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{{short description|Baltic sky-god}}
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[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] '''Dievas''', [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''Dievs''', [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]] '''Dīvs''', [[Old Prussian language|Prussian]] '''Deywis''', [[Sudovian language|Yotvingian]] '''Deivas'''<ref>[http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/phonetics/word30.html Proto-Indo-European Roots<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/ Dictionary of Yotvingian language]</ref> was the supreme god in the [[Baltic mythology]] and one of the most important deities together with [[Perkūnas]]. Dievas is a direct successor of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] supreme god [[Dyeus|*Dyēus]] of the root ''*deiwo-''.<ref name="Beresnevičius">{{cite book |last=Beresnevičius |first=Gintaras |authorlink=Gintaras Beresnevičius|editor=Jurate Baranova |title=Lithuanian Philosophy: Persons and Ideas |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/contents.htm |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change; Series IVA: Eastern and Central Europe |volume=17 |year=2000 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=1-56518-137-9 |oclc=45248219 |pages= |chapter=Lithuanian Mythology |chapterurl=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm }}</ref> Its [[Baltic languages|Proto-Baltic]] form was *''Deivas''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |authorlink=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Balts |url= |year=1963 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |oclc=1247359 |page=198 |chapter=Religion |chapterurl=http://www.vaidilute.com/books/gimbutas/gimbutas-08.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain |last=Fee |first=Christopher R. |author2=Leeming, David Adams |edition=1st paperback |year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-517403-8 |page=78 |oclc=64023503 }}</ref>
{{Baltic religion}}


⚫
[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] '''Dievas''', [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''Dievs''' and '''Debestēvs''' ("[[Sky Father|Sky-Father]]"),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Chas |editor2-last=Allen |editor2-first=Peter J. |title=DIEVS |url=https://www.godchecker.com/latvian-mythology/DIEVS/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Godchecker}}</ref> [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]] '''Dīvs''', [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] '''Diews''', [[Sudovian language|Yotvingian]] '''Deivas'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/phonetics/word30.html |title=Proto-Indo-European Roots<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610142523/http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/phonetics/word30.html |archive-date=2008-06-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/ Dictionary of Yotvingian language]</ref> was the primordial supreme god in the [[Baltic mythology]], one of the most important deities together with [[Perkūnas]], and the brother of [[Potrimpo]]. He was the god of light,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Philip |title=The Mythology Book |last2=Carroll |first2=Georgie |last3=Faulkner |first3=Mark |last4=Field |first4=Jacob F. |last5=Haywood |first5=John |last6=Kerrigan |first6=Michael |last7=Philip |first7=Neil |last8=Pumphrey |first8=Nicholaus |last9=Tocino-Smith |first9=Juliette |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4654-7337-0 |edition=First American |location=New York |pages=338 |author-link=Philip Wilkinson (author) |author-link4=Jacob F. Field}}</ref> sky, prosperity, wealth, ruler of gods, and the creator of the universe. Dievas is a direct successor of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] supreme [[sky father]] god [[Dyeus|*Dyēus]] of the root ''*deiwo-''.<ref name="Beresnevičius">{{cite book |last=Beresnevičius |first=Gintaras |author-link=Gintaras Beresnevičius |editor=Jurate Baranova |title=Lithuanian Philosophy: Persons and Ideas |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/contents.htm |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change; Series IVA: Eastern and Central Europe |volume=17 |year=2000 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=1-56518-137-9 |oclc=45248219 |chapter=Lithuanian Mythology |chapter-url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm |access-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011758/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/contents.htm |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its [[Proto-Baltic language|Proto-Baltic]] form was *''Deivas''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=The Balts |year=1963 |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |oclc=1247359 |page=198 |chapter=Religion }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain |last=Fee |first=Christopher R. |author2=Leeming, David Adams |edition=1st paperback |year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-517403-8 |page=78 |oclc=64023503 }}</ref>
In recent Lithuanian, this word may refer to the [[deity]] of any kind (Pagan, Christian, fictional and the like).


