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{{Short description|Aerial transport by cable}}
{{Short description|Aerial transport by cable}}
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{{About|the means of cable transport on a looped track||Gondola (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the means of cable transport on a looped track||Gondola (disambiguation)}}
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[[File:Patriatta.jpg|thumb|[[Patriata|Patriatta]] pulsed gondola lift in Murree, Pakistan ]]
[[File:Patriatta.jpg|thumb|[[Patriata|Patriatta]] pulsed gondola lift in Murree, Pakistan ]]
[[Image:Emirates Air Line towers 24 May 2012.jpg|thumb|right|[[London]]'s [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Air Line]] over [[River Thames]]]]
[[Image:Emirates Air Line towers 24 May 2012.jpg|thumb|right|The [[London Cable Car]] over [[River Thames]]]]
[[File:Línea Roja de Mi Teleférico en La Paz, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mi Teleférico]] cable car system in [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]], used for [[mass transportation]] purposes, is both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world]]
[[File:Línea Roja de Mi Teleférico en La Paz, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mi Teleférico]] cable car system in [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]], used for [[mass transportation]] purposes, is both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world.]]
[[File:Primera línea de la Aerovía en funcionamiento.jpg|thumb|The [[Aerovia (Guayaquil)|Aerovia]] cable car system in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]].]]
[[File:Primera línea de la Aerovía en funcionamiento.jpg|thumb|The [[Aerovia (Guayaquil)|Aerovia]] cable car system in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]]]
[[File:Valfréjus - Télécabine d'arrondaz.jpg|thumb|La télécabine d'Arrondaz in [[Valfréjus]], [[France]]]]
[[File:Valfréjus - Télécabine d'arrondaz.jpg|thumb|La télécabine d'Arrondaz in [[Valfréjus]], [[France]]]]
[[Image:Skyeship Gondola.jpg|thumb|Interior of a gondola at [[Killington Ski Resort]], [[Vermont]]]]
[[Image:Skyeship Gondola.jpg|thumb|Interior of a gondola at [[Killington Ski Resort]], [[Vermont]]]]
[[Image:Gondola lift lucerne 2006.03.18.jpg|thumb|Classic 1960s 4-seater monocable gondola lift in [[Emmetten]], [[Switzerland]], built by [[GMD Müller]]]]
[[Image:Gondola lift lucerne 2006.03.18.jpg|thumb|Classic 1960s 4-seater monocable gondola lift in [[Emmetten]], [[Switzerland]], built by [[GMD Müller]]]]
[[Image:Mueller gondola gstaad3.jpg|thumb|Interior of a gondola lift station, in this case, an intermediate station where gondolas detach from the line, automatically travel through the building on tracks and attach to the line of the second section. The drive motors for both sections are visible below the bull wheels.]]
[[Image:Mueller gondola gstaad3.jpg|thumb|Interior of a gondola lift station, in this case, an intermediate station where gondolas detach from the line, automatically travel through the building on tracks and attach to the line of the second section. The drive motors for both sections are visible below the bull wheels.]]
[[Image:Namak abrud telecabine - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Gondola Lift at [[Shahrak-e Namak Abrud|Namak Abrud]], Iran]]


A '''gondola lift''' is a means of [[cable transport]] and type of [[aerial lift]] which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of [[steel]] [[wire rope]] that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a [[bullwheel]] in a terminal, which is typically connected to an [[engine]] or [[electric motor]]. It is often considered a ''continuous system'' since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations.<ref>[http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog:165/neumann.pdf Cable Propelled Systems in Urban Environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314141047/http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog%3A165/neumann.pdf |date=2012-03-14 }} Edward S. Neumann - Retrieved on 2010-08-05</ref> In contrast, an [[aerial tramway]] operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/play/worlds-5-most-thrilling-cable-cars-285325|title=5 challenging cable car rides |publisher= Daisy Liu |date=July 5, 2012 |access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref>
A '''gondola lift''' is a means of [[cable transport]] and type of [[aerial lift]] which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of [[steel]] [[wire rope]] that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a [[bullwheel]] in a terminal, which is typically connected to an [[engine]] or [[electric motor]]. It is often considered a ''continuous system'' since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations.<ref>[http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog:165/neumann.pdf Cable Propelled Systems in Urban Environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314141047/http://adr.coalliance.org/cog/fez/eserv/cog%3A165/neumann.pdf |date=March 14, 2012}} Edward S. Neumann. Retrieved August 5, 2010.</ref> In contrast, an [[aerial tramway]] operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/play/worlds-5-most-thrilling-cable-cars-285325|title=5 challenging cable car rides |publisher= Daisy Liu |date=July 5, 2012 |access-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref>


