the men and women and children who were sacrificed in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr., might continue his noble career of charity and philanthropy as a supporter of the Christian faith."<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=420013.xml The Public Papers of Margaret Sanger: Web Edition]. Nyu.edu. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.</ref><ref>Baker, Jean H. Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion Hill and Wange New York 2011 page 79</ref>
+In September 1913, the [[United Mine Workers of America]] declared a strike against the [[Colorado Fuel and Iron]] (CF&I) company in what would become the [[Colorado Coalfield War]]. Junior owned a [[controlling interest]] in CF&I (40% of its stock) and sat on the board as an absentee director.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|title=The Politics of History|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofhistor0000zinn_m3v4|url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=978-0-252-06122-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofhistor0000zinn_m3v4/page/81 81]|edition=2nd}}</ref> In April 1914, after a long period of industrial unrest, the [[Ludlow Massacre]] occurred at a tent camp occupied by striking miners. At least 20 men, women, and children died in the attack. This was followed by nine days of violence between miners, strikebreakers, the [[Colorado Army National Guard|Colorado National Guard]].  Although he did not order the attack that began this unrest, there are accounts to suggest Junior was mostly to blame for the violence, with the awful working conditions, death ratio, and no paid dead work which included securing unstable ceilings, workers were forced into working in unsafe conditions just to make ends meet.  In January 1915, Junior was called to testify before the [[Commission on Industrial Relations]].  Many critics blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5735/|title=In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|via=History Matters|date=May 21, 1915|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> [[Margaret Sanger]] wrote an attack piece in her magazine ''The Woman Rebel'', declaring, "But remember Ludlow! Remember the men and women and children who were sacrificed in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr., might continue his noble career of charity and philanthropy as a supporter of the Christian faith."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=420013.xml|publisher=New York University|title=Cannibals|last=Sanger|first=Margaret|date=May 1994|access-date=September 5, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044239/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/webedition/app/documents/show.php?sangerDoc=420013.xml|archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|title=Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion|publisher=Hill and Wange|date=2011|page=79}}</ref>
-He was at the time being advised by [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] and the pioneer public relations expert, [[Ivy Lee]].  Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially to listen closely to the grievances. This was novel advice and attracted widespread media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conflict, and present a more humanized version of the Rockefellers.<ref>Robert L. Heath, ed.. ''Encyclopedia of public relations'' (2005) 1:485</ref>  Mackenzie King said Rockefeller's testimony was the turning point in Junior's life, restoring the reputation of the family name; it also heralded a new era of industrial relations in the country.<ref>The Ludlow massacre and the turning point in Junior's life – ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr.'', London: Warner Books, 1998. (pp.571–586)</ref>
+He was at the time being advised by the pioneer public relations expert, [[Ivy Lee]], and [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]. Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially to listen closely to the grievances. This was novel advice and attracted widespread media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conflict, and present a more humanized version of the Rockefellers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=Robert L.|editor-last=Heath|title=Encyclopedia of public relations|year=2005|volume=1|page=485}}</ref> Mackenzie King said Rockefeller's testimony was the turning point in Junior's life, restoring the reputation of the family name; it also heralded a new era of industrial relations in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr|last=Chernow|first=Ron|author-link=Ron Chernow|location=London|publisher=Warner Books|date=1998|pages=571–586}}</ref>
-[[File:TIMEMagazine19Jan1925.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, 19 Jan 1925]]
+[[File:TIMEMagazine19Jan1925.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, January 19, 1925]]
 During the [[Great Depression]], he was involved in the [[construction of the Rockefeller Center|financing, development, and construction]] of the [[Rockefeller Center]], a vast office complex in [[midtown Manhattan]], and as a result, became one of the largest real estate holders in [[New York City]]. He was influential in attracting leading blue-chip corporations as tenants in the complex, including [[GE]] and its then affiliates [[RCA]], [[NBC]] and [[RKO]], as well as [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]] (now [[ExxonMobil]]), [[Associated Press]], [[Time Inc]], and branches of [[Chase National Bank]] (now [[JP Morgan Chase]]).
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 The family office, of which he was in charge, shifted from 26 Broadway to the 56th floor of the landmark [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] upon its completion in 1933.  The office formally became "Rockefeller Family and Associates" (and informally, "Room 5600").