Dievas had two sons Dievo sūneliai (Lithuanian) or [[Dieva dēli]] (Latvian) known as the [[Divine twins|Heavenly Twins]].
⚫
In English, Dievas may be used as a word to describe the God (or, the supreme god) in the pre-Christian religion of Balts, where Dievas was understood to be the supreme being of the [[world]]. In Lithuanian and Latvian, it is also used to describe God as it is understood by major world religions today.<ref>{{cite book |title=Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend |last=Leach |first=Maria |author2=Fried, Jerome |year=1949 |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |location=New York |volume=1 |page=631 |oclc=3856950 }}</ref> Earlier *Deivas simply denoted the shining sunlit [[sky|dome of the sky]], as in other Indo-European mythologies.<ref name="Beresnevičius"/> The celestial aspect is still apparent in phrases such as ''Saule noiet dievā'',<ref>Nav saulīte dievā gaiša, [[Daina (Latvia)|Latvian Daina]] (traditional Latvian folksong)</ref> from Latvian folksongs. In [[Hinduism]] any deity is known as [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and Customs of the Baltic States |last=O'Connor |first=Kevin |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-33125-1 |oclc=62281692 |page=39 }}</ref> a result of shared [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] roots.

Since the conversion of [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] to [[Christianity]] and continuing in modern times, this word refers to the Christian [[God]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Chas |editor2-last=Allen |editor2-first=Peter J. |title=DIEVAS |url=https://www.godchecker.com/lithuanian-mythology/DIEVAS/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Godchecker}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2023}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

⚫
In English, Dievas may be used as a word to describe the God (or, the supreme god) in the pre-Christian Baltic [[religion]], where Dievas was understood to be the supreme being of the [[world]]. In Lithuanian and Latvian, it is also used to describe God as it is understood by major world religions today.<ref>{{cite book |title=Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend |last=Leach |first=Maria |author2=Fried, Jerome |year=1949 |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |location=New York |volume=1 |page=631 |oclc=3856950 }}</ref> Earlier *Deivas simply denoted the shining sunlit [[sky|dome of the sky]], as in other Indo-European mythologies.<ref name="Beresnevičius"/> The celestial aspect is still apparent in phrases such as ''Saule noiet dievā'' ("The sun goes down to god"),<ref>Nav saulīte dievā gaiša, [[Daina (Latvia)|Latvian Daina]] (traditional Latvian folksong)</ref> from Latvian folksongs. In [[Hinduism]], a group of celestial deities are called the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and Customs of the Baltic States |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsba00ocon |url-access=limited |last=O'Connor |first=Kevin |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-33125-1 |oclc=62281692 |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsba00ocon/page/n61 39] }}</ref> a result of shared [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] roots.


==Lithuanian conception of divinity==
==Lithuanian conception of divinity==
The conception of divinity in [[Lithuanian mythology|the old Lithuanian religion]] still is not always clear to modern scholars. A number of them suggest that Lithuanians had a [[pantheism|pantheistic]] concept to their religion. This concept, according to the ideas of modern researchers, had to include the following:
The conception of divinity in [[Lithuanian mythology|the old Lithuanian religion]] still is not always clear to modern scholars. A number of them suggest that [[Lithuanians]] had a [[pantheism|pantheistic]] concept to their religion. This concept, according to the ideas of modern researchers, had to include the following:


*recognition of a single Divine Being, that is the core entity of the Universe.
*recognition of a single Divine Being, that is the core entity of the Universe.
Line 14: Line 19:
However, this understanding excludes the conception of a pantheon or of some other possible council of gods in the old pagan Lithuanian religion.
However, this understanding excludes the conception of a pantheon or of some other possible council of gods in the old pagan Lithuanian religion.


Many well-established sources concerning Lithuanian mythology do not contradict this conception, although there is not much data available. The lack of data leaves a wide gap for interpretations, and as a consequence, many scholars do not agree on all of the points above.
Many well-established sources concerning [[Lithuanian mythology]] do not contradict this conception, although there is not much data available. The lack of data leaves a wide gap for interpretations, and as a consequence, many scholars do not agree on all of the points above.


