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Coordinates: 33°41′44″N 35°34′49″E / 33.69556°N 35.58028°E / 33.69556; 35.58028
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'''Chouf''' (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf, in {{Lang-ar|جبل الشوف}} ''Jabal ash-Shouf'') is a historic region of [[Lebanon]], as well as an administrative [[Districts of Lebanon|district]] in the [[Governorates of Lebanon|governorate]] ([[Muhafazah|muhafazat]]) of [[Mount Lebanon Governorate|Mount Lebanon]].
'''Chouf''' (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf, in {{Langx|ar|جبل الشوف}} ''Jabal ash-Shouf'') is a historic region of [[Lebanon]], as well as an administrative [[Districts of Lebanon|district]] in the [[Governorates of Lebanon|governorate]] ([[Muhafazah|muhafazat]]) of [[Mount Lebanon Governorate|Mount Lebanon]].


==Geography==
==Geography==
Located south-east of [[Beirut]], the region comprises a narrow coastal strip notable for the Christian town of [[Damour]], and the valleys and mountains of the western slopes of Jabal [[Barouk]], the name of the local Mount Lebanon massif, on which the largest forest of [[Lebanon Cedar|Cedars of Lebanon]] is found. The mountains are high enough to receive snow.
Located south-east of [[Beirut]], the region comprises a narrow coastal strip notable for the Christian town of [[Damour]], and the valleys and mountains of the western slopes of Jabal [[Barouk]], the name of the local Mount Lebanon massif, on which the largest [[forest]] of [[Lebanon Cedar|Cedars of Lebanon]] is found. The mountains are high enough to receive [[snow]].


==History==
==History==
{{See also|History of the Chouf region}}[[File:Baadarane.png|thumb|right|310px|Remains of a palace in [[Baadarâne]], Chouf, Lebanon]]
{{See also|History of the Chouf region}}[[File:Baadarane.png|thumb|right|310px|Remains of a palace in [[Baadarâne]], Chouf, Lebanon]]
[[File:Prophet Job Shrine.jpg|thumb|310px|[[Job (Bible)|Prophet Job]] shrine in [[Niha, Chouf|Niha village]], Chouf, Lebanon<ref>{{cite book |title=Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World |first=Anastasia |last=Panagakos |year=2015 |isbn=9781440833328 |page=99 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |quote=}}</ref>]]
[[File:Prophet Job Shrine.jpg|thumb|310px|[[Job (Bible)|Prophet Job]] shrine in [[Niha, Chouf|Niha village]], Chouf, Lebanon<ref>{{cite book |title=Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World |first=Anastasia |last=Panagakos |year=2015 |isbn=9781440833328 |page=99 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |quote=}}</ref>]]
[[File:Christian Church and Druze khalwa in Maaser el Chouf.jpg|310px|thumb|[[Christian Church]] and [[Druze Khalwa]] in Maaser el Chouf: Historically; the [[Druzes]] and the [[Christians]] in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony.<ref name="Hazran 2013 32"/>]]
[[File:Christian Church and Druze khalwa in Maaser el Chouf.jpg|310px|thumb|[[Christian Church]] and [[Druze Khalwa]] in Maaser el Chouf: Historically, the [[Druzes]] and the [[Christians]] in the Shuf Mountains have lived in complete harmony.<ref name="Hazran 2013 32"/>]]
The Emirs of Lebanon used to have their residence in Chouf, most notably Druze Emir [[Fakhr al-Din II]], who attained considerable power and acted with significant autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century. He is often referred to as the founder of modern Lebanon, although his area of influence and later control included parts of current Israel and Syria. Other emirs include the more controversial [[Bachir Chehab II]], who built the magnificent palace of [[Beiteddine]] during the first half of the 19th century, but whose policies are believed to have catalyzed the first sectarian conflict in Lebanon between the traditionally dominant Druzes and the Maronites. Another historical town, just facing Beiteddine, is [[Deir al Qamar]] (the monastery of the Moon).
The [[Emir|Emirs]] of Lebanon used to have their residence in Chouf, most notably Druze Emir [[Fakhr al-Din II]], who attained considerable power and acted with significant autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century. He is often referred to as the founder of modern Lebanon, although his area of influence and later control also included parts of occupied Palestine and Syria. Other emirs include the more controversial [[Bachir Chehab II]], who built the magnificent palace of [[Beiteddine]] during the first half of the 19th century, but whose policies are believed to have catalyzed the first sectarian conflict in Lebanon between the traditionally dominant Druzes and the Maronites. Another historical town, just facing Beiteddine, is [[Deir al Qamar]] (the monastery of the Moon).