-In 1921, Junior received about 10% of the shares of the [[Equitable Trust Company]] from his father, making him the bank's largest shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930, Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, he was still the largest shareholder in what became known as "the Rockefeller bank". As late as the 1960s, the family still retained about 1% of the bank's shares, by which time his son [[David Rockefeller|David]] had become the bank's president.<ref>Largest shareholder in Chase Bank – see David Rockefeller, ''Memoirs'', New York: Random House, 2002. (pp.124–25)</ref>
+In 1921, Junior received about 10% of the shares of the [[Equitable Trust Company]] from his father, making him the bank's largest shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930, Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, he was still the largest shareholder in what became known as "the Rockefeller bank". As late as the 1960s, the family still retained about 1% of the bank's shares, by which time his son [[David Rockefeller|David]] had become the bank's president.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Rockefeller|title=Memoirs|location=New York|publisher=Random House|date=2002|pages=124–25}}</ref>
-In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in [[Harlem]]. The financial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]] near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City financial institutions in that it employed African Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as well as in key management positions. However, the bank folded after only a few years of operation.<ref name='Crisis-Sep1930'>{{cite magazine |editor1-first=W. E. Burghardt |editor1-last=Du Bois |date= September 1930 |title=Along the color line |magazine=Crisis |volume=37 |issue=9 |page=309 }}</ref><ref name='Crisis-Aug1933'>{{cite magazine |editor1-first=W. E. Burghardt |editor1-last=Du Bois |date= August 1933 |title=Along the color line |magazine=Crisis |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=186 }}</ref><ref name="NYC-Guide">{{cite book |editor1-first=Chester D. |editor1-last=Harvey |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Reed|title=New York City Guide|year=1939 |publisher=Random House |location=New York, New York |page=265 |chapter=The Harlems }}</ref>
+In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in [[Harlem]]. The financial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]] near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City financial institutions in that it employed African Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as well as in key management positions. However, the bank folded after only a few years of operation.<ref name="Crisis-Sep1930">{{cite magazine |editor1-first=W. E. Burghardt |editor1-last=Du Bois |date= September 1930 |title=Along the color line |magazine=Crisis |volume=37 |issue=9 |page=309 }}</ref><ref name="Crisis-Aug1933">{{cite magazine |editor1-first=W. E. Burghardt |editor1-last=Du Bois |date= August 1933 |title=Along the color line |magazine=Crisis |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=186 }}</ref><ref name="NYC-Guide">{{cite book |editor1-first=Chester D. |editor1-last=Harvey |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Reed|title=New York City Guide|year=1939 |publisher=Random House |location=New York, New York |page=265 |chapter=The Harlems }}</ref>
 ==Philanthropy and social causes==
-In a celebrated letter to [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in June 1932, subsequently printed on the front page of ''[[The New York Times]]'', Rockefeller, a lifelong [[teetotaler]], argued against the continuation of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]] on the principal grounds of an increase in disrespect for the law. This letter became an important event in pushing the nation to repeal [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]].<ref>Letter on Prohibition – see Daniel Okrent, ''[[Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center]]'', New York: Viking Press, 2003. (pp.246/7).</ref>
+In a celebrated letter to [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in June 1932, subsequently printed on the front page of ''[[The New York Times]]'', Rockefeller, a lifelong [[teetotaler]], argued against the continuation of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]] on the principal grounds of an increase in disrespect for the law. This letter became an important event in pushing the nation to repeal [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Okrent|title=[[Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center]]|location=New York|publisher=Viking Press|date=2003|pages=246–247}}</ref>
-Rockefeller was known for his [[philanthropy]], giving over $537 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/john_d._rockefeller_jr |title=John Rockefeller Jr. |work=The Philanthropy Hall of Fame }}</ref> to myriad causes over his lifetime<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |title=Rockefeller Archive Center |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528154441/http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> compared to $240 million to his own family.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YyVkGzvV6IoC&dq=John+Rockefeller+Jr+1954+Trust&pg=PA214 Agenda for Reform]</ref> He created the Sealantic Fund in 1938 to channel gifts to his favorite causes; previously his main philanthropic organization had been the Davison Fund. He had become the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]'s inaugural president in May 1913 and proceeded to dramatically expand the scope of this institution, founded by his father. Later he would become involved in other organizations set up by Senior: [[Rockefeller University]] and the International Education Board.
+Rockefeller was known for his [[philanthropy]], giving over $537 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/john_d._rockefeller_jr |title=John Rockefeller Jr. |work=The Philanthropy Hall of Fame }}</ref> to myriad causes over his lifetime<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |title=Rockefeller Archive Center |access-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528154441/http://www.rockarch.org/bio/jdrjr.php |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> compared to $240 million to his own family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyVkGzvV6IoC&dq=John+Rockefeller+Jr+1954+Trust&pg=PA214|title=Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Rockefeller as Governor of Arkansas, 1967-71|last=Kunzinger Urwin|first=Cathy|date=1991|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|page=214|isbn=978-1-55728-200-2 }}</ref> He created the Sealantic Fund in 1938 to channel gifts to his favorite causes; previously his main philanthropic organization had been the Davison Fund. He had become the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]'s inaugural president in May 1913 and proceeded to dramatically expand the scope of this institution, founded by his father. Later he would become involved in other organizations set up by Senior: [[Rockefeller University]] and the International Education Board.