For example a historian of the early 19th century, [[Theodor Narbutt]], took the presence of the pantheon in Lithuanian mythology as an axiom. And, in spite of being subsequently criticized that his sources were unreliable, and that his interpretations did not always concur with evident data from Lithuanian folklore, Narbutt's mythology was presented in a pictorial and detailed way. His works had a certain influence on the thinking and ideas of some scholars.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
For example, a historian of the early 19th century, [[Theodor Narbutt]], took the presence of the pantheon in Lithuanian mythology as an axiom. And, in spite of being subsequently criticized that his sources were unreliable, and that his interpretations did not always concur with evident data from Lithuanian folklore, Narbutt's mythology was presented in a pictorial and detailed way. His works had a certain influence on the thinking and ideas of some scholars.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}


[[Gintaras Beresnevičius]] noted that Dievas assumed a position of a non-active divine being - ''[[deus otiosus]]'' - therefore his cult among the Balts was doubtful and that sacred places devoted to Dangaus Dievas are not even mentioned in the Baltic mythology.<ref name="Beresnevičius"/>
[[Gintaras Beresnevičius]] noted that Dievas assumed a position of a non-active divine being - ''[[deus otiosus]]'' - therefore his cult among the Balts was doubtful and that sacred places devoted to Dangaus Dievas are not even mentioned in the Baltic mythology.<ref name="Beresnevičius"/>


Concerning the God (Dievas) in the old Lithuanian religion, modern interpretations lack sources too. Regardless, that the conception of the single Chief God was acknowledged by Lithuanians is well documented and is not in doubt. The word ''Dievas'' itself seems to be omitted respectfully or changed to its [[epithet]]s in Lithuanian: ''Aukščiausiasis'' ('the Highest'), ''Visagalis'' ('the Omnipotent'), ''Praamžis'' ('the Eternal one') or ''Pondzejis''<ref name="Beresnevičius"/> ('Lord God') and in Prussian as ''Occopirmzts''.
Concerning the God (Dievas) in the old Lithuanian religion, modern interpretations lack sources too. Regardless of the fact that the conception of the single Chief God was acknowledged by Lithuanians is well documented and is not in doubt. The word ''Dievas'' itself seems to be omitted respectfully or changed to its [[epithet]]s in Lithuanian: ''Aukščiausiasis'' ('the Highest'), ''Visagalis'' ('the Omnipotent'), ''Praamžis'' ('the Eternal one') or ''Pondzejis''<ref name="Beresnevičius"/> ('Lord God') and in Prussian as ''Occopirmzts''.

⚫
''[Note: in terms of the Lithuanian conception of supreme sky divinity reference can be made to the sun goddess Saule for whom there is a vast corpus of popular lore, ref.'' [[Saulė]]'']''{{Explain|date=December 2023}}

== Lithuanian and Latvian interpretations ==
{{redirect|Praamzius|the asteroid|420356 Praamzius}}
In the areas that became modern Lithuania and Latvia, Dievas (Dievs in Latvia), along with his twin brother, the [[trickster god]] Velns, created the universe by fighting with each other on a rock in the ocean that "became the central point in the universe".<ref name=":3" />


Dievas is also called Praamžius, and under this moniker, he is the god of time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Chas |editor2-last=Allen |editor2-first=Peter J. |title=PRAAMZIUS |url=https://www.godchecker.com/lithuanian-mythology/PRAAMZIUS/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Godchecker}}</ref> Praamžius is also "the god of the sky, peace...[,] and friendship in Lithuanian mythology" and played a role in creating the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=420356 Praamzius (2012 BX85) |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=420356 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Minor Planet Center}}</ref>
⚫
''[Note: in terms of the Lithuanian conception of supreme sky divinity reference can be made to the sun goddess Saule for whom there is a vast corpus of popular lore, ref.'' [[Saulė]]'']''


