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{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 401 to 417}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Christian Pope (r. 401–417)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
|type=Pope
| type = Pope
|honorific-prefix=Pope Saint
| honorific-prefix = [[Pope Saint]]
|name=Innocent I
| name = Innocent I
|title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
|church = [[Catholic Church]]
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| image = Innocentius Papa S Martino ai Monti.JPG
|image =
| caption = Statue in [[San Martino ai Monti]], Rome
|image_size=220px
| image_size =
|term_start=22 December 401<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288617/Saint-Innocent-I|title = Saint Innocent I &#124; pope}}</ref>
| term_start = 22 December 401<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288617/Saint-Innocent-I|title = Saint Innocent I &#124; pope}}</ref>
|term_end=12 March 417
| term_end = 12 March 417
|predecessor=[[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]
|successor=[[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
| predecessor = [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]
| successor = [[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
|birth_date=
| birth_date =
|birth_place= [[Albano Laziale|Albano]], [[Roman Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Albano Laziale|Albano]], [[Roman Empire]]
|death_date={{death date|417|03|12|378|03|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date|417|03|12|378|03|11|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]]
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Western Roman Empire]]
|venerated=[[Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
| venerated = {{ubl|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]}}
|feast_day ={{unbulleted list|12 March|28 July (13th–20th centuries)}}
| feast_day = {{unbulleted list|12 March|28 July (13th–20th centuries)}}
|other=Innocent
| other = Innocent
}}
}}


'''Pope Innocent I''' ({{lang-la|Innocentius I}}) was the [[bishop of Rome]] from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. He may have been the son of his predecessor, [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a [[decretal]] on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled [[John Chrysostom]] and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the [[Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. The Catholic priest-scholar [[Johann Peter Kirsch]], 1500 years later, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".<ref name="ce attribution"/>
'''Pope Innocent I''' ({{langx|la|Innocentius I}}) was the [[bishop of Rome]] from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]], and issued a [[decretal]] on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of [[Rouen]]. He defended the exiled [[John Chrysostom]] and consulted with the bishops of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] concerning the [[Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods.
The Catholic priest-scholar [[Johann Peter Kirsch]], 1500 years later, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".<ref name="ce attribution" />


==Family background==
==Family background==
According to his biographer in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', Innocent was a native of [[Albano Laziale]] and the son of a man called Innocentius,<ref name="ce attribution"/> but his contemporary [[Jerome]] referred to him as the son of the previous pope, [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]], probably a unique case of a son succeeding his father in the papacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64800|title = Sant' Innocenzo I}}</ref> According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cerri|first1=Urbano|last2=Steel|first2=Richard|title=An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.].|date=1715|publisher=Oxford University|page=[https://archive.org/details/anaccountstater00englgoog/page/n11 2]|url=https://archive.org/details/anaccountstater00englgoog|quote=albania.}}</ref>
According to his biographer in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', Innocent was a native of [[Albano Laziale]] and the son of a man called Innocentius.<ref name="ce attribution"/> On the other hand, in a letter to [[Demetrias (daughter of Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius)|Demetrias]] his contemporary [[Jerome]] referred to him as the son of the previous pope, [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]. It has, however, been suggested that Jerome was describing a link merely hierarchical rather than biological.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Geoffrey |date=2007 |title=Anastasius I and Innocent I: Reconsidering the Evidence of Jerome |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004260307x164476 |journal=Vigiliae Christianae |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=30–41 |doi=10.1163/004260307x164476 |issn=0042-6032}}</ref> According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cerri|first1=Urbano|last2=Steel|first2=Richard|title=An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.].|date=1715|publisher=Oxford University|page=[https://archive.org/details/anaccountstater00englgoog/page/n11 2]|url=https://archive.org/details/anaccountstater00englgoog|quote=albania.}}</ref>

