Trịnh–Nguyễn War: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
(224 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Civil war between feudal clans in Vietnam}} |
|||
{{History of Vietnam}} |
|||
{{Multiple issues| |
|||
The '''Trịnh-Nguyen War''' (1627–1673) was a long war waged between the two ruling families in [[Vietnam]]. |
|||
{{POV|date=February 2021}} |
|||
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox military conflict |
|||
| conflict = Trịnh-Nguyễn civil War |
|||
| partof = Civil Wars in Vietnam |
|||
| image = Đàng Trong - Đàng Ngoài (1757).png |
|||
| caption = Division map of Vietnam by Trịnh lords (red) and Nguyễn lords (blue) in 1757. |
|||
| date = 1627–1672<br>15 November 1774–1775 |
|||
| place = [[Vietnam]] |
|||
| result = 1627–1672: Indecisive <br> 15 November 1774–1775: [[Trịnh lords|Trịnh]]'s victory |
|||
| territory = [[Trịnh lords|Trịnh]] captured [[Phú Xuân]] in 1775 <br>[[Nguyễn lords|Nguyễn]] retreated to [[Quảng Nam]], and later to [[Hồ Chí Minh City|Gia Định]]<br> [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn rebellion]] emerge <br> Beginning of the [[Tây Sơn wars]]. |
|||
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Trịnh lords]] |
|||
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn lords]] |
|||
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Trịnh Tráng]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Trịnh Tạc]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Trịnh Căn]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Lê Văn Hiểu]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Đào Quang Nhiêu]]<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Pieter Baeck]]{{KIA}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Jan Erntsen]]{{KIA}} <br>'''1774–1775:''' <br> |
|||
{{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Trịnh Sâm]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Trịnh Lords (Tĩnh Đô vương 靖都王).svg}} [[Hoàng Ngũ Phúc]] |
|||
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Phúc Lan]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Phúc Tần]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Đào Duy Từ]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Tiến]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Dật]]<br> {{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Tôn Thất Hiệp]] <br>'''1774–1775:''' <br> |
|||
{{flagicon image|Seal of Nguyễn Lords.svg}} [[Nguyễn Phúc Thuần]] |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Dutch colonial campaigns}} |
|||
The '''Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War''' ({{langx|vi|Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh}}; [[chữ Hán]]: 鄭阮紛爭, lit. Trịnh–Nguyễn contention) was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in [[Vietnam]], the [[Trịnh lords]] of [[Đàng Ngoài]] and the [[Nguyễn lords]] of [[Đàng Trong]], centered in today's Central Vietnam.<ref name=Dupuy>Dupuy, p. 653.</ref> The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn forces]] following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During the division of Vietnam, [[Gianh River]] was used as the de facto border between two regimes [[Đàng Ngoài]] and [[Đàng Trong]] in peacetime. |
|||
== Working together == |
|||
Both the Trinh and the Nguyễn families were descended from close friends and aides to the hero-king [[Le Loi|Lê Lợi]] who freed Vietnam from Chinese rule and started the [[Le Dynasty|Lê Dynasty]] in 1428. By 1520 a succession of weak or evil kings had brought the country into a state of civil war (see [[Le Dynasty#Civil War|Lê Dynasty's civil war]]). For the next 20 years the Trịnh and Nguyễn families fought as allies against the usurper [[Mac Dang Dung|Mạc Đăng Dung]]. In theory, they both were fighting on behalf of the Lê king (Lê Trang Tông) but in reality, the king was a figurehead with little or no power. |
|||
== |
==Origins== |
||
Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn families were descended from aides, namely [[Trịnh Kiểm]] (who is a son-in-law of Nguyễn Kim) and [[Nguyễn Kim]] himself, to the hero-Emperor [[Lê Lợi]] who liberated [[Đại Việt]] from Chinese rule of [[Ming dynasty]] and started the [[Lê dynasty]] in 1428. By 1520 a succession of weak emperors had brought the country into a state of civil war (see [[Lê dynasty#Crisis and revolts|Lê dynasty's civil war]]). For the next 20 years the [[Trịnh lords|Trịnh]] and [[Nguyễn lords|Nguyễn]] clans fought as allies against the usurper [[Mạc Đăng Dung]] to restore Đại Việt under rule of Lê Emperor. When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the [[Mạc dynasty]] had to retreat to [[Cao Bang]]. [[Nguyễn Kim]], the father of the first Nguyễn lords, married his daughter to his subordinate [[Trịnh Kiểm]], the first of Trịnh lords. Thus the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords are blood related. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was [[Nguyen Kim|Nguyễn Kim]]. His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family [[Trinh Khiem|Trịnh Kiểm]]. Around 1530, the rebels were forced into exile in Lan Xang (modern-day [[Laos]]) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces. In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was assassinated and his son-in-law, Trịnh Kiểm, took control over the Royal army. 13 years later (in 1558) Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southern-most province of [[Quang Nam]] to [[Nguyen Hoang|Nguyễn Hoàng]], the son of Nguyễn Kim and his wife's brother. The ill-will between the two families dates from around this time. |