The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the [[Alps]], the {{lang-it|'''Cabinovia'''}} and {{lang-fr|'''Télécabine'''}} are also used in English-language texts. The systems may also be referred to as '''cable cars'''.
The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the [[Alps]], the {{langx|it|'''Cabinovia'''}} and {{langx|fr|'''Télécabine'''}} are also used in English-language texts. The systems may also be referred to as '''cable cars'''.

==History==

The Kohlerer-Bahn opened on June 29, 1908, in [[Bolzano]], [[South Tyrol]], the first modern aerial enclosed [[Aerial lift|cable car]] solely for passenger service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kohlererbahn.it/eng/our-100-years.html |title=Our 100 Years |website=Kohlerer-Bahn |access-date=March 19, 2023}}</ref>


==Types==
==Types==
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===Passenger lift===
===Passenger lift===
[[File:Yllastunturi Gondola Lifts 20090301.JPG|thumb|right|Gondola lift at the [[Ylläs]] ski resort in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]], [[Finland]]]]
[[File:Yllastunturi Gondola Lifts 20090301.JPG|thumb|right|Gondola lift at the [[Ylläs]] ski resort in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]], [[Finland]]]]
In some systems the passenger cabins, which can hold between two and fifteen people,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doppelmayr.com/en/products/detachable-gondola-lift/|title=Detachable Gondola Lift {{!}} Products|website=www.doppelmayr.com|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> are connected to the cable by means of spring–loaded grips. These grips allow the cabin to be detached from the moving cable and slowed in the terminals, to allow passengers to board and disembark. Doors are almost always automatic and controlled by a [[lever]] on the roof or on the undercarriage that is pushed up or down. Cabins are driven through the terminals either by rotating [[tire]]s, or by a chain system. To be accelerated to and decelerated from line speed, cabins are driven along by progressively swifter (or slower) rotating tires until they reach line or terminal speed. On older installations, gondolas are accelerated manually by an operator. Gondola lifts can have intermediate stops that allow for uploading and downloading on the lift. Examples of a lift with three stops instead of the standard two are the Village Gondola, the Excalibur Gondolas at [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler Blackcomb]] and the Skyride at [[Alton Towers]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
In some systems the passenger cabins, which can hold between two and fifteen people,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doppelmayr.com/en/products/detachable-gondola-lift/|title=Detachable Gondola Lift {{!}} Products|website=www.doppelmayr.com|access-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> are connected to the cable by means of spring–loaded grips. These grips allow the cabin to be detached from the moving cable and slowed in the terminals, to allow passengers to board and disembark. Doors are almost always automatic and controlled by a [[lever]] on the roof or on the undercarriage that is pushed up or down. Cabins are driven through the terminals either by rotating [[tire]]s, or by a chain system. To be accelerated to and decelerated from line speed, cabins are driven along by progressively swifter (or slower) rotating tires until they reach line or terminal speed. On older installations, gondolas are accelerated manually by an operator. Gondola lifts can have intermediate stops that allow for uploading and downloading on the lift. Examples of a lift with three stops instead of the standard two are the Village Gondola, the Excalibur Gondolas at [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler Blackcomb]] and the Skyride at [[Alton Towers]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}


In other systems the cable is slowed intermittently to allow passengers to disembark and embark the cabins at stations, and to allow people in the cars along the route to take [[photograph]]s, such as [[Lebanon]]'s [[Téléphérique (Jounieh)|Téléférique]] which offers an exceptional view to the Mediterranean, the historical Jounieh Bay and the pine forest at the 80% slope which this gondola lift goes over. Such a system is called ''pulse cabin'' and usually several cabins are loaded simultaneously.
In other systems the cable is slowed intermittently to allow passengers to disembark and embark the cabins at stations, and to allow people in the cars along the route to take [[photograph]]s, such as [[Lebanon]]'s [[Téléphérique (Jounieh)|Téléférique]] which offers an exceptional view to the Mediterranean, the historical Jounieh Bay and the pine forest at the 80% slope which this gondola lift goes over. Such a system is called ''pulse cabin'' and usually several cabins are loaded simultaneously.