==Pontificate==
==Pontificate==
Innocent I lost no opportunity in maintaining and extending the authority of the Roman apostolic See, which was seen as the ultimate resort for the settlement of all ecclesiastical disputes. His communications with [[Victricius of Rouen]], [[Exuperius|Exuperius of Toulouse]], Alexander of Antioch and others, as well as his actions on the appeal made to him by [[John Chrysostom]] against [[Pope Theophilus of Alexandria|Theophilus of Alexandria]], show that opportunities of this kind were numerous and varied. He took a decided view on the [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular [[Africa]], held in [[Carthage]] in 416, confirming the condemnation which had been pronounced in 411 against Cælestius, who shared the views of Pelagius. He also wrote in the same year in a similar sense to the fathers of the [[Numidia]]n synod of Mileve who had addressed him. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent regarding their own position in the matter of Pelagianism.<ref name="ce attribution">{{catholic|title=Pope Innocent I|volume=8|year=1910|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08011a.htm |last=Kirsch|first=Johann Peter|access-date=15 September 2017|inline=1}}</ref> In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.<ref name="ce">{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Pope Innocent I|volume=8|year=1910|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08011a.htm |last=Kirsch|first=Johann Peter|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Dunn|first=Geoffrey|date=March 2013|title=Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=21|issue=1|pages=27–41|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0000|s2cid=170672101|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/v021/21.1.dunn.pdf}}</ref>
Innocent lost no opportunity to maintain and extend the authority of the [[Holy See|Roman apostolic See]], seen as final arbiter for all ecclesiastical disputes. That such opportunities were numerous and varied is evident from his communications with [[Victricius of Rouen]], [[Exuperius|Exuperius of Toulouse]], Alexander of Antioch and others, as well as how he acted when [[John Chrysostom]] appealed to him against [[Pope Theophilus I of Alexandria|Theophilus of Alexandria]]. On the [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagian]] controversy he took a decided view. He reinforced the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular [[Africa]], held in [[Carthage]] in 416. He accordingly confirmed the condemnation in 411 against Cælestius, who was of the Pelagian view. In the same year he wrote likewise to the fathers of the [[Numidia]]n synod of Mileve who had appealed to him. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent explaining their own position on Pelagianism.<ref name="ce attribution">{{catholic|title=Pope Innocent I|volume=8|year=1910|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08011a.htm |last=Kirsch|first=Johann Peter|access-date=15 September 2017|inline=1}}</ref> In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.<ref name="ce">{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Pope Innocent I|volume=8|year=1910|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08011a.htm |last=Kirsch|first=Johann Peter|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Dunn|first=Geoffrey|date=March 2013|title=Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=21|issue=1|pages=27–41|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0000|s2cid=170672101|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/v021/21.1.dunn.pdf}}</ref>


The historian Zosimus in his ''Historia Nova'' suggests that during the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome in 410]] by [[Alaric I]], Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome had been successfully Christianized in the last century.<ref name="ce"/>
The historian Zosimus, in his ''Historia Nova'', suggests that during the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome in 410]] by [[Alaric I]], Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome in the previous century had been successfully and permanently won over to Christianity.<ref name="ce"/>


Among Innocent I's letters is one to Jerome and another to [[John II, Bishop of Jerusalem]], regarding annoyances to which the former had been subjected by the Pelagians at [[Bethlehem]].
Among Innocent I's letters is one to Jerome and another to [[John II, Bishop of Jerusalem]], regarding annoyances to which the former had been subjected by the Pelagians at [[Bethlehem]].
Line 35: Line 39:
He died on 12 March 417. Accordingly, his feast day is now celebrated on 12 March, though from the thirteenth to the twentieth century he was commemorated on 28 July.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 132; ''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 {{ISBN|978-88-209-7210-3}})</ref> His successor was [[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]].
He died on 12 March 417. Accordingly, his feast day is now celebrated on 12 March, though from the thirteenth to the twentieth century he was commemorated on 28 July.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 132; ''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 {{ISBN|978-88-209-7210-3}})</ref> His successor was [[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]].