|||
==Partition== |
|||
For the next 55 years, Nguyễn Hoàng ruled [[Quang Nam Province|Quảng Nam]]. He gradually asserted his control over the province and extended his control south into the remaining [[Champa]] lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trịnh in their long fight against the [[Mac Dynasty|Mạc Dynasty]]. In 1570 Trịnh Kiểm died and was succeeded by his second son [[Trinh Tung|Trịnh Tùng]]. Tùng was a very vigorous leader and he captured [[Hanoi]] from the Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc king (Mạc Mau Hiep) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later, Trịnh Tùng, again captured [[Hanoi]] and executed the Mạc king (1592). The next year Nguyễn Hoàng went personally to the court, he brought money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mạc armies. |
|||
The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was [[Nguyen Kim]]. His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family [[Trinh Kiem]]. Around 1530, Le dynasty loyalist rebels were forced into exile in [[Lan Xang]] (modern-day [[Laos]]) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces of [[Dai Viet]]. In 1545, Nguyen Kim and subsequently his eldest son [[Nguyen Uong]] was assassinated. Nguyen Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, then took control over the Royal army. In 1558, Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southernmost province of [[Quảng Nam Province|Quang Nam]] to [[Nguyen Hoang]], his wife's brother and the second son of Nguyen Kim. The suspicious causes of his father's and brother's deaths, as well as his brother's subsequent takeover, probably caused bitter resentment in Nguyen Hoang and the later rivalry between the two families. For the next 55 years, Nguyen Hoang ruled [[Quang Nam]]. He gradually asserted his control over the province and extended his control south into the remaining [[Champa]] lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trinh in their long fight against the Mạc dynasty. In 1570 Trinh Kiem died and was succeeded by his second son [[Trinh Tung]], a vigorous leader who captured [[Hanoi]] from the Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc emperor ([[Mac Mau Hop]]) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later in 1592, Trinh Tung again captured Hanoi and executed [[Mac Mau Hop]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
In 1593, Nguyen Hoang went personally to the court, bringing money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mac armies. Once the Mạc were defeated, Nguyen Hoang held the office of Grand Vizier for the next 7 years. However, his nephew Trinh Tung became increasingly wary of Nguyen Hoang's influence in the court and kept Hoàng near him at all times for surveillance purposes. Nguyen Hoang adopted Trinh Tung's two important generals as his nephews and incited them to rebel against their commander. When the rebels stormed the court, Trinh Tung fled with the Emperor while Hoàng took to the Southern Provinces, never to return. In 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the [[Trinh]] court and titled himself as the ''Vuong'' (a term meaning prince or king). Hoang died in 1613. |
|||
Once the Mạc were defeated, the Trịnh became increasingly unhappy with the independence of Nguyễn Hoang who ruled as an independent prince in the south. For reasons that are unclear in 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the Trịnh court and gave himself the title ''Vương'' (Prince or King). Nguyễn Hoang finally died in 1613 and the new leader of the Nguyễn, [[Nguyen Phuc Nguyen|Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]], continued his father's policy of defiance. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans who were now sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in [[Hoi An|Hội An]]. By 1615 the Nguyễn were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] engineers. |
|||
The new leader of the Nguyen, [[Nguyen Phuc Nguyen]], continued his father's policy of defiance, but also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in [[Hoi An]]. By 1615 the Nguyen were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of [[Portugal|Portuguese]] engineers. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