[[Image:Tochal-7th-Station.jpg|thumb|[[Tochal Complex|Tochal]] mountain telecabine in [[Tehran Province]] at 3,800 meters [[elevation]]]]
[[Image:Tochal-7th-Station.jpg|thumb|[[Tochal Complex|Tochal]] mountain telecabine in [[Tehran Province]] at 3,800 meters [[elevation]]]]
Open-air gondolas, or cabriolet as commonly called, are fairly uncommon and are quite primitive because they are exposed to the elements. Their cabins are usually hollow cylinder, open from chest height up, with a floor and a cover on the top. They are usually used as village gondolas and for short distances. Examples are at [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, and at [[Blue Mountain (ski resort)|Blue Mountaun Ski Resort]] (summer only, in the winter it is converted to a six person high-speed chairlift.) in [[Ontario]], Canada, The Canyons Resort in Park City, Utah, [[Mountain Creek]], and the new Village Cabriolet at [[Winter Park Resort]] in Colorado. Open-air gondolas can also come in a style similar to a pulse gondola, like the Village Gondola at [[Panorama Ski Resort]], [[British Columbia]].
Open-air gondolas, or cabriolets as commonly called, are fairly uncommon and are quite primitive because they are exposed to the elements. Their cabins are usually hollow cylinders, open from chest height up, with floors and roof covers. They are usually used as village gondolas and for short distances. Examples are at [[Mont Tremblant Resort]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, and at [[Blue Mountain (ski resort)|Blue Mountain Ski Resort]] (summer only, in the winter it is converted to a six person high-speed chairlift.) in [[Ontario]], Canada, The Canyons Resort in Park City, Utah, [[Mountain Creek]], and the new Village Cabriolet at [[Winter Park Resort]] in Colorado. Open-air gondolas can also come in a style similar to that of pulse gondolas, like the Village Gondola at [[Panorama Ski Resort]], [[British Columbia]].


The first gondola built in the [[United States]] for a ski resort was located at the [[Wildcat Mountain Ski Area]]. It was a two-person gondola built in 1957 and serviced skiers until 1999. The lift was later demolished in 2004. The lift and its cabins were manufactured by a former Italian lift company: Carlevaro-Savio. One of the longest gondola rides in the world, [[Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen]], is in the [[Bernese Oberland]] in [[Switzerland]] and connects [[Grindelwald]] with [[Männlichen]].
The first gondola built in the [[United States]] for a ski resort was at the [[Wildcat Mountain Ski Area]]. It was a two-person gondola built in 1957 and serviced skiers until 1999. The lift was later demolished in 2004. The lift and its cabins were manufactured by a former Italian lift company: Carlevaro-Savio. One of the longest gondola rides in the world, [[Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen]], is in the [[Bernese Oberland]] in [[Switzerland]] and connects [[Grindelwald]] with [[Männlichen]].


