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{{Short description|Soviet transport helicopter}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name=Mi-4
|name=Mi-4
|image=File:Mi-4-JH01 (remix).jpg
|image=File:Mi-4-JH01 (remix).jpg
|caption=Mil Mi-4 at [[Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely|Prague Aviation Museum]]
|caption=Mil Mi-4 at [[Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely|Prague Aviation Museum]]
|type=[[Transport helicopter]]
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=[[Transport]] [[helicopter]]
|manufacturer=[[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]]
|manufacturer=[[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]]
|designer=
|designer=
|first flight=3 June 1952
|first_flight=3 June 1952
|introduced=[[1953 in aviation|1953]]
|introduction=[[1953 in aviation|1953]]
|retired=
|retired=
|status=Limited Service; [[North Korean Air Force]]
|status=Limited Service; [[North Korean Air Force]]
|primary user=[[Soviet Air Force]]
|primary_user=[[Soviet Air Force]]
|more users=[[Polish Air Force]]
|more_users=[[Polish Air Force]] <br />[[Royal Afghan Air Force]]
|produced=1951–1979
|produced=1951–1979
|number built=over 4,000 including Z-5s
|number_built=over 4,000 including Z-5s
|unit cost=
|developed_from=
|variants = [[Harbin Z-5]]
|developed from=
|variants with their own articles = [[Harbin Z-5]]
}}
}}
|}


The '''Mil Mi-4''' ([[USAF]]/DoD reporting name '''"Type 36"''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type |title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles |publisher=Designation-systems.net |date=2008-01-18 |accessdate=2012-10-28}}</ref> [[NATO]] reporting name '''"Hound"''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Misc |title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles |publisher=Designation-systems.net |date=2008-01-18 |accessdate=2012-10-28}}</ref> is a [[Soviet transport]] [[helicopter]] that served in both military and civilian roles.
The '''Mil Mi-4''' ([[USAF]]/DoD reporting name '''"Type 36"''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type |title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles |publisher=Designation-systems.net |date=2008-01-18 |access-date=2012-10-28}}</ref> [[NATO]] reporting name '''"Hound"''')<ref name=":0">''[[iarchive:janesallworldsai6364fran/mode/2up|Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1963-1964]]'', p. 303</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= 28 February 2024|title=Mil Mi-4 – Warbird Wednesday Episode #207 – Palm Springs Air Museum |url=https://palmspringsairmuseum.org/mil-mi-4-warbird-wednesday-episode-207/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Culhane |first=Kevin V. |date=1977 |title=The Soviet Attack Helicopter |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA067345.pdf |website=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] (DTIC) |publisher=U.S. Army Institute for Advanced Russian and East European Studies}}</ref> is a [[Soviet transport]] [[helicopter]] that served in both military and civilian roles.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
The Mi-4 was designed in response to the American [[H-19 Chickasaw]] and the deployment of U.S. helicopters during the [[Korean War]]. While the Mi-4 superficially resembles the H-19 Chickasaw, it is a larger helicopter and is able to lift more weight. The first model entered service in 1953. The helicopter was first displayed to the outside world in 1952 at the Soviet Aviation Day in [[Tushino Airfield]].
The Mi-4 was designed in response to the American [[H-19 Chickasaw]] and the deployment of U.S. helicopters during the [[Korean War]]. While the Mi-4 strongly resembles the H-19 Chickasaw in general layout, including the innovative engine position in front of the cockpit, it is a larger helicopter, able to lift more weight and built in larger numbers. The first model entered service in 1953. The helicopter was first displayed to the outside world in 1952 at the Soviet Aviation Day in [[Tushino Airfield]].