== |
==The first campaign== |
||
[[Image: |
[[Image:Vietnam1650.GIF|250px|right|thumb|Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyễn, Mạc, and Champa about the year 1640]] |
||
In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son [[ |
In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son [[Trịnh Tráng]]. Now Trịnh Tráng made a formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army battled against the Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into [[Northern and southern Vietnam|northern and southern]] regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the [[Gianh River]] in [[Quảng Bình Province]]. This border was very close to the [[17th parallel north|Seventeenth parallel]] (in actuality the [[Bến Hải River]] located just to the south in [[Quảng Trị Province]]), which was imposed as the border between [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]] during the [[Partition of Vietnam]] (1954–75). {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
||
While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the |
While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third, the geography was favorable to them, as the flat land suitable for large organized armies is very narrow at this point of Vietnam; the mountains nearly reach to the sea. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
||
After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of [[ |
After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of [[Huế]] near the city of [[Đồng Hới]]. The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted until 1672.<ref name=Dupuy/> The story from this time is that the great military engineer was a Vietnamese general who was hired away from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. This man is given the credit in Vietnam for the successful design of the Nguyễn walls. Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall were unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
||
==Later campaigns== |
|||
Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall was unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years. |
|||
[[Image:VN rifles.jpg|350px|left|thumb|Upper:Goa style arquebuses - Probably were widespread in Vietnam during the 17th century]] |
|||
{{further|Battle of the Gianh River (1643)}} |
|||
In 1633 the Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le.<ref name=Dupuy/> Around 1635 the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the Dutch to make cannons and ships for the Royal army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships ''[[Kievit]]'', ''Nachtegaels'' and ''[[Woekende Book]]'' were destroyed in a humiliating defeat by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys.<ref>Reid p. 230.</ref><ref>Hoang, p. 83.</ref><ref>Wiest, p. 23.</ref><ref>Li, p. 96.</ref><ref>Weiss, p. 176.</ref> Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn.<ref name=Dupuy/> The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
== Later campaigns == |
|||
In 1633 the Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. |
|||
==Nguyễn offensive== |
|||
Around [[1635]] the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Trang hired the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] to make cannons and ships for the Royal army. In 1642 and 1643 the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships: [[Kievit]], Nachtegaels and [[Woekende Book]] were defeated by the Nguyễn fleet with their Portuguese ships. |
|||
The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army. [[Quảng Bình Province]] was captured. Then [[Hà Tĩnh Province]] fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into [[Nghệ An Province]]. Under a new Trịnh Lord, the capable [[Trịnh Tạc]], the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through the walls. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
==The end of the fight== |
|||
Trịnh Trang staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. |
|||
{{Empty section|date=January 2022}} |
|||
== Nguyễn offensive == |
|||
The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army. [[Quang Binh Province|Quảng Bình province]] was captured. Then [[Ha Tinh Province|Hà Tĩnh province]] fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Trang died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into [[Nghe An Province|Nghệ An province]]. Under a new Trịnh Lord, the capable [[Trinh Tac|Trịnh Tạc]], the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooporate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through the walls. |
|||
==Seventh campaign== |
|||
== The end of the fight == |
|||