In 405 A.D. Pope Innocent sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, [[Exsuperius of Toulouse]],<ref name=Exsuperius>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html Text and translation of the list]</ref> identical with [[Canon of Trent|that of Trent]] (which took place more than 1000 years later),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZYTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 Matthew J. Ramage, ''Dark Passages of the Bible'' (CUA Press 2013] {{ISBN|978-0-81322156-4}}), p. 67</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PA149 Lee Martin McDonald, ''Formation of the Bible'' (Hendrickson Publishers 2012] {{ISBN|978-1-59856838-7}}), p. 149</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA119 John L. Mckenzie, ''The Dictionary of the Bible'' (Simon and Schuster 1995] {{ISBN|978-0-68481913-6}}), p. 119</ref> except for some uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about whether the letters ascribed to Paul were 14 or only 13, in the latter case possibly implying omission of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].<ref name=Exsuperius/> Previously in 367 A.D., [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] had circulated the 39th [[Easter Letter]] mentioning the list of Scripture, both Old and New Testament, which he referred to as "canonized".
In 405, Pope Innocent sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, [[Exsuperius of Toulouse]],<ref name=Exsuperius>{{cite web| url = http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html| title = Text and translation of the list}}</ref> identical with [[Canon of Trent|that of Trent]] (which took place more than 1000 years later),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZYTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 Matthew J. Ramage, ''Dark Passages of the Bible'' (CUA Press 2013] {{ISBN|978-0-81322156-4}}), p. 67</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PA149 Lee Martin McDonald, ''Formation of the Bible'' (Hendrickson Publishers 2012] {{ISBN|978-1-59856838-7}}), p. 149</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA119 John L. Mckenzie, ''The Dictionary of the Bible'' (Simon and Schuster 1995] {{ISBN|978-0-68481913-6}}), p. 119</ref> except for some uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about whether the letters ascribed to Paul were 14 or only 13, in the latter case possibly implying omission of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].<ref name=Exsuperius/> Previously in 367, [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] had circulated the 39th [[Easter Letter]] mentioning the list of Scripture, both Old and New Testament, which he referred to as "canonized".


==Relics==
==Relics==
In 846, [[Pope Sergius II]] gave approval for the [[relic]]s of St. Innocent to be moved by [[Liudolf, Duke of Saxony|Duke Liudolf of Saxony]], along with those of his father and predecessor [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius]], to the crypt of the former collegiate church of [[Bad Gandersheim|Gandersheim]], now [[Gandersheim Abbey]], where most rest until this day.<ref>Birgit Heilmann, ''Aus Heiltum wird Geschichte. Der Gandersheimer Reliquienschatz in nachreformatorischer Zeit''. Thomas Labusiak and Hedwig Röckelein, Regensburg, 2009 (Studien zum Frauenstift Gandersheim und seinen Eigenklöstern, vol. 1).</ref> Relics were also brought to [[The Church of Our Lady St Mary of Glastonbury]] upon its consecration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glastonburyshrine.co.uk/Shrine/Openingofthepresentchurch.php|title = Opening of the present church – Glastonbury Shrine}}</ref>
In 846, [[Pope Sergius II]] gave approval for the [[relic]]s of St. Innocent to be moved by Count [[Liudolf of Saxony]] and his wife, [[Oda of Gandersheim|Oda]], along with those of his father and predecessor [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius]], to the crypt of the former collegiate church of [[Bad Gandersheim|Gandersheim]], now [[Gandersheim Abbey]], where most rest until this day.<ref>Birgit Heilmann, ''Aus Heiltum wird Geschichte. Der Gandersheimer Reliquienschatz in nachreformatorischer Zeit''. Thomas Labusiak and Hedwig Röckelein, Regensburg, 2009 (Studien zum Frauenstift Gandersheim und seinen Eigenklöstern, vol. 1).</ref> Relics were also brought to [[The Church of Our Lady St Mary of Glastonbury]] upon its consecration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glastonburyshrine.co.uk/Shrine/Openingofthepresentchurch.php|title = Opening of the present church – Glastonbury Shrine}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Innocentius I}}
{{commons category|Innocentius I}}
{{wikisource author}}
* {{Find a Grave|6926297}}
* {{Find a Grave|6926297}}
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0401-0417-_Innocentius_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0401-0417-_Innocentius_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis.html Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530] (Papa [[Felix IV]])
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis.html Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530] (Papa [[Felix IV]])
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html#XLIII. Liber pontificalis]
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html#XLIII. Liber pontificalis] {{inlang|la}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
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[[Category:5th-century archbishops]]
[[Category:5th-century archbishops]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Romans]]
[[Category:5th-century Western Romans]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Italy]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Italy]]
[[Category:Papal family members]]
[[Category:Papal family members]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:5th-century popes]]
[[Category:5th-century popes]]
[[Category:5th-century Latin writers]]
[[Category:5th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Latin letter writers]]
[[Category:Letter writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Popes]]

Latest revision as of 09:29, 25 October 2024

Pope Saint

Innocent I
Bishop of Rome
Statue in San Martino ai Monti, Rome
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began22 December 401[1]
Papacy ended12 March 417
PredecessorAnastasius I
SuccessorZosimus
Personal details
Born
Albano, Roman Empire
Died(417-03-12)12 March 417
Rome, Western Roman Empire
Sainthood
Feast day
  • 12 March
  • 28 July (13th–20th centuries)
Venerated in
Other popes named Innocent

Pope Innocent I (Latin: Innocentius I) was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled John Chrysostom and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods.