-In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918, which was subsequently folded into the Rockefeller Foundation in 1929.<ref>Laura Spelman Memorial – see Chernow, op.cit. (p.596)</ref> A committed internationalist, he financially supported programs of the [[League of Nations]] and crucially funded the formation and ongoing expenses of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and its initial headquarters building in New York in 1921.<ref>Funding of the CFR and other international institutions – Ibid., (p.638); John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, ''The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family'', New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (p.156)</ref>
+In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918, which was subsequently folded into the Rockefeller Foundation in 1929.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr|last=Chernow|first=Ron|author-link=Ron Chernow|location=London|publisher=Warner Books|date=1998|page=596}}</ref> A committed internationalist, he financially supported programs of the [[League of Nations]] and crucially funded the formation and ongoing expenses of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and its initial headquarters building in New York in 1921.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr|last=Chernow|first=Ron|author-link=Ron Chernow|location=London|publisher=Warner Books|date=1998|page=638}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|page=156}}</ref>
-He established the Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913, a major initiative that investigated such social issues as [[prostitution]] and [[Sexually transmitted infection|venereal disease]], as well as studies in police administration and support for [[birth control]] clinics and research. In 1924, at the instigation of his wife, he provided crucial funding for [[Margaret Sanger]]–who had previously been a personal opponent to him due to his treatment of workers–in her work on birth control and involvement in population issues.<ref>The Bureau of Social Hygiene and social issues; funding for Margaret Sanger – see Harr & Johnson, op.cit. (pp.113–15, 191, 461–2)</ref> He donated $5,000 to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Katz |first1=Esther |last2=Sanger |first2=Margaret |title=The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel |publisher=[[University of Illinois]] Press|date=2003 |page=430 }}</ref>
+He established the Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913, a major initiative that investigated such social issues as [[prostitution]] and [[Sexually transmitted infection|venereal disease]], as well as studies in police administration and support for [[birth control]] clinics and research. In 1924, at the instigation of his wife, he provided crucial funding for [[Margaret Sanger]]–who had previously been a personal opponent to him due to his treatment of workers–in her work on birth control and involvement in population issues.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|pages=113–115, 191, 461–462}}</ref> He donated $5,000 to her American Birth Control League in 1924 and a second time in 1925.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Katz |first1=Esther |last2=Sanger |first2=Margaret |title=The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel |publisher=[[University of Illinois]] Press|date=2003 |page=430 }}</ref>
 [[File:John D. Rockefeller Jr..jpg|thumb|240px|John D. Rockefeller Jr., financier]]
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 In 1925, he purchased the [[George Grey Barnard]] collection of medieval art and cloister fragments for the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. He also purchased land north of the original site, now [[Fort Tryon Park]], for a new building, [[The Cloisters]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cloisters: Medieval Art and Architecture |last1=Barnet |first1=Peter |last2=Wu |first2=Nancy |year=2005 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |isbn=1-58839-176-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cloistersmedieva00barn/page/11 11–13] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cloistersmedieva00barn/page/11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Cloisters Museum and Gardens|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/history-of-the-museum/the-cloisters-museum-and-gardens|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref>
-In November 1926, Rockefeller came to the [[College of William and Mary]] for the dedication of an auditorium built-in memory of the organizers of [[Phi Beta Kappa]], the honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in 1776. Rockefeller was a member of the society and had helped pay for the auditorium. He had visited Williamsburg the previous March, when the Reverend Dr. [[W. A. R. Goodwin]] escorted him—along with his wife Abby, and their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop—on a quick tour of the city. The upshot of his visit was that he approved the plans already developed by Goodwin and launched the massive historical restoration of [[Colonial Williamsburg]] on November 22, 1927. Amongst many other buildings restored through his largesse was The College of William & Mary's [[Wren Building]] and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]] [[Bruton Parish Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn04/perry.cfm|work=Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|date=Autumn 2004|title=The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William Graves Perry|last=Molineux |first=Will|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201005105/http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn04/perry.cfm|archive-date=1 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In November 1926, Rockefeller came to the [[College of William and Mary]] for the dedication of an auditorium built-in memory of the organizers of [[Phi Beta Kappa]], the honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in 1776. Rockefeller was a member of the society and had helped pay for the auditorium. He had visited Williamsburg the previous March, when the Reverend Dr. [[W. A. R. Goodwin]] escorted him—along with his wife Abby, and their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop—on a quick tour of the city. The upshot of his visit was that he approved the plans already developed by Goodwin and launched the massive historical restoration of [[Colonial Williamsburg]] on November 22, 1927. Amongst many other buildings restored through his largesse was The College of William & Mary's [[Wren Building]] and the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]] [[Bruton Parish Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn04/perry.cfm|work=Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|date=Autumn 2004|title=The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William Graves Perry|last=Molineux |first=Will|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201005105/http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn04/perry.cfm|archive-date=February 1, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In 1940, Rockefeller hosted [[Bill W.|Bill Wilson]], one of the original founders of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]], and others at a dinner to tell their stories. "News of this got out on the world wires; inquiries poured in again and many people went to the bookstores to get the book, ''Alcoholics Anonymous''." Rockefeller offered to pay for the publication of the book, but in keeping with AA traditions of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/en_bigbook_forewordsecondedition.pdf|title=Forward to the 2nd Edition of Alcoholics Anonymous|page=xviii|date=1955|work=Alcoholics Anonymous}}</ref>