In 1671, the Trịnh made a last effort to conquer the southern Nguyễn. They gathered a massive army of 80,000 men, the largest invasion force of the entire conflict. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc and his son, [[Trịnh Căn]], while the defending army was under the command of [[Nguyễn Phúc Tần]]'s son Prince [[:vi:Tôn Thất Hiệp (tướng chúa Nguyễn)|Nguyễn Phúc Thuận]] and [[Nguyễn Hữu Dật]]. The Trinh army crossed the Gianh river, then assaulted on the [[Xiangkhouang]] citadel and the Nguyen walls, but was halted by the Nguyen navy.{{sfnp|Zottoli|2011|p=277}} The Trinh army lost 17,000 men within the first three days of the offensive against 25,000 Nguyen troops, which forced them to abort the attack and start peace talks.{{sfnp|Zottoli|2011|p=278}} With mediation supplied by the government of the [[Kangxi Emperor]], the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end the fighting by making the [[Linh River]] the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê King as the ruler of Vietnam, the reality was, the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh ruled the north. This division continued for the next 100 years. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly guarded but peaceful. |
|||
{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
==Conquest of Huế (1775)== |
|||
(See the [[Trinh Lords|Trịnh Lords]] for more information about the Trịnh.) |
|||
The long peace came to an end in 1774. At the time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from [[Tây Sơn]] army and part of their force had been defeated in recent fighting in [[Cambodia]]. The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak. [[Trịnh Sâm]], one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775, the Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
[[File:ThuyenchienDaiViet2.JPG|left|200 px|thumb|The model of a riverine warship (''[[Mông Đồng]])'' during Trịnh's era in XVII.]] |
|||
==Legacy== |
|||
(See the [[Nguyen Lords|Nguyễn Lords]] for more information about the Nguyễn.) |
|||
To fight against the larger and more powerful Imperial army under Trịnh clan, Nguyễn lords actively expanded their territory to the South into the former land of the Champa empire. They annexed much of the area that is now the southern half of Vietnam. Both sides were enthusiastic about using foreign technologies and welcoming to outsiders. From foreign traders, craftsmen, and mercenaries (mostly from Portugal, Holland, China and Japan), both sides acquired advanced civil and military technologies such as mechanics, shipbuilding and artillery construction, as well as cultural and religious elements. This long period played an important role in the formation of Vietnamese identity. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} |
|||
The Dutch brought [[Vietnamese people in Taiwan|Montagnard slaves]] they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in [[Quảng Nam Province]] to their [[Dutch Formosa#Others|colony in Taiwan]].<ref>Mateo, p. 125.</ref> |
|||
== Conquest of Huế - 1775 == |
|||
The long peace came to an end in 1774. At the time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from the [[Tay Son|Tây Sơn]] brothers and part of their army had been defeated in recent fighting in [[Cambodia]]. The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak. [[Trinh Sam|Trịnh Sam]], one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn [[November 15]], [[1774]]. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775, the Nguyễn capital of Hue was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. 12 years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. |
|||
== Sources == |
|||
* [http://www.san.beck.org/2-12-SoutheastAsia.html#5 Southeast Asia to 1875] by Sanderson Beck (downloaded May, 2006) |
|||
* ''The Encyclopedia of Military History'' by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy. Harper & Row (New York). |
|||
* Encyclopedia of Asian History. 1988. |
|||
* [http://art-hanoi.com/toda/18.html Coins of Vietnam] - with short historical notes |
|||
* ''Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation'' by D. R. SarDesai, pg. 38, 1988 ISBN 0-941910-04-0 |
|||
* [http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/ealc/faculty/dutton/TSsite.html Tay Son website] by George Dutton (out of time period but has a good map of historic Vietnam and a superb bibliography). |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam]] |
* [[Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam]] |
||
*[[Northern and southern Vietnam]] |
* [[Northern and southern Vietnam]] |
||
* [[Sino–Dutch conflicts]] |
|||
* [[Cambodian–Dutch War]] |
|||
* [[Lê–Mạc War]] |
|||
==Citations== |
|||
[[Category:Wars involving Vietnam]] |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
[[Category:History of Vietnam]] |
|||
[[Category:17th century]] |
|||
[[Category:Civil wars]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