The Catholic priest-scholar Johann Peter Kirsch, 1500 years later, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".[2]

Family background

[edit]

According to his biographer in the Liber Pontificalis, Innocent was a native of Albano Laziale and the son of a man called Innocentius.[2] On the other hand, in a letter to Demetrias his contemporary Jerome referred to him as the son of the previous pope, Anastasius I. It has, however, been suggested that Jerome was describing a link merely hierarchical rather than biological.[3] According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of Albania.[4]

Pontificate

[edit]

Innocent lost no opportunity to maintain and extend the authority of the Roman apostolic See, seen as final arbiter for all ecclesiastical disputes. That such opportunities were numerous and varied is evident from his communications with Victricius of Rouen, Exuperius of Toulouse, Alexander of Antioch and others, as well as how he acted when John Chrysostom appealed to him against Theophilus of Alexandria. On the Pelagian controversy he took a decided view. He reinforced the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular Africa, held in Carthage in 416. He accordingly confirmed the condemnation in 411 against Cælestius, who was of the Pelagian view. In the same year he wrote likewise to the fathers of the Numidian synod of Mileve who had appealed to him. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent explaining their own position on Pelagianism.[2] In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.[5][6]

The historian Zosimus, in his Historia Nova, suggests that during the sack of Rome in 410 by Alaric I, Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome in the previous century had been successfully and permanently won over to Christianity.[5]

Among Innocent I's letters is one to Jerome and another to John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, regarding annoyances to which the former had been subjected by the Pelagians at Bethlehem.

He died on 12 March 417. Accordingly, his feast day is now celebrated on 12 March, though from the thirteenth to the twentieth century he was commemorated on 28 July.[7] His successor was Zosimus.

In 405, Pope Innocent sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse,[8] identical with that of Trent (which took place more than 1000 years later),[9][10][11] except for some uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about whether the letters ascribed to Paul were 14 or only 13, in the latter case possibly implying omission of the Epistle to the Hebrews.[8] Previously in 367, Athanasius of Alexandria had circulated the 39th Easter Letter mentioning the list of Scripture, both Old and New Testament, which he referred to as "canonized".

Relics

[edit]

In 846, Pope Sergius II gave approval for the relics of St. Innocent to be moved by Count Liudolf of Saxony and his wife, Oda, along with those of his father and predecessor Anastasius, to the crypt of the former collegiate church of Gandersheim, now Gandersheim Abbey, where most rest until this day.[12] Relics were also brought to The Church of Our Lady St Mary of Glastonbury upon its consecration.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Saint Innocent I | pope".
  2. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope Innocent I". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  3. ^ Dunn, Geoffrey (2007). "Anastasius I and Innocent I: Reconsidering the Evidence of Jerome". Vigiliae Christianae. 61 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1163/004260307x164476. ISSN 0042-6032.
  4. ^ Cerri, Urbano; Steel, Richard (1715). An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.]. Oxford University. p. 2. albania.
  5. ^ a b Public Domain Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope Innocent I". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  6. ^ Dunn, Geoffrey (March 2013), "Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia" (PDF), Journal of Early Christian Studies, 21 (1), Johns Hopkins University Press: 27–41, doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0000, ISSN 1086-3184, S2CID 170672101
  7. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 132; Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3)
  8. ^ a b "Text and translation of the list".
  9. ^ Matthew J. Ramage, Dark Passages of the Bible (CUA Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-81322156-4), p. 67
  10. ^ Lee Martin McDonald, Formation of the Bible (Hendrickson Publishers 2012 ISBN 978-1-59856838-7), p. 149
  11. ^ John L. Mckenzie, The Dictionary of the Bible (Simon and Schuster 1995 ISBN 978-0-68481913-6), p. 119
  12. ^ Birgit Heilmann, Aus Heiltum wird Geschichte. Der Gandersheimer Reliquienschatz in nachreformatorischer Zeit. Thomas Labusiak and Hedwig Röckelein, Regensburg, 2009 (Studien zum Frauenstift Gandersheim und seinen Eigenklöstern, vol. 1).
  13. ^ "Opening of the present church – Glastonbury Shrine".
[edit]
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