+In 1940, Rockefeller hosted [[Bill W.|Bill Wilson]], one of the original founders of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]], and others at a dinner to tell their stories. "News of this got out on the world wires; inquiries poured in again and many people went to the bookstores to get the book, ''Alcoholics Anonymous''." Rockefeller offered to pay for the publication of the book, but in keeping with AA traditions of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/en_bigbook_forewordsecondedition.pdf|chapter=Foreword|edition=2nd|title=The Big Book|page=xviii|date=1955|publisher=Alcoholics Anonymous}}</ref>
-Through negotiations by his son [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]], in 1946 he bought for $8.5 million—from the major New York real estate developer [[William Zeckendorf]]—the land along the East River in Manhattan which he later donated for the [[United Nations headquarters]]. This was after he had vetoed the family estate at Pocantico as a prospective site for the headquarters (see [[Kykuit]]).<ref>Family estate vetoed as site for the UN headquarters – Ibid., (pp.432–3)</ref> Another UN connection was his early financial support for its predecessor, the [[League of Nations]]; this included a gift to endow a major library for the League in Geneva which today still remains a resource for the UN.<ref>Endowment of UN library – Ibid., (p. 173)</ref>
+Through negotiations by his son [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]], in 1946 he bought for $8.5 million—from the major New York real estate developer [[William Zeckendorf]]—the land along the East River in Manhattan which he later donated for the [[United Nations headquarters]]. This was after he had vetoed the family estate at Pocantico as a prospective site for the headquarters (see [[Kykuit]]).<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|pages=432–433}}</ref> Another UN connection was his early financial support for its predecessor, the [[League of Nations]]; this included a gift to endow a major library for the League in Geneva which today still remains a resource for the UN.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|page=173}}</ref>
 A confirmed [[Ecumenism|ecumenicist]], over the years he gave substantial sums to [[Protestant]] and [[Baptist]] institutions, ranging from the [[Interchurch World Movement]], the Federal Council of Churches, the [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]], the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]], New York's [[Riverside Church]], and the [[World Council of Churches]]. He was also instrumental in the development of the research that led to Robert and Helen Lynd's famous [[Middletown studies]] work that was conducted in the city of [[Muncie, Indiana]], that arose out of the financially supported Institute of Social and Religious Research.
-As a follow on to his involvement in the [[Ludlow Massacre]], Rockefeller was a major initiator with his close friend and advisor [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] in the nascent industrial relations movement; along with major chief executives of the time, he incorporated Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC) in 1926, a consulting firm whose main goal was to establish industrial relations as a recognized academic discipline at [[Princeton University]] and other institutions. It succeeded through the support of prominent corporate chieftains of the time, such as [[Owen D. Young]] and [[Gerard Swope]] of [[General Electric]].<ref>Key involvement in the Industrial Relations movement – Ibid., (pp.183–4)</ref>
+As a follow on to his involvement in the [[Ludlow Massacre]], Rockefeller was a major initiator with his close friend and advisor [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] in the nascent industrial relations movement; along with major chief executives of the time, he incorporated Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC) in 1926, a consulting firm whose main goal was to establish industrial relations as a recognized academic discipline at [[Princeton University]] and other institutions. It succeeded through the support of prominent corporate chieftains of the time, such as [[Owen D. Young]] and [[Gerard Swope]] of [[General Electric]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|pages=183–184}}</ref>
 ==Overseas philanthropy==
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 He also liberally funded the notable early excavations at [[Luxor]] in Egypt, and the American School of Classical Studies for excavation of the [[Agora]] and the reconstruction of the Stoa of Attalos, both in Athens; the American Academy in Rome; [[Lingnan University (Guangzhou)|Lingnan University]] in China; [[St. Luke's International Hospital]] in Tokyo; the library of the [[University of Tokyo|Imperial University]] in Tokyo; and the Shakespeare Memorial Endowment at [[Stratford-on-Avon]].
-In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in [[East Jerusalem]] – the [[Rockefeller Museum]] – which today houses many antiquities and was the home of many of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] until they were moved to the Shrine of the Book at the [[Israel Museum]].<ref>Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt, Greece and Jerusalem – see David Rockefeller, ''Memoirs'', op.cit. (pp.44–8).</ref>
+In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in [[East Jerusalem]] – the [[Rockefeller Museum]] – which today houses many antiquities and was the home of many of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] until they were moved to the Shrine of the Book at the [[Israel Museum]].<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Rockefeller|title=Memoirs|location=New York|publisher=Random House|date=2002|pages=44–48}}</ref>
 ==Conservation==
 [[File:Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway GRTE1878.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Teton Range and Snake River]]
-He had a special interest in conservation, and purchased and donated land for many American [[National Parks (United States)|National Parks]], including [[Grand Teton National Park|Grand Teton]] (hiding his involvement and intentions behind the [[Snake River Land Company]]), [[Mesa Verde National Park]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2018/10/mesa-verde-national-park-receives-gift-artworks-estate-david-rockefeller|title=Mesa Verde National Park Receives Gift Of Artworks From The Estate Of David Rockefeller|website=www.nationalparkstraveler.org|access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> [[Acadia National Park|Acadia]], [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|Great Smoky Mountains]], [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], and [[Shenandoah National Park|Shenandoah]]. In the case of Acadia National Park, he financed and engineered an extensive Carriage Road network throughout the park.  Both the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway]] that connects [[Yellowstone National Park]] to the [[Grand Teton National Park]] and the Rockefeller Memorial in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were named after him. He was also active in the movement to save [[Sequoia sempervirens|redwood]] trees, making a significant contribution to [[Save the Redwoods League]] in the 1920s to enable the purchase of what would become the Rockefeller Forest in [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]].