[[vi:Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh]] |
|||
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}} |
|||
[[zh:鄭阮紛爭]] |
|||
** {{cite web |last1=Beck |first1=Sanderson |title=Southeast Asia to 1800 |url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-11-SoutheastAsia1800.html |website=Literary Works of Sanderson Beck |publisher=Sanderson Beck |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=2007}} |
|||
** {{cite book |last1=Dupuy |first1=R. Ernest |last2=Dupuy |first2=Trevor N. |title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present |date=1993 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=0-06-270056-1 |edition=Fourth |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu }} |
|||
** {{cite book|title=Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations; 1637 - 1700 |first=Anh Tuan |last=Hoang|volume=5 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFFfRz8tBrMC|isbn=978-9004156012|access-date=10 March 2014}} |
|||
** {{cite book|title= Southern Vietnam Under the Nguyẽ̂n: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Dàng Trong), 1602-1777 |editor1-first= Tana|editor1-last=Li|editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Reid |others=Contributors Australian National University. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ASEAN Economic Research Unit|issue=Issue 3 of Data paper series: Sources for the economic history of Southeast Asia|volume=3 of Economic history of Southeast Asia data paper series|edition=reprint|year=1993|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1WrsVncDqEC|isbn=981301668X|access-date=16 February 2014}} |
|||
** {{cite book |last=Mateo|first=José Eugenio Borao |date=2009 |title=The Spanish Experience in Taiwan 1626-1642: The Baroque Ending of a Renaissance Endeavour |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-9622090835 }} |
|||
** {{cite book|title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2|volume=2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680|first= Anthony|last=Reid|edition=illustrated|year=1993|publisher=Yale University Press}} |
|||
** {{cite book |last1=Sardesai |first1=D. R. |title=Vietnam: Trials and Tribulations of a Nation |date=1988 |publisher=Promilla & Co |isbn=978-8185002095}} |
|||
** {{cite book|title=Discourse on Vietnam|series=Playscripts Series|first=Peter |last=Weiss|others=Translated by Geoffrey Skelton|edition=reprint|year=1971|publisher=Calder and Boyars}} |
|||
** {{cite book|title=America and the Vietnam War: Re-examining the Culture and History of a Generation |editor1-first= Andrew|editor1-last=Wiest|editor2-first= Mary Kathryn|editor2-last=Barbier|editor3-first=Glenn |editor3-last=Robins|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} |
|||
* {{citation|last=Zottoli|first=Brian A.|year=2011|title=Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia|publisher=University of Michigan}} |
|||
{{Refend}} |
|||
===Primary sources=== |
|||
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Dror |editor1-first=Olga |editor2-last=Taylor |editor2-first=K. W. |title=Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cornell Southeast Asia Program#SEAP Publications|SEAP Publications]], Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
* [http://art-hanoi.com/toda/18.html Coins of Vietnam] - with short historical notes |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trinh-Nguyen War}} |
|||
[[Category:17th-century conflicts]] |
|||
[[Category:17th century in Vietnam]] |
|||
[[Category:Civil wars in Vietnam]] |
|||
[[Category:Revival Lê dynasty]] |
|||
[[Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic]] |
|||
[[Category:Wars involving Vietnam]] |
Revision as of 08:23, 10 November 2024
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Trịnh-Nguyễn civil War | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Civil Wars in Vietnam | |||||||||
Division map of Vietnam by Trịnh lords (red) and Nguyễn lords (blue) in 1757. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Belligerents | |||||||||
Trịnh lords | Nguyễn lords | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Trịnh Tráng Hoàng Ngũ Phúc |
Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên |
The Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War (Vietnamese: Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh; chữ Hán: 鄭阮紛爭, lit. Trịnh–Nguyễn contention) was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam, the Trịnh lords of Đàng Ngoài and the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong, centered in today's Central Vietnam.[1] The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the Tây Sơn forces following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During the division of Vietnam, Gianh River was used as the de facto border between two regimes Đàng Ngoài and Đàng Trong in peacetime.