==== Urban transport ====
==== Urban transport ====
In recent years, gondola lifts are finding increased usage in urban environments. Cable cars used for urban transit include the [[Metrocable (Medellín)|Metrocable]] in [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]];[[Aerovia (Guayaquil)|Aerovia]] in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]; [[Portland Aerial Tram]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], [[United States]]; [[Metrocable (Caracas)|Metrocable]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]; [[Trolleybuses in Mérida#Line 3|Trolcable]] in [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], Venezuela; Cable Aéreo in [[Manizales]], Colombia; [[Mi Teleférico]] in [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]]; [[Mexicable]] in the [[State of Mexico]], [[Mexico]]; Yenimahalle-Şentepe teleferik in [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]]; the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]] in [[London]], [[UK]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emiratesairline.co.uk/|title=The Emirates Air Line|publisher=Emirates Airline}}</ref> and the TransMiCable in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], due to open at the end of 2018. The Metrocable systems in Medellin and Caracas are fully integrated with the public transit network which provides passengers the ability to seamlessly transfer to the local metro lines, whereas the network in La Paz, the largest in the world, forms the backbone of the city's public transit system itself.<ref>[http://gondolaproject.com/2010/03/11/medellincaracas-part-1/ Medellin/Caracas, Part 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317192119/http://gondolaproject.com/2010/03/11/medellincaracas-part-1/ |date=2011-03-17 }} Gondola Project - Retrieved on 2011-03-16</ref><ref>Dávila, JD (ed.), 2013, [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1366633/ Urban Mobility and Poverty: Lessons from Medellin and Soacha, Colombia], UCL and Universidad Nacional de Colombia.</ref>
In recent years, gondola lifts are finding increased usage in urban environments. Cable cars used for urban transit include the [[Metrocable (Medellín)|Metrocable]] in [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]] and the [[TransMiCable]] in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]; [[Aerovia (Guayaquil)|Aerovia]] in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]; [[Portland Aerial Tram]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], [[United States]]; [[Roosevelt Island Tramway]] in New York City, New York, United States; [[Metrocable (Caracas)|Metrocable]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]; [[Trolleybuses in Mérida#Line 3|Trolcable]] in [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], Venezuela; Cable Aéreo in [[Manizales]], Colombia; [[Mi Teleférico]] in [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]]; [[Mexicable]] in the [[State of Mexico]], [[Mexico]]; [[Teleférico de Santo Domingo]]; Yenimahalle-Şentepe teleferik in [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]]; [[Maçka Gondola|Maçka]] and [[Eyüp Gondola]]s in [[Istanbul]]; the [[London cable car]] in [[London]], England;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emiratesairline.co.uk/|title=The Emirates Air Line|publisher=Emirates Airline}}</ref> [[Nizhny Novgorod Cableway]], Russia. The Metrocable systems in Medellin and Caracas are fully integrated with the public transit network which provides passengers the ability to seamlessly transfer to the local metro lines, whereas the network in La Paz, the largest in the world, forms the backbone of the city's public transit system itself.<ref>[http://gondolaproject.com/2010/03/11/medellincaracas-part-1/ Medellin/Caracas, Part 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317192119/http://gondolaproject.com/2010/03/11/medellincaracas-part-1/ |date=March 17, 2011}} Gondola Project. Retrieved March 16, 2011.</ref><ref>Dávila, JD, ed. (2013), [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1366633/ Urban Mobility and Poverty: Lessons from Medellin and Soacha, Colombia], UCL and Universidad Nacional de Colombia.</ref>


[[Disney Skyliner]] is a gondola-lift service, which opened on September 29, 2019 at [[Walt Disney World]] in central Florida. The system uses multiple lines and has five stations, and it connects Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios with one another and with several Disney-owned and -operated resort hotels.
[[Disney Skyliner]] is a gondola-lift service, which opened on September 29, 2019, at [[Walt Disney World]] in central Florida. The system uses multiple lines and has five stations, and it connects Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios with one another and with several Disney-owned and -operated resort hotels.


In terms of urban gondola systems for the future, [[TransLink (British Columbia)|TransLink]] in [[Metro Vancouver]] has proposed to build a gondola up [[Burnaby Mountain]] to [[Simon Fraser University]] in an announcement in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/TransLink+considers+aerial+gondola/3563211/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925080813/http://www.vancouversun.com/TransLink+considers+aerial+gondola/3563211/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 25, 2010 |title=TransLink considers aerial gondola to SFU |newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=September 22, 2010 |access-date=2010-09-22 }}</ref> The project was sidelined in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roach|first1=Melissa|title=SFU gondola plans grounded|url=https://the-peak.ca/2014/06/sfu-gondola-plans-grounded/|website=The Peak|access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> but was revived in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Verenca|first1=Tereza|title=Is a gondola in the cards for Burnaby Mountain?|url=http://www.burnabynow.com/news/is-a-gondola-in-the-cards-for-burnaby-mountain-1.23055503|website=Burnaby Now|publisher=Glacier Community Media|access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref>
In terms of urban gondola systems for the future, [[TransLink (British Columbia)|TransLink]] in [[Metro Vancouver]] has proposed to build a gondola up [[Burnaby Mountain]] to [[Simon Fraser University]] in an announcement in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/TransLink+considers+aerial+gondola/3563211/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925080813/http://www.vancouversun.com/TransLink+considers+aerial+gondola/3563211/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 25, 2010 |title=TransLink considers aerial gondola to SFU |newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=September 22, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2010}}</ref> The project was sidelined in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roach|first1=Melissa|title=SFU gondola plans grounded|url=https://the-peak.ca/2014/06/sfu-gondola-plans-grounded/|website=The Peak| date=June 16, 2014 |access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> but was revived in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Verenca|first1=Tereza|title=Is a gondola in the cards for Burnaby Mountain?|url=http://www.burnabynow.com/news/is-a-gondola-in-the-cards-for-burnaby-mountain-1.23055503|website=Burnaby Now|date=October 4, 2017 |publisher=Glacier Community Media|access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref>