+He had a special interest in conservation, and purchased and donated land for many American [[National Parks (United States)|National Parks]], including [[Grand Teton National Park|Grand Teton]] (hiding his involvement and intentions behind the [[Snake River Land Company]]), [[Mesa Verde National Park]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2018/10/mesa-verde-national-park-receives-gift-artworks-estate-david-rockefeller|title=Mesa Verde National Park Receives Gift Of Artworks From The Estate Of David Rockefeller|website=www.nationalparkstraveler.org|access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> [[Acadia National Park|Acadia]], [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|Great Smoky Mountains]], [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], and [[Shenandoah National Park|Shenandoah]]. In the case of Acadia National Park, he financed and engineered an extensive Carriage Road network throughout the park.  Both the [[John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway]] that connects [[Yellowstone National Park]] to the [[Grand Teton National Park]] and the Rockefeller Memorial in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were named after him. He was also active in the movement to save [[Sequoia sempervirens|redwood]] trees, making a significant contribution to [[Save the Redwoods League]] in the 1920s to enable the purchase of what would become the Rockefeller Forest in [[Humboldt Redwoods State Park]]. In 1930, Rockefeller helped the federal government extend [[Yosemite National Park]]'s boundary by {{convert|15570|acre|km2}} by purchasing tracts held by timber companies for about $3.3 million. Rockefeller covered half of the cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Carl Parcher|title=One Hundred Years in Yosemite: The Story of a Great Park and Its Friends|publisher=Yosemite Natural History Foundation|year=1968}}</ref>
 In 1951, he established ''Sleepy Hollow Restorations'', which brought together under one administrative body the management and operation of two historic sites he had acquired: [[Philipsburg Manor House]] in North Tarrytown, now called Sleepy Hollow (acquired in 1940 and donated to the [[Sleepy Hollow, New York|Tarrytown]] Historical Society), and ''Sunnyside'', [[Washington Irving]]'s home, acquired in 1945. He bought Van Cortland Manor in Croton-on-Hudson in 1953 and in 1959 donated it to Sleepy Hollow Restorations. In all, he invested more than $12 million in the acquisition and restoration of the three properties that were the core of the organization's holdings. In 1986, Sleepy Hollow Restorations became ''Historic Hudson Valley'', which also operates the current guided tours of the Rockefeller family estate of [[Kykuit]] in Pocantico Hills.
-He is the author of the noted life principle, among others, inscribed on a tablet facing his famed [[Rockefeller Center]]: "I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty".<ref>Life principle – see John Donald Wilson, ''The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985'', Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986. p. 328.</ref>
+He is the author of the noted life principle, among others, inscribed on a tablet facing his famed [[Rockefeller Center]]: "I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty".<ref>{{cite book|first=John Donald|last=Wilson|title=The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985|location=Boston|publisher=Harvard Business School Press|date=1986|page=328}}</ref>
 In 1935, Rockefeller received [[The Hundred Year Association of New York]]'s Gold Medal Award, "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." He was awarded the [[Public Welfare Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] in 1943.<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{cite web|title=Public Welfare Award |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180311/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |archive-date=December 29, 2010 }}</ref>
 ==Family==
-In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited by the powerful senator [[Nelson W. Aldrich|Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich]] of [[Rhode Island]] to join a party aboard President [[William McKinley]]'s yacht, the USS ''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]'', on a cruise to [[Cuba]]. Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefeller's future wife, philanthropist/socialite [[Abby Aldrich Rockefeller|Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich]], was included in the large party; the two had first met in the fall of 1894 and had been courting for over four years.
+In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited by the powerful senator [[Nelson W. Aldrich|Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich]] of [[Rhode Island]] to join a party aboard President [[William McKinley]]'s yacht, the USS ''[[USS Dolphin (PG-24)|Dolphin]]'', on a cruise to [[Cuba]]. Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefeller's future wife, philanthropist and socialite [[Abby Aldrich Rockefeller|Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich]], was included in the large party. The two had first met in the fall of 1894 and had been courting for over four years.