One Mi-4 was built with a jettisonable [[helicopter rotor|rotor]]. It served as an experimental vehicle for future pilot's means of safety and ejection designs.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-4.htm |title=Mi-4 HOUND (MIL) |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-28}}</ref>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
The Mi-4 transport helicopter laid the beginning of the Soviet Army Aviation, it was widely used both in the armed forces and in the national economy and for several decades remained the main type of helicopter in the inventory of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] and of the Civil Air Fleet. The Mi-4 went out of service with the development of the [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]. It is not used by the Russian Air Force anymore, though it remained in service in some countries as a utility helicopter or as a military transport a while longer. [[Albania]] was thought to be the final country using the helicopter and by 2005 all were out of service. The Mi-4 played a very important role in [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971. The Mi-4 was the workhorse of the [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/Aircraft/Vintage/Helicopters/Mi4/|title=Indian Air Force Gallery :: Mil Mi-4 - Bharat Rakshak|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> covering the medium lift role at the time. A highly successful heli-borne operation, the [[Meghna Heli Bridge]], using Mi-4s helped the Indian Army's 57 Mountain Division clear the [[Meghna River]]. The helilift of a battalion of Indian troops to the outskirts of [[Sylhet]] was the first heli-borne operation of the Indian army.
The Mi-4 transport helicopter laid the groundwork of Soviet Army Aviation. It was widely used both in the armed forces and in Soviet civil aviation, and for several decades remained the main type of helicopter in the inventory of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] and of the Civil Air Fleet. The Mi-4 went out of service with the development of the [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]. It is no longer used by the Russian Air Force, though it remained in service in some countries as a utility helicopter or as a military transport a while longer. [[Albania]] was thought to be the final country using the helicopter, and by 2005 all were out of service. The Mi-4 played a very important role in the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971. The Mi-4 was the workhorse of the [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Galleries/Aircraft/Vintage/Helicopters/Mi4/|title=Indian Air Force Gallery :: Mil Mi-4 - Bharat Rakshak|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> covering the medium lift role at the time. A highly successful heli-borne operation, the [[Meghna Heli Bridge]], using Mi-4s helped the Indian Army's 57 Mountain Division clear the [[Meghna River]]. The helilift of a battalion of Indian troops to the outskirts of [[Sylhet]] was the first heli-borne operation of the Indian army.


Much like the [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1 Huey]], after it was gradually phased out of military service, it was used in various domestic roles: search and rescue, firefighting, polar expeditioning, construction site cargo helicopter, commercial flights and many others.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>
Much like the [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1 Huey]], after it was gradually phased out of military service, it was used in various domestic roles: search and rescue, firefighting, polar expeditioning, construction site cargo helicopter, commercial flights and many others.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web |author=John Pike |title=Mi-4 HOUND (MIL) |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-4.htm |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org}}</ref>