Origins
Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn families were descended from aides, namely Trịnh Kiểm (who is a son-in-law of Nguyễn Kim) and Nguyễn Kim himself, to the hero-Emperor Lê Lợi who liberated Đại Việt from Chinese rule of Ming dynasty and started the Lê dynasty in 1428. By 1520 a succession of weak emperors had brought the country into a state of civil war (see Lê dynasty's civil war). For the next 20 years the Trịnh and Nguyễn clans fought as allies against the usurper Mạc Đăng Dung to restore Đại Việt under rule of Lê Emperor. When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the Mạc dynasty had to retreat to Cao Bang. Nguyễn Kim, the father of the first Nguyễn lords, married his daughter to his subordinate Trịnh Kiểm, the first of Trịnh lords. Thus the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords are blood related. [citation needed]
Partition
The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was Nguyen Kim. His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family Trinh Kiem. Around 1530, Le dynasty loyalist rebels were forced into exile in Lan Xang (modern-day Laos) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces of Dai Viet. In 1545, Nguyen Kim and subsequently his eldest son Nguyen Uong was assassinated. Nguyen Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, then took control over the Royal army. In 1558, Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southernmost province of Quang Nam to Nguyen Hoang, his wife's brother and the second son of Nguyen Kim. The suspicious causes of his father's and brother's deaths, as well as his brother's subsequent takeover, probably caused bitter resentment in Nguyen Hoang and the later rivalry between the two families. For the next 55 years, Nguyen Hoang ruled Quang Nam. He gradually asserted his control over the province and extended his control south into the remaining Champa lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trinh in their long fight against the Mạc dynasty. In 1570 Trinh Kiem died and was succeeded by his second son Trinh Tung, a vigorous leader who captured Hanoi from the Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc emperor (Mac Mau Hop) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later in 1592, Trinh Tung again captured Hanoi and executed Mac Mau Hop. [citation needed]
In 1593, Nguyen Hoang went personally to the court, bringing money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mac armies. Once the Mạc were defeated, Nguyen Hoang held the office of Grand Vizier for the next 7 years. However, his nephew Trinh Tung became increasingly wary of Nguyen Hoang's influence in the court and kept Hoàng near him at all times for surveillance purposes. Nguyen Hoang adopted Trinh Tung's two important generals as his nephews and incited them to rebel against their commander. When the rebels stormed the court, Trinh Tung fled with the Emperor while Hoàng took to the Southern Provinces, never to return. In 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the Trinh court and titled himself as the Vuong (a term meaning prince or king). Hoang died in 1613. The new leader of the Nguyen, Nguyen Phuc Nguyen, continued his father's policy of defiance, but also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in Hoi An. By 1615 the Nguyen were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of Portuguese engineers. [citation needed]
The first campaign
In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son Trịnh Tráng. Now Trịnh Tráng made a formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army battled against the Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. [citation needed] The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into northern and southern regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the Gianh River in Quảng Bình Province. This border was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to the south in Quảng Trị Province), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the Partition of Vietnam (1954–75). [citation needed]
While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third, the geography was favorable to them, as the flat land suitable for large organized armies is very narrow at this point of Vietnam; the mountains nearly reach to the sea. [citation needed]
After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of Huế near the city of Đồng Hới. The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted until 1672.[1] The story from this time is that the great military engineer was a Vietnamese general who was hired away from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. This man is given the credit in Vietnam for the successful design of the Nguyễn walls. Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall were unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years. [citation needed]
Later campaigns
In 1633 the Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le.[1] Around 1635 the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the Dutch to make cannons and ships for the Royal army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships Kievit, Nachtegaels and Woekende Book were destroyed in a humiliating defeat by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys.[2][3][4][5][6] Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn.[1] The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. [citation needed]