==Manifestations==
==Manifestations==
Many of the descriptions of Dievas are known from early Christian texts from Lithuania, which are presumably not a reliable source for earlier times. No earlier sources that describe Dievas in detail have been found. The myths describe Dievas manifesting in the shape of man only, particularly the shape of an old male sage or an old male beggar. But the linguistic data, e.g. the name for the [[Southernwood]] in Lithuanian, ''Diemedis'', literally the God-tree, as well as some hints in historical legends suggest, that the manifestations might be believed to take other forms besides the human, like forms of animals, birds or plants.
Many of the descriptions of Dievas are known from early Christian texts from Lithuania, which are presumably not a reliable source for earlier times. No earlier sources that describe Dievas in detail have been found. The myths describe Dievas manifesting in the shape of man only, particularly the shape of an old male sage{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} or an old male beggar, "descend[ing] from the heavens" to test "humanity's goodness and generosity" in the latter form.<ref name=":3" /> But the linguistic data, e.g. the name for the [[Southernwood]] in Lithuanian, ''Diemedis'', literally the God-tree, as well as some hints in historical legends suggest, that the manifestations might be believed to take other forms besides human, like forms of animals, birds, and plants.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 31: Line 42:
*[[Dievturība]]
*[[Dievturība]]
*[[Deus]]
*[[Deus]]
*[[Brahman]]
*[[Deva (Hinduism)]]
*[[Deva (Hinduism)]]
*[[Deva (Buddhism)]]
*[[Deva (Buddhism)]]
*[[List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures]]


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Lithuanian gods]]
[[Category:Lithuanian gods]]
[[Category:Peace gods]]
[[Category:Peace gods]]
[[Category:Baltic gods]]
[[Category:Baltic gods]]
[[Category:Latvian gods]]

Latest revision as of 11:31, 6 November 2024

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Lithuanian Dievas, Latvian Dievs and Debestēvs ("Sky-Father"),[1] Latgalian Dīvs, Old Prussian Diews, Yotvingian Deivas[2][3] was the primordial supreme god in the Baltic mythology, one of the most important deities together with Perkūnas, and the brother of Potrimpo. He was the god of light,[4] sky, prosperity, wealth, ruler of gods, and the creator of the universe. Dievas is a direct successor of the Proto-Indo-European supreme sky father god *Dyēus of the root *deiwo-.[5] Its Proto-Baltic form was *Deivas.[6][7]

Dievas had two sons Dievo sūneliai (Lithuanian) or Dieva dēli (Latvian) known as the Heavenly Twins.

Since the conversion of Latvia and Lithuania to Christianity and continuing in modern times, this word refers to the Christian God.[8][unreliable source?][citation needed]

In English, Dievas may be used as a word to describe the God (or, the supreme god) in the pre-Christian Baltic religion, where Dievas was understood to be the supreme being of the world. In Lithuanian and Latvian, it is also used to describe God as it is understood by major world religions today.[9] Earlier *Deivas simply denoted the shining sunlit dome of the sky, as in other Indo-European mythologies.[5] The celestial aspect is still apparent in phrases such as Saule noiet dievā ("The sun goes down to god"),[10] from Latvian folksongs. In Hinduism, a group of celestial deities are called the devas,[11] a result of shared Proto-Indo-European roots.

Lithuanian conception of divinity

[edit]

The conception of divinity in the old Lithuanian religion still is not always clear to modern scholars. A number of them suggest that Lithuanians had a pantheistic concept to their religion. This concept, according to the ideas of modern researchers, had to include the following:

  • recognition of a single Divine Being, that is the core entity of the Universe.
  • recognition of multiple divine beings, that are on a different level of the main God or, in other words, hypostases of the single God.
  • recognition of direct participation of the single God in lower levels in the shape of lower beings (manifestations of the single God). The known later sources give an exclusively human shape to the God, but it may be a limitation added by Christianity. The told manifestations of the God have features of modesty, fairness, chastity, delicacy etc., that show some moral priorities of ancient Lithuanians.

However, this understanding excludes the conception of a pantheon or of some other possible council of gods in the old pagan Lithuanian religion.

Many well-established sources concerning Lithuanian mythology do not contradict this conception, although there is not much data available. The lack of data leaves a wide gap for interpretations, and as a consequence, many scholars do not agree on all of the points above.