An official video of a North Korean Air Force combat flying skills competition released in 2014 shows that the Mi-4 is still in limited service in North Korea.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0yNcM4kV6g</ref>
An official video of a North Korean Air Force combat flying skills competition released in 2014 shows that the Mi-4 is still in limited service in North Korea.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/p0yNcM4kV6g Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20141011221659/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0yNcM4kV6g Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0yNcM4kV6g| title = 朝鲜空军飞行技术大赛 North Korea Air Force combat flying skills contest | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 15 May 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
Line 52: Line 48:
:Fire-fighting version of Mi-4L.
:Fire-fighting version of Mi-4L.
;Mi-4M (NATO – Hound-C)
;Mi-4M (NATO – Hound-C)
:Anti-submarine warfare helicopter with searching radar station SPRS-1 ("Kurs-M"), hydroacoustic station "Baku", additional fuel tank and rescue boat with operator in under-fuselage gun turret.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modelgrad.com/akl-201707-aviacollection-2017-7-mil-mi-4-hound-military-and-civil-transport-helicopter.html|title=AKL-201707 AviaCollection 2017/7 Mil Mi-4 Hound Military and Civil Transport Helicopter|website=modelgrad.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/sh/mi4m.html|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=www.airwar.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
:Anti-submarine warfare helicopter with searching radar station SPRS-1 ("Kurs-M"), hydroacoustic station "Baku", additional fuel tank and rescue boat with operator in under-fuselage gun turret.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modelgrad.com/akl-201707-aviacollection-2017-7-mil-mi-4-hound-military-and-civil-transport-helicopter.html|title=AKL-201707 AviaCollection 2017/7 Mil Mi-4 Hound Military and Civil Transport Helicopter|website=modelgrad.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref><ref name="Миль Ми-4М">{{Cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/sh/mi4m.html|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=www.airwar.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
;Mi-4ME
;Mi-4ME
:Export modification of Mi-4M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/sh/mi4m.html|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=www.airwar.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
:Export modification of Mi-4M.<ref name="Миль Ми-4М"/>
;Mi-4VM
;Mi-4VM
:Slightly modified version of Mi-4M, differed by some avionics system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviadejavu.ru/Site/Crafts/Craft22112.htm|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=aviadejavu.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
:Slightly modified version of Mi-4M, differed by some avionics system.<ref name="aviadejavu.ru">{{Cite web|url=http://aviadejavu.ru/Site/Crafts/Craft22112.htm|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=aviadejavu.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
;Mi-4MR
;Mi-4MR
:Upgraded version of Mi-4VM with the searching radar station "Rubin-V" instead of "Kurs-M".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviadejavu.ru/Site/Crafts/Craft22112.htm|title=Миль Ми-4М|website=aviadejavu.ru|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
:Upgraded version of Mi-4VM with the searching radar station "Rubin-V" instead of "Kurs-M".<ref name="aviadejavu.ru"/>
;Mi-4P / Mi-4VP
;Mi-4P / Mi-4VP
:Civil transport helicopter, with accommodation for between 8 and 11 passengers, plus eight stretchers and a medical attendant for air ambulance duties.
:Civil transport helicopter, with accommodation for between 8 and 11 passengers, plus eight stretchers and a medical attendant for air ambulance duties. It has square. windows compared to the circular windows of the military versions.<ref name=":0" />
;Mi-4PL (NATO – Hound-B)
;Mi-4PL (NATO – Hound-B)
:Anti-submarine warfare helicopter.
:Anti-submarine warfare helicopter.
Line 128: Line 124:
==Operators==
==Operators==
;{{AFG}}
;{{AFG}}
* [[Afghan Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575| work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202085.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Afghan Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202085.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
[[File:Mi-4 Riga.jpg|thumb|right|MI-4 in Riga aviation museum]]
[[File:Mi-4 Riga.jpg|thumb|right|MI-4 in Riga aviation museum]]
;{{ALB}}
;{{ALB}}
Since 1957, 22 Mi-4 Hound A have been imported. After severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1967, Albania imported 37 Chinese-made Z-5s.
* [[Albanian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
* [[Albanian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
;{{DZA}}
;{{DZA}}
* [[Algerian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
* [[Algerian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202499.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 321|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202499.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 321|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
;{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
;{{BUL}}
*[[Bulgarian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
*[[Bulgarian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575"/>
*[[Bulgarian Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201653.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 293|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Bulgarian Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201653.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 293|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