Nguyễn offensive
The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army. Quảng Bình Province was captured. Then Hà Tĩnh Province fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into Nghệ An Province. Under a new Trịnh Lord, the capable Trịnh Tạc, the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through the walls. [citation needed]
The end of the fight
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) |
Seventh campaign
In 1671, the Trịnh made a last effort to conquer the southern Nguyễn. They gathered a massive army of 80,000 men, the largest invasion force of the entire conflict. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc and his son, Trịnh Căn, while the defending army was under the command of Nguyễn Phúc Tần's son Prince Nguyễn Phúc Thuận and Nguyễn Hữu Dật. The Trinh army crossed the Gianh river, then assaulted on the Xiangkhouang citadel and the Nguyen walls, but was halted by the Nguyen navy.[7] The Trinh army lost 17,000 men within the first three days of the offensive against 25,000 Nguyen troops, which forced them to abort the attack and start peace talks.[8] With mediation supplied by the government of the Kangxi Emperor, the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end the fighting by making the Linh River the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê King as the ruler of Vietnam, the reality was, the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh ruled the north. This division continued for the next 100 years. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly guarded but peaceful.[citation needed]
Conquest of Huế (1775)
The long peace came to an end in 1774. At the time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from Tây Sơn army and part of their force had been defeated in recent fighting in Cambodia. The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak. Trịnh Sâm, one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775, the Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. [citation needed]
Legacy
To fight against the larger and more powerful Imperial army under Trịnh clan, Nguyễn lords actively expanded their territory to the South into the former land of the Champa empire. They annexed much of the area that is now the southern half of Vietnam. Both sides were enthusiastic about using foreign technologies and welcoming to outsiders. From foreign traders, craftsmen, and mercenaries (mostly from Portugal, Holland, China and Japan), both sides acquired advanced civil and military technologies such as mechanics, shipbuilding and artillery construction, as well as cultural and religious elements. This long period played an important role in the formation of Vietnamese identity. [citation needed]
The Dutch brought Montagnard slaves they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in Quảng Nam Province to their colony in Taiwan.[9]
See also
- Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam
- Northern and southern Vietnam
- Sino–Dutch conflicts
- Cambodian–Dutch War
- Lê–Mạc War
Citations
References
- Beck, Sanderson (2007). "Southeast Asia to 1800". Literary Works of Sanderson Beck. Sanderson Beck. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.
- Hoang, Anh Tuan (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations; 1637 - 1700. Vol. 5 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004156012. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony, eds. (1993). Southern Vietnam Under the Nguyẽ̂n: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Dàng Trong), 1602-1777. Vol. 3 of Economic history of Southeast Asia data paper series. Contributors Australian National University. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ASEAN Economic Research Unit (reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981301668X. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- Mateo, José Eugenio Borao (2009). The Spanish Experience in Taiwan 1626-1642: The Baroque Ending of a Renaissance Endeavour (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9622090835.
- Reid, Anthony (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
- Sardesai, D. R. (1988). Vietnam: Trials and Tribulations of a Nation. Promilla & Co. ISBN 978-8185002095.
- Weiss, Peter (1971). Discourse on Vietnam. Playscripts Series. Translated by Geoffrey Skelton (reprint ed.). Calder and Boyars.
- Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, Mary Kathryn; Robins, Glenn, eds. (2009). America and the Vietnam War: Re-examining the Culture and History of a Generation (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
- Zottoli, Brian A. (2011), Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia, University of Michigan
Primary sources
- Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006). Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin. Ithaca, NY: SEAP Publications, Cornell University Press.
External links
- Coins of Vietnam - with short historical notes