In late 2012, a widespread aerial gondola system was proposed for [[Austin, Texas]], in an effort to expand mass transit options in the rapidly growing city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2012/11/14/ski-lifts-in-austin-what-can-we-see.html?ana=fbk|title=Gondolas in Austin: creative transportation ideas emerge|work=[[Austin Business Journal]]|date=November 14, 2012|access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> The proposal was rejected by the local transit agency in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kxan.com/2017/03/24/proposal-for-urban-gondola-system-in-austin-will-not-move-forward/|title=Proposal for urban gondola system in Austin will not move forward|date=2017-03-24|publisher=KXAN |language=en-US |access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref>
In late 2012, a widespread aerial gondola system was proposed for [[Austin, Texas]], in an effort to expand mass transit options in the rapidly growing city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2012/11/14/ski-lifts-in-austin-what-can-we-see.html?ana=fbk|title=Gondolas in Austin: creative transportation ideas emerge|work=[[Austin Business Journal]]|date=November 14, 2012|access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> The proposal was rejected by the local transit agency in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kxan.com/2017/03/24/proposal-for-urban-gondola-system-in-austin-will-not-move-forward/|title=Proposal for urban gondola system in Austin will not move forward|date=March 24, 2017|publisher=KXAN |language=en-US |access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref>


A proposed gondola system in [[Montreal]] was ultimately rejected by the [[Old Port of Montreal]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Burnett |author-link=Richard Burnett |title=Up in the air |work=[[Hour (magazine)|Hour]] |date=December 11, 2008 |url=http://hour.ca/2008/12/11/up-in-the-air/ |access-date=December 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002653/http://hour.ca/2008/12/11/up-in-the-air/ |archive-date=August 12, 2011}}</ref>
A proposed gondola system in [[Montreal]] was ultimately rejected by the [[Old Port of Montreal]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Burnett |author-link=Richard Burnett |title=Up in the air |work=[[Hour (magazine)|Hour]] |date=December 11, 2008 |url=http://hour.ca/2008/12/11/up-in-the-air/ |access-date=December 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002653/http://hour.ca/2008/12/11/up-in-the-air/ |archive-date=August 12, 2011}}</ref>


===Ropeway conveyor===
===Ropeway conveyor===
{{main|ropeway conveyor}}
{{main|Material ropeway}}
A '''ropeway conveyor''' or '''material ropeway'''<ref>Ernst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989). ''Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik'' (5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989, p. 659. {{ISBN|3-87097-145-2}}.</ref> is essentially a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.
A '''ropeway conveyor''' or '''material ropeway'''<ref>Ernst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989). ''Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik'' (5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989, p. 659. {{ISBN|3-87097-145-2}}.</ref> is essentially a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.


Ropeway conveyors are typically found around large [[mining]] concerns, and can be of considerable length. The [[COMILOG Cableway]], which ran from [[Moanda]] in [[Gabon]] to [[Mbinda]] in the [[Republic of the Congo]], was over {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} in length. The [[Norsjö cable car]] in [[Sweden]] had a length of {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}}.
Ropeway conveyors are typically found around large [[mining]] concerns, and can be of considerable length. The [[COMILOG Cableway]], which ran from [[Moanda]] in [[Gabon]] to [[Mbinda]] in the [[Republic of the Congo]], was over {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} in length. The [[Norsjö ropeway|Kristineberg-Boliden ropeway]] in [[Sweden]] had a length of {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}}.