-Rockefeller married Abby on October 9, 1901, in what was seen at the time as the consummate marriage of capitalism and politics. She was a daughter of Senator Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was the major social event of its time – one of the most lavish of the [[Gilded Age]]. It was held at the [[Aldrich Mansion]] at Warwick Neck, [[Rhode Island]], and attended by executives of [[Standard Oil]] and other companies.<ref>Details of the 1901 wedding – Harr & Johnson, op.cit., (pp.81–5)</ref>
+Rockefeller married Abby on October 9, 1901, in what was seen at the time as the consummate marriage of capitalism and politics. She was a daughter of Senator Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was the major social event of its time – one of the most lavish of the [[Gilded Age]]. It was held at the [[Aldrich Mansion]] at Warwick Neck, [[Rhode Island]], and attended by executives of [[Standard Oil]] and other companies.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John Ensor|last1=Harr|first2=Peter J.|last2=Johnson|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1988|pages=81–85}}</ref>
 The couple had six children; [[Abby Rockefeller Mauzé|Abby]] in 1903, [[John D. Rockefeller III|John III]] in 1906, [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]] in 1908, [[Laurance Rockefeller|Laurance]] in 1910, [[Winthrop Rockefeller|Winthrop]] in 1912, and [[David Rockefeller|David]] in 1915.
-Abby died of a heart attack at the family apartment at 740 Park Avenue in April 1948. Junior remarried in 1951, to [[Martha Baird Rockefeller|Martha Baird]], the widow of his old college classmate Arthur Allen. Rockefeller died of [[pneumonia]] on May 11, 1960, at the age of 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was interred in the family cemetery in [[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]], with 40 family members present.
+Abby died of a heart attack at the family apartment at 740 Park Avenue in April 1948. Junior remarried in 1951, to [[Martha Baird Rockefeller|Martha Baird]], the widow of his old college classmate Arthur Allen.
 His sons, the five Rockefeller brothers, established an extensive network of social connections and institutional power over time, based on the foundations that Junior – and before him Senior – had laid down. David became a prominent banker, philanthropist and world statesman. Abby and John III became philanthropists. Laurance became a venture capitalist and conservationist. Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller later became state [[Governor (United States)|governor]]s; Nelson went on to serve as [[Vice President of the United States]] under President [[Gerald Ford]].
+==Death==
+Rockefeller died of [[pneumonia]] on May 11, 1960, at the age of 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was interred in the family cemetery in [[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]], with 40 family members present.<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-john-d-rockefeller-jr-d/111650506/</ref>
 ==Residences==
-From 1901 <ref name="nyt19010926">{{Cite news|date=1901-09-26|title=New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr.|pages=16|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78236060/new-home-for-john-d-rockefeller-jr/|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> to 1913, Junior lived at [[13 West 54th Street]] in New York. Afterward, Junior's principal residence in New York was the 9-story mansion at 10 West 54th Street, but he owned a group of properties in this vicinity, including Nos. 4, 12, 14 and 16 (some of these properties had been previously acquired by his father, [[John D. Rockefeller]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=1994-05-22|title=Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/22/realestate/streetscapes-rockefeller-city-house-pied-terre-off-fifth-for-parsimonious.html|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After he vacated No. 10 in 1936, these properties were razed and subsequently all the land was gifted to his wife's [[Museum of Modern Art]]. In that year he moved into a luxurious 40-room triplex apartment at [[740 Park Avenue]]. In 1953, the real estate developer [[William Zeckendorf]] bought the 740 Park Avenue apartment complex and then sold it to Rockefeller, who quickly turned the building into a [[Housing cooperative|cooperative]], selling it on to his rich neighbors in the building.
+From 1901 <ref name="nyt19010926">{{Cite news|date=September 26, 1901|title=New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr.|pages=16|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78236060/new-home-for-john-d-rockefeller-jr/|access-date=May 24, 2021}}</ref> to 1913, Junior lived at [[13 West 54th Street]] in New York. Afterward, Junior's principal residence in New York was the 9-story mansion at 10 West 54th Street, but he owned a group of properties in this vicinity, including Nos. 4, 12, 14 and 16 (some of these properties had been previously acquired by his father, [[John D. Rockefeller]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=May 22, 1994|title=Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/22/realestate/streetscapes-rockefeller-city-house-pied-terre-off-fifth-for-parsimonious.html|access-date=May 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After he vacated No. 10 in 1936, these properties were razed and subsequently all the land was gifted to his wife's [[Museum of Modern Art]]. In that year he moved into a luxurious 40-room triplex apartment at [[740 Park Avenue]]. In 1953, the real estate developer [[William Zeckendorf]] bought the 740 Park Avenue apartment complex and then sold it to Rockefeller, who quickly turned the building into a [[Housing cooperative|cooperative]], selling it on to his rich neighbors in the building.