;{{CAM}}
;{{CAM}}
* [[Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576 | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202086.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202086.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
;{{CHN}}
;{{CHN}}
*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
*[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
;{{CUB}}
;{{CUB}}
In 1961 and 1974, 85 Mi-4 Hound A were imported[https://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-Mi4.htm].
*[[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces#Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR)|Revolutionary Armed Forces]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
*[[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces#Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force|Revolutionary Armed Forces]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
;{{CZS}}
;{{CZS}}
* [[Czechoslovakian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
* [[Czechoslovakian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
;{{DDR}}
;{{DDR}}
[[File:Helikopter SFRJ MI-4.jpg|right|thumb|A Mil Mi-4 at [[Belgrade Aviation Museum]]]]
[[File:Helikopter SFRJ MI-4.jpg|right|thumb|A Mil Mi-4 at [[Belgrade Aviation Museum]]]]
*[[Air Forces of the National People's Army|East German Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577 | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202091.html | doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
*[[Air Forces of the National People's Army|East German Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202091.html | access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
*[[Volksmarine|East German Navy]]<ref name=meyer>Meyer, Manfred. ''Mi-1 und Mi-4 - die ersten Hubschrauber'', "Fliegerrevue" Nr. 9/1999, p.55-59 (in German)</ref>
*[[Volksmarine|East German Navy]]<ref name=meyer>Meyer, Manfred. ''Mi-1 und Mi-4 - die ersten Hubschrauber'', "Fliegerrevue" Nr. 9/1999, p.55-59 (in German)</ref>
* [[Deutsche Lufthansa (East Germany)|Lufthansa]]<ref name=meyer/>
* [[Deutsche Lufthansa (East Germany)|Lufthansa]]<ref name=meyer/>
Line 157: Line 155:
;{{FIN}}
;{{FIN}}
* [[Finnish Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577"/>
* [[Finnish Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577"/>
;{{flagicon|HPR}} [[Hungarian People's Republic]]
;{{HUN}}
* [[Hungarian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578 | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202092.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Hungarian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202092.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
;{{IND}}
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
* [[Indian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
;{{IDN}}
;{{IDN}}
* [[Indonesian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
* [[Indonesian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
* [[Indonesian Army]] <ref name=" Facebook Ｂｕｒｕｎｇ ｂｅｓｉ ７３７ ">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Daffa Athaya's picture | work = | publisher = | date = | url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1880082252121122&set=p.1880082252121122&type=3&theater| doi = | accessdate = 2019-02-25}}</ref>
* [[Indonesian Army]]<ref name="Facebook Burung besi 737">{{cite web | title = Daffa Athaya's picture |website = [[Facebook]]| url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1880082252121122&set=p.1880082252121122&type=3&theater| access-date = 2019-02-25}}</ref>
;{{IRQ}}
;{{IRQ}}
* [[Iraqi Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
* [[Iraqi Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578"/>
Line 169: Line 167:
* [[Khmer Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
* [[Khmer Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576"/>
;{{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]
;{{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]
* [[Royal Lao Air Force]]<ref>Conboy and Morrison, ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos'' (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-eastasia/laos/laos-af2-all-time.htm|title=Royal Lao Air Force Aircraft Types|work=aeroflight.co.uk|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Royal Lao Air Force]]<ref name="Morrison, 1995 p. 102">Conboy and Morrison, ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos'' (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-eastasia/laos/laos-af2-all-time.htm|title=Royal Lao Air Force Aircraft Types|work=aeroflight.co.uk|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
;{{LAO}}
;{{LAO}}
* [[Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref>Conboy and Morrison, ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos'' (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).</ref>
* [[Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name="Morrison, 1995 p. 102"/>
;{{MLI}}
;{{MLI}}
*[[Military of Mali#Mali Air Force|Mali Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201679.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1975 Force Aerienne du Mali|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Military of Mali#Mali Air Force|Mali Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201679.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1975 Force Aerienne du Mali|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Mil mi-4fi.jpg|thumb|200px|Mil Mi-4 of the Finnish Airforce]]
[[File:Mil mi-4fi.jpg|thumb|200px|Mil Mi-4 of the Finnish Airforce]]
;{{MGL}}
;{{MGL}}
*[[Mongolian People's Air Force|Mongolian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202093.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 579 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Mongolian People's Air Force|Mongolian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202093.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 579 |publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