In [[Eritrea]], the [[Italians]] built the [[Asmara-Massawa Cableway]] in 1936, which was {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} long. The [[Manizales - Mariquita Cableway]] (1922) in [[Colombia]] was 73 km long.
In [[Eritrea]], the [[Italians]] built the [[Asmara-Massawa Cableway]] in 1936, which was {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} long. The [[Manizales - Mariquita Cableway]] (1922) in [[Colombia]] was 73&nbsp;km long.


Conveyors can be powered by a wide variety of forms of power sources: [[electric motor]]s, [[internal combustion engine]]s, [[steam engine]]s, or [[gravity]]. Gravity is particularly common in mountainous mining concerns, and directly employed; the weight of loaded down-going containers pulling the returning empties back up the slope. Gravity can also be used indirectly, where running water is available; a [[Water wheel|waterwheel]] is powered by gravity acting on water, and is used to power the cable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2011/01/aerial-ropeways-automatic-cargo-transport.html|title=Aerial ropeways: automatic cargo transport for a bargain|work=Low Tech Magazine}}</ref>
Conveyors can be powered by a wide variety of forms of power sources: [[electric motor]]s, [[internal combustion engine]]s, [[steam engine]]s, or [[gravity]]. Gravity is particularly common in mountainous mining concerns, and directly employed; the weight of loaded down-going containers pulling the returning empties back up the slope. Gravity can also be used indirectly, where running water is available; a [[Water wheel|waterwheel]] is powered by gravity acting on water, and is used to power the cable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2011/01/aerial-ropeways-automatic-cargo-transport.html|title=Aerial ropeways: automatic cargo transport for a bargain|work=Low Tech Magazine|date=January 26, 2011 }}</ref>


===Bicable and tricable gondola lifts===
===Bicable and tricable gondola lifts===
{{main|Bicable gondola lift|Tricable gondola lift}}
{{main|Bicable gondola lift|Tricable gondola lift}}
Conventional systems where a single cable provides both support and propulsion of the cabins are often called monocable gondola lifts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gondolaproject.com/mdg/|title=mdg / Monocable Detachable Gondola |publisher=The Gondola Project |language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> Gondola lifts which feature one stationary cable (known as the 'support' rope), and one haul rope are known as bicable gondola lifts, while lifts that feature two support ropes and one haul rope are known as tricable gondola lifts. Famous examples of bicable gondola lifts include the [[Ngong Ping 360]] in [[Hong Kong]], the [[Singapore Cable Car]], and the [[Sulphur Mountain (Alberta)|Sulphur Mountain Gondola]] in [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], Canada. This system has the advantage that the stationary cable's strength and properties can be tailored to each span, which reduces costs. They differ from [[aerial tramway]]s , as these consist only of one or two usually larger cabins moving back and forth, rather than circulating. Bicable and tricable systems provide greater lateral stability compared with monocable systems, allowing the system to operate in higher cross-winds.
Conventional systems where a single cable provides both support and propulsion of the cabins are often called monocable gondola lifts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gondolaproject.com/mdg/|title=mdg / Monocable Detachable Gondola |date=October 28, 2011 |publisher=The Gondola Project |language=en-US|access-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> Gondola lifts which feature one stationary cable (known as the 'support' rope), and one haul rope are known as bicable gondola lifts, while lifts that feature two support ropes and one haul rope are known as tricable gondola lifts. Famous examples of bicable gondola lifts include the [[Ngong Ping 360]] in [[Hong Kong]], the [[Singapore Cable Car]], and the [[Sulphur Mountain (Alberta)|Sulphur Mountain Gondola]] in [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], Canada. This system has the advantage that the stationary cable's strength and properties can be tailored to each span, which reduces costs. They differ from [[aerial tramway]]s, as these consist only of one or two usually larger cabins moving back and forth, rather than circulating. Bicable and tricable systems provide greater lateral stability compared with monocable systems, allowing the system to operate in higher cross-winds.