-Years later, just after his son [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]] become Governor of New York, Rockefeller helped foil a bid by [[greenmail]]er [[Saul Steinberg (business)|Saul Steinberg]] to take over [[Chemical Bank]]. Steinberg bought Junior's apartment for $225,000, $25,000 less than it had cost new in 1929.  It has since been called the greatest trophy apartment in New York, in the world's richest apartment building.<ref>[http://www.mgross.com/books/740-park/ Michael Gross: 740 Park Avenue]</ref>
+Years later, just after his son [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson]] become Governor of New York, Rockefeller helped foil a bid by [[greenmail]]er [[Saul Steinberg (business)|Saul Steinberg]] to take over [[Chemical Bank]]. Steinberg bought Junior's apartment for $225,000, $25,000 less than it had cost new in 1929.  It has since been called the greatest trophy apartment in New York, in the world's richest apartment building.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.mgross.com/books/740-park/|first=Michael|last=Gross|title=740 Park Avenue: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building|date=2006|publisher=Crown Publishing Group}}{{missing page|date=August 2024}}</ref>
 ==Honors and legacy==
@@ Line 127: / Line 130: @@
 ==Further reading==
+* {{cite book |last=Fosdick |first=Raymond B. |title=John D. Rockefeller, Jr.: A Portrait |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hl2mDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Rockefeller,+Jr.%22&pg=PT5}}
-* Chernow, Ron. ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr''. New York: Warner Books, 1998., Detailed biography of his father
+* {{cite journal |last=Greenspan |first=Anders |title=How philanthropy can alter our view of the past: a look at Colonial Williamsburg |journal=Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1007/BF02353985 }}
-* Fosdick, Raymond B. ''John D. Rockefeller, Jr.: A Portrait'' (1956), full biography. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hl2mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT5&dq=%22Rockefeller,+Jr.%22 online]
+* {{cite journal |last=Hallahan |first=Kirk |title=Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' response to the 1913–1914 Colorado coal strike |journal=Journal of Public Relations Research |volume=14 |issue=4 |year=2002 |pages=265–315|doi=10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1404_1 }}
-* Greenspan, Anders. "How philanthropy can alter our view of the past: a look at Colonial Williamsburg". ''Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations'' 5.2 (1994): 193–203.
+* {{cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Charles E. |title=John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the Interchurch World Movement of 1919–1920: A Different Angle on the Ecumenical Movement |journal=Church History |volume=51 |issue=2 |year=1982 |pages=198–209|doi=10.2307/3165836 |jstor=3165836 }}
-* Hallahan, Kirk. "Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' response to the 1913–1914 Colorado coal strike". ''Journal of Public Relations Research'' 14#4 (2002): 265–315.
+* {{cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Charles E. |title=John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the social sciences: An introduction |journal=Journal of the History of Sociology |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1982 |pages=1–31}}
-* Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Century'' (1988)
+* {{cite journal |last=Henry |first=Robin |title='In our image, according to our likeness': John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and reconstructing manhood in post-Ludlow Colorado |journal=Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2017 |page=24|doi=10.1017/S153778141600044X }}
-* Harvey, Charles E. "John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the Interchurch World Movement of 1919–1920: A Different Angle on the Ecumenical Movement". ''Church History'' 51#2 (1982): 198–209.
+* {{cite book |last=Loebl |first=Suzanne |title=America's Medicis: The Rockefellers and Their Astonishing Cultural Legacy |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2010 |location=New York |isbn=9780061237225 |oclc=535495477}}
-* Harvey, Charles E. "John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the social sciences: An introduction". ''Journal of the History of Sociology'' 4#2 (1982): 1–31.
+* {{cite book |last=Manchester |first=William |title=A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson |year=1959 |oclc=783424 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellerfamil00manc |url-access=registration}}
-* Henry, Robin. "'In our image, according to our likeness': John D. Rockefeller, jr. and reconstructing manhood in post-Ludlow Colorado". ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 16.1 (2017): 24.
+* {{cite journal |last=Patmore |first=Greg |title=Employee representation plans at the Minnequa steelworks, Pueblo, Colorado, 1915–1942 |journal=Business History |volume=49 |issue=6 |year=2007 |pages=844–867|doi=10.1080/00076790701710340 }}
-* Loebl, Suzanne. ''America's Medicis: The Rockefellers and Their Astonishing Cultural Legacy'' (Harper Collins, 2010).
+* {{cite journal |last=Rausch |first=Helke |title=The Birth of Transnational US Philanthropy from the Spirit of War: Rockefeller Philanthropists in World War I |journal=Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=17 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=650–662|doi=10.1017/S1537781418000294 }}
-* Manchester, William. ''A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson'' (1959)
+* {{cite book |last=Rees |first=Jonathan H. |title=Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942 |year=2011 |isbn=9780870819643 |oclc=377697578 |publisher= University Press of Colorado |location=Boulder, CO}}
-* Moore, Jay D. ''Alcoholics Anonymous and the Rockefeller Connection: How John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his Associates Saved AA'' (2015).
+* {{cite book |last=Schenkel |first=Albert F. |title=The rich man and the kingdom: John D. Rockefeller Jr., and the Protestant establishment |publisher=Fortress Press |year=1995 |location=Minneapolis |isbn=9780800670924 |oclc=31970046}}
-* Patmore, Greg. "Employee representation plans at the Minnequa steelworks, Pueblo, Colorado, 1915–1942". ''Business History'' 49.6 (2007): 844–867.