The relationship between the [[Druze]] and [[Christians]] in Chouf has been characterized by harmony and peaceful [[Plurinationalism|coexistence]],<ref name="Hazran 2013 32">{{cite book |title=The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation |first=Yusri |last=Hazran |year=2013 |isbn=9781317931737 |page=32 |publisher=Routledge |quote=the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian}}</ref> and they lived in the Chuf Mountains in the past in complete harmony.<ref name="Hazran 2013 32"/> The [[Maronite]] [[Catholic]]s and the [[Druze]] founded modern [[Lebanon]] in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "[[Maronite-Druze dualism]]" in [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon |first=Marius |last=Deeb |year=2013 |isbn=9780817916664 |publisher=Hoover Press |quote=the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.}}</ref>
The relationship between the [[Druze]] and [[Christians]] in Chouf has been characterized by harmony and peaceful [[Plurinationalism|coexistence]],<ref name="Hazran 2013 32">{{cite book |title=The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation |first=Yusri |last=Hazran |year=2013 |isbn=9781317931737 |page=32 |publisher=Routledge |quote=the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian}}</ref> and they have lived in the Chuf Mountains in the past in complete harmony.<ref name="Hazran 2013 32"/> The [[Maronite]] [[Catholic]]s and the [[Druze]] founded modern [[Lebanon]] in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "[[Christianity and Druze|Maronite-Druze dualism]]" in [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon |first=Marius |last=Deeb |year=2013 |isbn=9780817916664 |publisher=Hoover Press |quote=the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.}}</ref>


Chouf is the heartland of the [[Lebanese Druze]] community, with Druze leader [[Walid Jumblatt]] residing at the Jumblatt palace in the town of [[Moukhtara]]. Several violent clashes have occurred between Druze and Christians, as in 1848, 1860 and most recently 1983-1984, during the [[Lebanese Civil War]] ([[Mountain War]], [[Arabic]]: ''Harb el-Jabal''). At the end of January 1989 Walid Jumblatt launched an initiative to help Christians return to their mountain homes. An estimated 300,000 Christians had abandoned their properties during the fighting. The initiative was supported by [[Dany Chamoun]]. The plan was withdrawn 5 March following General [[Michel Aoun|Aoun]]’s blockade of the Druze port at [[Jieh]], his subsequent shelling of [[Souq El Gharb]] and the assassination of one of Jumblatt’s top aides.<ref>Middle East International No 343, 3 February 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.3,4</ref><ref>Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.6,7</ref> Reconciliation between the Druze and Christian communities came to fruition on August 8, 2001, when the [[Maronite Patriarchs|Maronite Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Cardinal Mar Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir]] made a historic visit to the Chouf and met with the Druze and Chouf leader, Walid Jumblatt.
Chouf is the heartland of the [[Lebanese Druze]] community, with Druze leader [[Walid Jumblatt]] residing at the Jumblatt palace in the town of [[Moukhtara]]. Several violent clashes have occurred between Druze and Christians, as in 1848, 1860 and most recently 1983-1984, during the [[Lebanese Civil War]] ([[Mountain War]], [[Arabic]]: ''Harb el-Jabal''). At the end of January 1989 Walid Jumblatt launched an initiative to help Christians return to their mountain homes. An estimated 300,000 Christians had abandoned their properties during the fighting. The initiative was supported by [[Dany Chamoun]]. The plan was withdrawn 5 March following General [[Michel Aoun|Aoun]]’s blockade of the Druze port at [[Jieh]], his subsequent shelling of [[Souq El Gharb]] and the assassination of one of Jumblatt’s top aides.<ref>[[Middle East International]] No 343, 3 February 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.3,4</ref><ref>Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.6,7</ref> Reconciliation between the Druze and Christian communities came to fruition on August 8, 2001, when the [[Maronite Patriarchs|Maronite Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Cardinal Mar Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir]] made a historic visit to the Chouf and met with the Druze and Chouf leader, Walid Jumblatt.