== List of accidents ==
== List of accidents ==
{{see also|Aerial tramway#List of accidents}}
{{see also|Aerial tramway#List of accidents}}


The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 fatalities per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Byrd|first1=David|title=NSAA Ski Lift Safety Fact Sheet|url=http://www.nsaa.org/media/214677/Lift_Safety_Fact_Sheet_10_31_14.pdf|publisher=National Ski Areas Association|access-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref>
The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 fatalities per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Byrd|first1=David|title=NSAA Ski Lift Safety Fact Sheet|url=http://www.nsaa.org/media/214677/Lift_Safety_Fact_Sheet_10_31_14.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907235655/http://www.nsaa.org/media/214677/Lift_Safety_Fact_Sheet_10_31_14.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2015|publisher=National Ski Areas Association|access-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref>


* October 22, 1979: One person was killed and 17 other injured when two gondolas fell from the "Swiss Sky Ride" at the Texas State Fair. Winds gusting to {{convert|40|mph|kph|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} caused three cars to collide and two fell on midway games below the cable.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fair flashback: In 1979, a deadly day for the State Fair of Texas|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/state-fair-of-texas/headlines/20111012-fair-flashback-in-1979-a-deadly-day-for-the-state-fair-of-texas.ece |newspaper=Dallas Morning News |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2015}}</ref>
* October 22, 1979: one person was killed and 17 other injured when two gondolas fell from the "Swiss Sky Ride" at the Texas State Fair. Winds gusting to {{convert|40|mph|kph|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us}} caused three cars to collide and two fell on midway games below the cable.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fair flashback: In 1979, a deadly day for the State Fair of Texas|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/state-fair-of-texas/headlines/20111012-fair-flashback-in-1979-a-deadly-day-for-the-state-fair-of-texas.ece |newspaper=Dallas Morning News |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2015}}</ref>
* January 29, 1983: The [[Singapore Cable Car disaster]], which saw seven people killed when two cabins plunged into the sea after the cableway was hit by a [[Panama]]nian-registered oil rig being towed.
* January 29, 1983: seven people were killed in the [[Singapore Cable Car disaster]] when two cabins plunged into the sea after the cableway was hit by a [[Transport in Panama#Merchant marine|Panamanian-registered]] oil rig being towed.
* September 5, 2005: Nine people died and ten were injured when a {{convert|750|kg|lb|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us|adj=on}} concrete block was accidentally dropped by a construction helicopter in [[Sölden]], [[Austria]]. Hundreds had to be evacuated from the lift.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/nine-killed-in-cable-car-crash/2005/09/06/1125772489555.html|title=Nine killed in freak cable car crash|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=September 6, 2005|access-date=2006-12-06}}</ref>
* September 5, 2005: nine people died and ten were injured when a {{convert|750|kg|lb|abbr=out|sigfig=|sp=us|adj=on}} concrete block was accidentally dropped by a construction helicopter in [[Sölden]], [[Austria]]. Hundreds had to be evacuated from the lift.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/nine-killed-in-cable-car-crash/2005/09/06/1125772489555.html|title=Nine killed in freak cable car crash|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=September 6, 2005|access-date=December 6, 2006}}</ref>
* March 2, 2008: A man fell out of a gondola in Chamonix and died, perhaps after he and one of his friends leaned on and broke the plexiglass window.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skiclub.co.uk/skiclub/news/story.aspx?storyID=5479|title=Man dies in Chamonix lift fall|publisher=Ski Club GB|access-date=December 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702234003/http://www.skiclub.co.uk/skiclub/news/story.aspx?storyID=5479|archive-date=July 2, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* March 2, 2008: a man fell out of a gondola in Chamonix and died, perhaps after he and one of his friends leaned on and broke the plexiglass window.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skiclub.co.uk/skiclub/news/story.aspx?storyID=5479|title=Man dies in Chamonix lift fall|publisher=Ski Club GB|access-date=December 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702234003/http://www.skiclub.co.uk/skiclub/news/story.aspx?storyID=5479|archive-date=July 2, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<!-- Do not list Cavalese cable car disasters here, they were both on the same [[aerial tramway]], not a gondola lift -->
<!-- Do not list Cavalese cable car disasters here, they were both on the same [[aerial tramway]], not a gondola lift -->
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<!-- Do not list the Stresa–Mottarone cable car crash here, as it was on an [[aerial tramway]], not a gondola lift -->
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{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Aerial lift]]
* [[Aerial lift]]
* [[Aerial tramway]]
** [[Aerial tramway]]
* [[Cable car (railway)]]
* [[Cable car (railway)]]
* [[List of gondola lifts]]
* [[List of gondola lifts]]
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Detachable gondola lifts}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Detachable gondola lifts}}


{{SkiLift}}
{{SkiLift}}

Latest revision as of 23:32, 22 October 2024

This article is about the means of cable transport on a looped track. For other uses, see Gondola (disambiguation).