+* {{cite journal |last=Scott |first=Nicholas R. |title=John D. Rockefeller, Jr. & Eugenics: A Means of Social Manipulation |journal=Journal of American History |volume=61 |year=1974 |pages=225–226}}
-* Rausch, Helke. "The Birth of Transnational US Philanthropy from the Spirit of War: Rockefeller Philanthropists in World War I". ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 17.4 (2018): 650–662.
+* {{cite journal |last=Tevis |first=Martha May |title=Philanthropy at its best: The General Education Board's contributions to education, 1902–1964 |journal=Journal of Philosophy & History of Education |volume=64 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=63–72}}
-* Rees, Jonathan H. ''Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942'' (2011)
-* Schenkel, Albert F. ''The rich man and the kingdom: John D. Rockefeller Jr., and the Protestant establishment'' (Augsburg Fortress Pub, 1995)
-* Scott, Nicholas R. "John D. Rockefeller, Jr. & Eugenics: A Means of Social Manipulation". ''Journal of American History'' 61 (1974): 225–26.
-* Tevis, Martha May. "Philanthropy at its best: The General Education Board's contributions to education, 1902–1964". ''Journal of Philosophy & History of Education'' 64.1 (2014): 63–72.
 ===Primary sources===
-* Ernst, Joseph W., and John Davison Rockefeller. ''Dear Father/dear Son: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr.'' (Fordham Univ Press, 1994)
+* {{cite book |editor-last=Ernst |editor-first=Joseph W. |first=John Davison |last=Rockefeller |title=Dear Father/dear Son: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1994}}
-* Ernst, Joseph W., John Davison Rockefeller, and Horace Marden Albright. ''Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Horace M. Albright'' (Fordham Univ Press, 1991).
+* {{cite book |editor-last=Ernst |editor-first=Joseph W. |first1=John Davison |last1=Rockefeller |first2=Horace Marden |last2=Albright |title=Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Horace M. Albright |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1991}}
 ==External links==
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 [[Category:Acadia National Park]]
 [[Category:American art collectors]]
+[[Category:American eugenicists]]
 [[Category:American financiers]]
 [[Category:American officials of the United Nations]]

v t e Rockefeller family
children of William Avery Rockefeller Sr.	John Davison Rockefeller (m.) Laura Celestia Spelman William Avery Rockefeller Jr. Franklin Rockefeller
children of John Davison Rockefeller children of William Avery Rockefeller Jr.	Elizabeth Rockefeller (m.) Charles Augustus Strong Alta Rockefeller Edith Rockefeller (m.) Harold Fowler McCormick John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (m.) Abigail Greene Aldrich William Goodsell Rockefeller Percy Avery Rockefeller Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller (m.) Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr.
children of Elizabeth Rockefeller children of Alta Rockefeller children of John Davison Rockefeller Jr.	Margaret Rockefeller Strong John Rockefeller Prentice Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller (m.) Jean Mauzé John Davison Rockefeller III (m.) Blanchette Ferry Hooker Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (m. 1st) Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd) Margaretta Large Fitler Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (m.) Mary French Winthrop Rockefeller David Rockefeller (m.) Margaret Rockefeller
children of William Goodsell Rockefeller children of Percy Avery Rockefeller children of Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller	Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller James Stillman Rockefeller Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (m.) Frederic W. Lincoln IV Avery Rockefeller Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr.
children of John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972)	Abra Prentice
children of John Davison Rockefeller III children of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller children of Laurance Spelman Rockefeller children of Winthrop Rockefeller children of David Rockefeller children of Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller	John Davison Rockefeller IV Hope Aldrich Rockefeller Alida Ferry Rockefeller Rodman Clark Rockefeller Steven Clark Rockefeller Michael Clark Rockefeller Mark Fitler Rockefeller Laura Spelman Rockefeller Marion French Rockefeller Lucy Aldrich Rockefeller Laurance Rockefeller Jr. Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller Margaret Dulany Rockefeller Richard Gilder Rockefeller Eileen Rockefeller Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller
children of John Davison Rockefeller IV	Justin Aldrich Rockefeller
children of Rodman Clark Rockefeller	Meile Louise Rockefeller

v t e Colonial Williamsburg
History	Battle of Williamsburg Colonial Williamsburg History Historic Triangle Middle Plantation Rich Neck Plantation
Structures	Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum Alexander Craig House Bassett Hall Brush-Everard House Bruton Parish Church Capitol Charlton House Courthouse DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum Geddy House Governor's Palace James Semple House John Crump House Ludwell–Paradise House Matthew Whaley School Nicolson Store Palmer House Peyton Randolph House President's House Raleigh Tavern St. George Tucker House Tayloe House Wetherburn's Tavern Williamsburg Bray School Williamsburg Inn Wren Building Wythe House
People	W. A. R. Goodwin Patrick Henry Peyton Randolph Abby Aldrich Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Jr. Richard Taliaferro DeWitt Wallace George Wythe
Geography	Williamsburg Hampton Roads Jamestown Yorktown Virginia
Other	Bodleian Plate Carter's Grove Country Road Carter's Grove Plantation College of William & Mary campus Colonial Parkway Grand Illumination Merchants Square National Trust for Historic Preservation Peacock Hill Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot

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