On 28 February 1989 an Israeli air-strike on the Chouf killed three school children and damaged their school. Twenty-two others were wounded. It was the third [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] attack on Lebanon since the beginning of the year.<ref>Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.6,7; also p.8 Fourteen days in brief</ref>
On 28 February 1989 an Israeli air-strike on the Chouf killed three school children and damaged their school. Twenty-two others were wounded. It was the third [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] attack on Lebanon since the beginning of the year.<ref>Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.6,7; also p.8 Fourteen days in brief</ref>
Line 80: Line 82:


Despite the historical feuds between
Despite the historical feuds between
[[Sunni]] [[Muslims]] and Christian [[Maronite Christianity in Lebanon|Maronites]] and [[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]], the Chouf district is still one of the most religiously diverse regions in Lebanon. Currently, the region hosts equal proportions of Druze, Sunni Muslims, and Christians (Maronite and Greek Catholic) populations. The Druze and Sunnis each make up around 32% and 30% of the population, respectively; and the remaining 36% is Christian.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ar:دائرة جبل لبنان الرابعة الشوف ، عاليه |trans-title=Mount Lebanon, Fourth Department: Chouf–Aley |url=https://elections.lebanese-forces.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CHOUF-ALEY-1.pdf |website=[[Lebanese Forces]] |language=Arabic |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref>
[[Sunni]] [[Muslims]] and Christian [[Maronite Christianity in Lebanon|Maronites]] and [[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]], the Chouf district is still one of the most religiously diverse regions in Lebanon. Currently, the region hosts equal proportions of Druze, Sunni Muslims, and Christians (Maronite and Greek Catholic) populations. As of 2022, the religious make-up of the District's 212,512 voters were roughly 31% [[Druze]], 30% [[Sunni]], 27% [[Maronite Catholics]], 6% [[Greek Catholic]], 3% [[Shia]], and 3% others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping Lebanon: Data and statistics |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1297803/data-and-statistics.html}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = Religion in the Baabda District
| label3 = [[Maronite Catholics]]
| value3 = 27
| color3 = #CBC3E3
| label2 = [[Sunni]]
| value2 = 30
| color2 = #ADD8E6
| label4 = [[Greek Catholic]]
| value4 = 6
| color4 = #90EE90
| label1 = [[Druze]]
| value1 = 31
| color1 = #FF7F7F
| label5 = [[Shia]]
| value5 = 3
| color5 = #FFFFC5
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 3
| color6 = #D3D3D3
}}


==Notable cities and towns==
==Notable cities and towns==
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*[[Barja]]
*[[Barja]]
*[[Barouk]]
*[[Barouk]]
*[[Batloun]]
*[[Beitedine]]
*[[Beitedine]]
*[[Bourjain]]
*[[Bourjain]]

Latest revision as of 17:44, 4 November 2024

Chouf District
جبل الشوف
District
Chouf Mountains
Chouf Mountains
Location in Lebanon
Location in Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°41′44″N 35°34′49″E / 33.69556°N 35.58028°E / 33.69556; 35.58028
Country Lebanon
GovernorateMount Lebanon Governorate
CapitalBeiteddine
Area
 • Land191 sq mi (495 km2)
Population
 • Estimate 
(31 December 2017)
231,427
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

Chouf (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf, in Arabic: جبل الشوف Jabal ash-Shouf) is a historic region of Lebanon, as well as an administrative district in the governorate (muhafazat) of Mount Lebanon.