;{{PRK}}
;{{PRK}}
*[[North Korean Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304| work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201678.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
*[[North Korean Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201678.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
;{{flagicon|PPR}} [[Polish People's Republic]]
;{{POL}}
*[[Polish Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580 | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202094.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
*[[Polish Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202094.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
*[[Polish Navy]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
*[[Polish Navy]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
;{{flagicon|RSR}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania]]
;{{ROM}}
*[[Romanian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
*[[Romanian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
;{{SOM}}
;{{SOM}}
* [[Somali Air Corps]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202544.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 372|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Somali Air Corps]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202544.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 372|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
;{{USSR}}
;{{USSR}}
*[[Aeroflot]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202045.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1972 pg. 202|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Aeroflot]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972%20-%202045.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1972 pg. 202|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Soviet Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
*[[Soviet Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
*[[Soviet Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202546.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 374|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[Soviet Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202546.html|title= Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 374|publisher= flightglobal.com |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>
;{{SUD}}
;{{SUD}}
* [[Sudanese Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
* [[Sudanese Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580"/>
;{{SYR}}
;{{SYR}}
[[File:Mil Mi-4 Szolnok 2010 01.jpg|right|thumb|a Hungarian Mi-4]]
[[File:Mil Mi-4 Szolnok 2010 01.jpg|right|thumb|a Hungarian Mi-4]]
* [[Syrian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581 | work = | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202097.html| doi = | accessdate = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Syrian Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581">{{cite web | title = Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581 | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%202097.html| access-date = 2013-04-03}}</ref>
;{{VIE}}
;{{VIE}}
* [[Vietnam People's Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581"/>
* [[Vietnam People's Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581"/>
;{{flag|North Yemen}}
;{{flag|North Yemen}}
* North [[Yemen Air Force]] <ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581"/>
* North [[Yemen Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581"/>
;{{YUG}}
;{{YUG}}
* [[SFR Yugoslav Air Force|Yugoslav Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304"/>
* [[SFR Yugoslav Air Force|Yugoslav Air Force]]<ref name=" Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304"/>
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==Specifications (Mi-4A)==
==Specifications (Mi-4A)==
[[File:MIL Mi-4 HOUND.png|thumb|Mil Mi-4 3-view drawing]]
[[File:MIL Mi-4 HOUND.png|thumb|Mil Mi-4 3-view drawing]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|plane or copter?=copter
|jet or prop?=prop
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For instructions on using |more general=, |more performance=, |power original=, and |thrust original= see [[Template talk:Airtemp]].
-->
|ref=www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-4-specs.htm
|ref=www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-4-specs.htm
|prime units?=met
|crew=One or two pilots
<!--
|capacity=16 troops or up to 1,600&nbsp;kg (3,520&nbsp;[[pound (mass)|lb]]) of cargo
General characteristics
|length main=16.80 m
-->
|length alt=55&nbsp;ft 1.4&nbsp;in
|crew=1 or 2
|span main=21.00 m
|capacity=16 troops or up to {{cvt|1600|kg|0}} of cargo
|span alt=68&nbsp;ft 11&nbsp;in
|length m=16.8
|height main=4.40 m
|length note=
|height alt=14&nbsp;ft 5&nbsp;in
|area main=346.4 m²
|height m=4.4
|height note=
|area alt=3,727&nbsp;ft²
|empty weight main=5,100&nbsp;kg
|empty weight kg=5100
|empty weight alt=11,220&nbsp;lb
|empty weight note=
|loaded weight main=7,150&nbsp;kg
|gross weight kg=7150
|loaded weight alt=15,730&nbsp;lb
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight main=7,550&nbsp;kg
|max takeoff weight kg=7550
|max takeoff weight alt=16,610&nbsp;lb
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
|more general=
<!--
|engine (prop)=[[Shvetsov ASh-82]]V
Powerplant
|type of prop=[[radial engine]]
-->
|number of props=1
|eng1 number=1
|power main=1,250&nbsp;kW
|eng1 name=[[Shvetsov ASh-82V]]
|power alt=1,675 [[horsepower|hp]]
|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine
|max speed main=185&nbsp;km/h
|eng1 kw=1250
|max speed alt=116&nbsp;mph
|eng1 note=
|range main=500&nbsp;km