For example, a historian of the early 19th century, Theodor Narbutt, took the presence of the pantheon in Lithuanian mythology as an axiom. And, in spite of being subsequently criticized that his sources were unreliable, and that his interpretations did not always concur with evident data from Lithuanian folklore, Narbutt's mythology was presented in a pictorial and detailed way. His works had a certain influence on the thinking and ideas of some scholars.[citation needed]

Gintaras Beresnevičius noted that Dievas assumed a position of a non-active divine being - deus otiosus - therefore his cult among the Balts was doubtful and that sacred places devoted to Dangaus Dievas are not even mentioned in the Baltic mythology.[5]

Concerning the God (Dievas) in the old Lithuanian religion, modern interpretations lack sources too. Regardless of the fact that the conception of the single Chief God was acknowledged by Lithuanians is well documented and is not in doubt. The word Dievas itself seems to be omitted respectfully or changed to its epithets in Lithuanian: Aukščiausiasis ('the Highest'), Visagalis ('the Omnipotent'), Praamžis ('the Eternal one') or Pondzejis[5] ('Lord God') and in Prussian as Occopirmzts.

[Note: in terms of the Lithuanian conception of supreme sky divinity reference can be made to the sun goddess Saule for whom there is a vast corpus of popular lore, ref. Saulė][further explanation needed]

Lithuanian and Latvian interpretations

[edit]
"Praamzius" redirects here. For the asteroid, see 420356 Praamzius.

In the areas that became modern Lithuania and Latvia, Dievas (Dievs in Latvia), along with his twin brother, the trickster god Velns, created the universe by fighting with each other on a rock in the ocean that "became the central point in the universe".[4]

Dievas is also called Praamžius, and under this moniker, he is the god of time.[12] Praamžius is also "the god of the sky, peace...[,] and friendship in Lithuanian mythology" and played a role in creating the world.[13]

Manifestations

[edit]

Many of the descriptions of Dievas are known from early Christian texts from Lithuania, which are presumably not a reliable source for earlier times. No earlier sources that describe Dievas in detail have been found. The myths describe Dievas manifesting in the shape of man only, particularly the shape of an old male sage[citation needed] or an old male beggar, "descend[ing] from the heavens" to test "humanity's goodness and generosity" in the latter form.[4] But the linguistic data, e.g. the name for the Southernwood in Lithuanian, Diemedis, literally the God-tree, as well as some hints in historical legends suggest, that the manifestations might be believed to take other forms besides human, like forms of animals, birds, and plants.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Saunders, Chas; Allen, Peter J., eds. (2019-05-10). "DIEVS". Godchecker. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  2. ^ "Proto-Indo-European Roots". Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  3. ^ Dictionary of Yotvingian language
  4. ^ a b c Wilkinson, Philip; Carroll, Georgie; Faulkner, Mark; Field, Jacob F.; Haywood, John; Kerrigan, Michael; Philip, Neil; Pumphrey, Nicholaus; Tocino-Smith, Juliette (2018). The Mythology Book (First American ed.). New York: DK. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-4654-7337-0.
  5. ^ a b c d Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2000). "Lithuanian Mythology". In Jurate Baranova (ed.). Lithuanian Philosophy: Persons and Ideas. Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change; Series IVA: Eastern and Central Europe. Vol. 17. Washington, DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 1-56518-137-9. OCLC 45248219. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  6. ^ Gimbutas, Marija (1963). "Religion". The Balts. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 198. OCLC 1247359.
  7. ^ Fee, Christopher R.; Leeming, David Adams (2004). Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain (1st paperback ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-517403-8. OCLC 64023503.
  8. ^ Saunders, Chas; Allen, Peter J., eds. (2019-05-10). "DIEVAS". Godchecker. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  9. ^ Leach, Maria; Fried, Jerome (1949). Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend. Vol. 1. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 631. OCLC 3856950.
  10. ^ Nav saulīte dievā gaiša, Latvian Daina (traditional Latvian folksong)
  11. ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2006). Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-313-33125-1. OCLC 62281692.
  12. ^ Saunders, Chas; Allen, Peter J., eds. (2019-05-10). "PRAAMZIUS". Godchecker. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  13. ^ "420356 Praamzius (2012 BX85)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
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