Geography

[edit]

Located south-east of Beirut, the region comprises a narrow coastal strip notable for the Christian town of Damour, and the valleys and mountains of the western slopes of Jabal Barouk, the name of the local Mount Lebanon massif, on which the largest forest of Cedars of Lebanon is found. The mountains are high enough to receive snow.

History

[edit]
See also: History of the Chouf region
Remains of a palace in Baadarâne, Chouf, Lebanon
Prophet Job shrine in Niha village, Chouf, Lebanon[1]
Christian Church and Druze Khalwa in Maaser el Chouf: Historically, the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains have lived in complete harmony.[2]

The Emirs of Lebanon used to have their residence in Chouf, most notably Druze Emir Fakhr al-Din II, who attained considerable power and acted with significant autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century. He is often referred to as the founder of modern Lebanon, although his area of influence and later control also included parts of occupied Palestine and Syria. Other emirs include the more controversial Bachir Chehab II, who built the magnificent palace of Beiteddine during the first half of the 19th century, but whose policies are believed to have catalyzed the first sectarian conflict in Lebanon between the traditionally dominant Druzes and the Maronites. Another historical town, just facing Beiteddine, is Deir al Qamar (the monastery of the Moon).

The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Chouf has been characterized by harmony and peaceful coexistence,[2] and they have lived in the Chuf Mountains in the past in complete harmony.[2] The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.[3]

Chouf is the heartland of the Lebanese Druze community, with Druze leader Walid Jumblatt residing at the Jumblatt palace in the town of Moukhtara. Several violent clashes have occurred between Druze and Christians, as in 1848, 1860 and most recently 1983-1984, during the Lebanese Civil War (Mountain War, Arabic: Harb el-Jabal). At the end of January 1989 Walid Jumblatt launched an initiative to help Christians return to their mountain homes. An estimated 300,000 Christians had abandoned their properties during the fighting. The initiative was supported by Dany Chamoun. The plan was withdrawn 5 March following General Aoun’s blockade of the Druze port at Jieh, his subsequent shelling of Souq El Gharb and the assassination of one of Jumblatt’s top aides.[4][5] Reconciliation between the Druze and Christian communities came to fruition on August 8, 2001, when the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, Cardinal Mar Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir made a historic visit to the Chouf and met with the Druze and Chouf leader, Walid Jumblatt.

On 28 February 1989 an Israeli air-strike on the Chouf killed three school children and damaged their school. Twenty-two others were wounded. It was the third IAF attack on Lebanon since the beginning of the year.[6]

The Chouf is one of the best-preserved Lebanese districts, and its nature has been generally spared from the intense building of neighboring Metn and Kesrouan.

Demographics

[edit]

Despite the historical feuds between Sunni Muslims and Christian Maronites and Druze, the Chouf district is still one of the most religiously diverse regions in Lebanon. Currently, the region hosts equal proportions of Druze, Sunni Muslims, and Christians (Maronite and Greek Catholic) populations. As of 2022, the religious make-up of the District's 212,512 voters were roughly 31% Druze, 30% Sunni, 27% Maronite Catholics, 6% Greek Catholic, 3% Shia, and 3% others.[7]

  Druze (31%)
  Sunni (30%)
  Maronite Catholics (27%)
  Greek Catholic (6%)
  Shia (3%)
  Others (3%)

Notable cities and towns

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Panagakos, Anastasia (2015). Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 9781440833328.
  2. ^ a b c Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781317931737. the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
  3. ^ Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817916664. the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
  4. ^ Middle East International No 343, 3 February 1989, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir pp.3,4
  5. ^ Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir pp.6,7
  6. ^ Middle East International No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Jim Muir pp.6,7; also p.8 Fourteen days in brief
  7. ^ "Mapping Lebanon: Data and statistics".
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