|range alt=313&nbsp;mi
|rot number=1
|ceiling main=5,500 m
|rot dia m=21
|ceiling alt=18,040&nbsp;ft
|rot area sqm=346.4
|climb rate main=m/s
|rot area note=
|climb rate alt= ft/min
<!--
|loading main=41&nbsp;kg/m²
Performance
|loading alt=8&nbsp;lb/ft²
-->
|power/mass main=0.21&nbsp;kW/kg
|max speed kmh=185
|power/mass alt=0.13&nbsp;hp/lb
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=500
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=5500
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|disk loading kg/m2=41
|disk loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.21|kW/kg}}
|more performance=
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}
}}


Line 257: Line 273:
* [[Sikorsky H-34]]
* [[Sikorsky H-34]]
* [[Westland Wessex]]
* [[Westland Wessex]]
|lists=
*[[List of most-produced rotorcraft]]
}}
}}


Line 266: Line 284:
*Bob Ogden, ''Aviation Museums and Collections of The Rest of the World'', UK: Air-Britain 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-85130-394-9}}
*Bob Ogden, ''Aviation Museums and Collections of The Rest of the World'', UK: Air-Britain 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-85130-394-9}}
*Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos'', Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-1-58160-535-8}}
*Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, ''Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos'', Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-1-58160-535-8}}
*{{cite journal|title=Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation|journal=Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date=n.d. |issue=2 |pages=154–162 |issn=0143-5450}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 271: Line 290:


{{Mil aircraft}}
{{Mil aircraft}}
{{Czech helicopters}}
{{USAF/DoD reporting names}}


{{aviation.ru}}
{{aviation.ru}}
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[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952]]
[[Category:Single-rotor helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear]]

Latest revision as of 02:59, 10 November 2024

Mi-4
Mil Mi-4 at Prague Aviation Museum
General information
TypeTransport helicopter
ManufacturerMil Moscow Helicopter Plant
StatusLimited Service; North Korean Air Force
Primary usersSoviet Air Force
Number builtover 4,000 including Z-5s
History
Manufactured1951–1979
Introduction date1953
First flight3 June 1952
VariantsHarbin Z-5

The Mil Mi-4 (USAF/DoD reporting name "Type 36",[1] NATO reporting name "Hound")[2][3][4] is a Soviet transport helicopter that served in both military and civilian roles.

Design and development

[edit]

The Mi-4 was designed in response to the American H-19 Chickasaw and the deployment of U.S. helicopters during the Korean War. While the Mi-4 strongly resembles the H-19 Chickasaw in general layout, including the innovative engine position in front of the cockpit, it is a larger helicopter, able to lift more weight and built in larger numbers. The first model entered service in 1953. The helicopter was first displayed to the outside world in 1952 at the Soviet Aviation Day in Tushino Airfield.

Operational history

[edit]

The Mi-4 transport helicopter laid the groundwork of Soviet Army Aviation. It was widely used both in the armed forces and in Soviet civil aviation, and for several decades remained the main type of helicopter in the inventory of the Soviet Armed Forces and of the Civil Air Fleet. The Mi-4 went out of service with the development of the Mi-8. It is no longer used by the Russian Air Force, though it remained in service in some countries as a utility helicopter or as a military transport a while longer. Albania was thought to be the final country using the helicopter, and by 2005 all were out of service. The Mi-4 played a very important role in the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. The Mi-4 was the workhorse of the Indian Air Force[5] covering the medium lift role at the time. A highly successful heli-borne operation, the Meghna Heli Bridge, using Mi-4s helped the Indian Army's 57 Mountain Division clear the Meghna River. The helilift of a battalion of Indian troops to the outskirts of Sylhet was the first heli-borne operation of the Indian army.

Much like the UH-1 Huey, after it was gradually phased out of military service, it was used in various domestic roles: search and rescue, firefighting, polar expeditioning, construction site cargo helicopter, commercial flights and many others.[6]

An official video of a North Korean Air Force combat flying skills competition released in 2014 shows that the Mi-4 is still in limited service in North Korea.[3][7]

Variants

[edit]
V-12
Prototype. Designation reused for the Mi-12.
Mi-4 (NATO – Hound-A)
Basic production version.
Mi-4A
Assault transport helicopter.
Mi-4AV
Armed versions based on the Mi-4A. V for Vooruzhenniy (Armed). Mi-4A with additional armament. Modification of 1967 had weapons complex K-4V, included four 9М17М ATGM "Phalanga" and 96 57-mm NAR S-5M in six blocks UB-16-57U (or six 100-kg bombs or four 250-kg bombs or tanks with an incendiary substance); 185 helicopters were converted to Mi-4AV.[8]
Mi-4GF
Factory designation for demilitarised Mi-4 for use in the Civil Air Fleet.
Mi-4L Lyukes
Six-seat VIP transport version, sometimes converted into an air ambulance helicopter.
Mi-4VL
Fire-fighting version of Mi-4L.
Mi-4M (NATO – Hound-C)
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter with searching radar station SPRS-1 ("Kurs-M"), hydroacoustic station "Baku", additional fuel tank and rescue boat with operator in under-fuselage gun turret.[9][10]
Mi-4ME
Export modification of Mi-4M.[10]
Mi-4VM
Slightly modified version of Mi-4M, differed by some avionics system.[11]
Mi-4MR
Upgraded version of Mi-4VM with the searching radar station "Rubin-V" instead of "Kurs-M".[11]
Mi-4P / Mi-4VP
Civil transport helicopter, with accommodation for between 8 and 11 passengers, plus eight stretchers and a medical attendant for air ambulance duties. It has square. windows compared to the circular windows of the military versions.[2]
Mi-4PL (NATO – Hound-B)
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter.
Mi-4PS
SAR version.
Mi-4S Salon
VIP transport helicopter.
Mi-4Skh
Multi-role agricultural helicopter, with a large chemical container in the main cabin. Also used as a fire-fighting helicopter.
Mi-4T
Major military production version, equipped with a large diameter main rotor and bulged windows.
Mi-4VM (VM-12)
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter.
Mi-4BT
Minesweeper with floats.
Mi-4RI
Mi-4M equipped with the Rion experimental sonar.
Mi-4MT
Torpedo-carrying ASW attack (killer) aircraft derived from Mi-4M.
Mi-4MU
Attack helicopter.
Mi-4MO
Search helicopter with Oka sonar.
Mi-4MS
Search helicopter with Soora infra-red sensor.
Mi-4FV (Mi-4KV)
Photographic and guidance helicopter.
Mi-4Schch
"Polar version" of Mi-4FV for working at the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic research stations.
Mi-4SP
Special rescue modification.
Mi-4PG
Experimental version equipped with an external load sling system.
Mi-4SV
Mi-4 with improved heat insulation for working in the Far North.
Mi-4N "Filin" (Horned owl)
Experimental reconnaissance version intended for night-time use.
Mi-4KK (Mi-4VKP)
Mobile command post.
Mi-4KU (Mi-4VPU)
Mobile command post for controlling Air Force units.
Mi-4U
Target-designator version carrying the Oospekh (Success) system.
Mi-4GR
Mi-4 fitted with Grebeshok-3 (Haircomb-3) wide-range panoramic detection and relay radar.
Mi-4TARK
TV-equipped artillery reconnaissance and spotting helicopter.
Mi-4MK (Mi-4PP)
ECM version.
Mi-4UM
Radio-controlled target drone version.
Harbin Z-5
Chinese military transport helicopter. Chinese production version.
Harbin Z-6
Prototype turbine powered version of the Z-5, no production undertaken.
Xuanfeng
Chinese civil transport helicopter. Chinese production version.
Unnamed Variants
  • Mi-4 minelayer version produced by converting troop-carrier helicopters.
  • Mi-4 modified for transporting and laying gas pipelines.
  • Mi-4 with Panorama 360 cin camera system produced by conversion.
  • Mi-4 with the Pristavka (Add-on) radio equipment developed in 1957 for guidance of remote-controlled reconnaissance balloons.
  • Mi-4s used as testbeds. Apart from the above-mentioned versions, the Mi-4 and Mi-4A were widely used as testbeds of various kinds for testing subassemblies and systems of future aircraft, as well as equipment for other branches of industry.

Operators

[edit]
 Afghanistan
MI-4 in Riga aviation museum
 Albania

Since 1957, 22 Mi-4 Hound A have been imported. After severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1967, Albania imported 37 Chinese-made Z-5s.

 Algeria
 Bangladesh
People's Republic of Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria
 Cambodia
 China
 Cuba

In 1961 and 1974, 85 Mi-4 Hound A were imported[1].

 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
A Mil Mi-4 at Belgrade Aviation Museum
 Egypt
 Finland
Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian People's Republic
 India
 Indonesia
 Iraq
 Khmer Republic
Laos
 Laos
 Mali
Mil Mi-4 of the Finnish Airforce
 Mongolia
 North Korea
Polish People's Republic Polish People's Republic
Socialist Republic of Romania Socialist Republic of Romania
 Somalia
 Soviet Union
 Sudan
 Syria
a Hungarian Mi-4
 Vietnam
 North Yemen
 Yugoslavia

Specifications (Mi-4A)

[edit]
Mil Mi-4 3-view drawing

Data from www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-4-specs.htm

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2
  • Capacity: 16 troops or up to 1,600 kg (3,527 lb) of cargo
  • Length: 16.8 m (55 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
  • Empty weight: 5,100 kg (11,244 lb)
  • Gross weight: 7,150 kg (15,763 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,550 kg (16,645 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Shvetsov ASh-82V 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,250 kW (1,680 hp)
  • Main rotor diameter: 21 m (68 ft 11 in)
  • Main rotor area: 346.4 m2 (3,729 sq ft)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph, 100 kn)
  • Range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 5,500 m (18,000 ft)
  • Disk loading: 41 kg/m2 (8.4 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.21 kW/kg (0.13 hp/lb)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles". Designation-systems.net. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  2. ^ a b Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1963-1964, p. 303
  3. ^ a b "Mil Mi-4 – Warbird Wednesday Episode #207 – Palm Springs Air Museum". 28 February 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  4. ^ Culhane, Kevin V. (1977). "The Soviet Attack Helicopter" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). U.S. Army Institute for Advanced Russian and East European Studies.
  5. ^ "Indian Air Force Gallery :: Mil Mi-4 - Bharat Rakshak". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
  6. ^ John Pike. "Mi-4 HOUND (MIL)". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  7. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "朝鲜空军飞行技术大赛 North Korea Air Force combat flying skills contest". YouTube. 15 May 2014.
  8. ^ "Миль Ми-4". aviadejavu.ru. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  9. ^ "AKL-201707 AviaCollection 2017/7 Mil Mi-4 Hound Military and Civil Transport Helicopter". modelgrad.com. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  10. ^ a b "Миль Ми-4М". www.airwar.ru. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  11. ^ a b "Миль Ми-4М". aviadejavu.ru. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  12. ^ a b c d "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 575". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  13. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 321". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  14. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 293". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  16. ^ a b c "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 577". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  17. ^ a b c Meyer, Manfred. Mi-1 und Mi-4 - die ersten Hubschrauber, "Fliegerrevue" Nr. 9/1999, p.55-59 (in German)
  18. ^ a b c d "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 578". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  19. ^ "Daffa Athaya's picture". Facebook. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  20. ^ a b Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos (1995), p. 102 (Notes 2, 9).
  21. ^ "Royal Lao Air Force Aircraft Types". aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  22. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1975 Force Aerienne du Mali". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  23. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 579". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Military Helicopter Market 1975 pg. 304". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 580". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  26. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 372". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  27. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1972 pg. 202". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  28. ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1981 pg. 374". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  29. ^ a b c "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 581". Retrieved 2013-04-03.

References

[edit]
  • Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 978-0861011100
  • Bob Ogden, Aviation Museums and Collections of The Rest of the World, UK: Air-Britain 2008. ISBN 978-0-85130-394-9
  • Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8
  • "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly (2): 154–162. n.d. ISSN 0143-5450.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mil Mi-4.

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