Gondola lift
TypeCable transport
Patriatta pulsed gondola lift in Murree, Pakistan
The London Cable Car over River Thames
The Mi Teleférico cable car system in La Paz, Bolivia, used for mass transportation purposes, is both the longest and highest urban cable car network in the world.
The Aerovia cable car system in Guayaquil, Ecuador
La télécabine d'Arrondaz in Valfréjus, France
Interior of a gondola at Killington Ski Resort, Vermont
Classic 1960s 4-seater monocable gondola lift in Emmetten, Switzerland, built by GMD Müller
Interior of a gondola lift station, in this case, an intermediate station where gondolas detach from the line, automatically travel through the building on tracks and attach to the line of the second section. The drive motors for both sections are visible below the bull wheels.
Gondola Lift at Namak Abrud, Iran

A gondola lift is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of steel wire rope that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is typically connected to an engine or electric motor. It is often considered a continuous system since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations.[1] In contrast, an aerial tramway operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.[2]

The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alps, the Italian: Cabinovia and French: Télécabine are also used in English-language texts. The systems may also be referred to as cable cars.

History

[edit]

The Kohlerer-Bahn opened on June 29, 1908, in Bolzano, South Tyrol, the first modern aerial enclosed cable car solely for passenger service.[3]

Types

[edit]

Passenger lift

[edit]
Gondola lift at the Ylläs ski resort in Lapland, Finland

In some systems the passenger cabins, which can hold between two and fifteen people,[4] are connected to the cable by means of spring–loaded grips. These grips allow the cabin to be detached from the moving cable and slowed in the terminals, to allow passengers to board and disembark. Doors are almost always automatic and controlled by a lever on the roof or on the undercarriage that is pushed up or down. Cabins are driven through the terminals either by rotating tires, or by a chain system. To be accelerated to and decelerated from line speed, cabins are driven along by progressively swifter (or slower) rotating tires until they reach line or terminal speed. On older installations, gondolas are accelerated manually by an operator. Gondola lifts can have intermediate stops that allow for uploading and downloading on the lift. Examples of a lift with three stops instead of the standard two are the Village Gondola, the Excalibur Gondolas at Whistler Blackcomb and the Skyride at Alton Towers.[citation needed]

In other systems the cable is slowed intermittently to allow passengers to disembark and embark the cabins at stations, and to allow people in the cars along the route to take photographs, such as Lebanon's Téléférique which offers an exceptional view to the Mediterranean, the historical Jounieh Bay and the pine forest at the 80% slope which this gondola lift goes over. Such a system is called pulse cabin and usually several cabins are loaded simultaneously.

Tochal mountain telecabine in Tehran Province at 3,800 meters elevation

Open-air gondolas, or cabriolets as commonly called, are fairly uncommon and are quite primitive because they are exposed to the elements. Their cabins are usually hollow cylinders, open from chest height up, with floors and roof covers. They are usually used as village gondolas and for short distances. Examples are at Mont Tremblant Resort in Quebec, Canada, and at Blue Mountain Ski Resort (summer only, in the winter it is converted to a six person high-speed chairlift.) in Ontario, Canada, The Canyons Resort in Park City, Utah, Mountain Creek, and the new Village Cabriolet at Winter Park Resort in Colorado. Open-air gondolas can also come in a style similar to that of pulse gondolas, like the Village Gondola at Panorama Ski Resort, British Columbia.

The first gondola built in the United States for a ski resort was at the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area. It was a two-person gondola built in 1957 and serviced skiers until 1999. The lift was later demolished in 2004. The lift and its cabins were manufactured by a former Italian lift company: Carlevaro-Savio. One of the longest gondola rides in the world, Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen, is in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland and connects Grindelwald with Männlichen.

Urban transport

[edit]

In recent years, gondola lifts are finding increased usage in urban environments. Cable cars used for urban transit include the Metrocable in Medellín, Colombia and the TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia; Aerovia in Guayaquil, Ecuador; Portland Aerial Tram in Portland, Oregon, United States; Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, New York, United States; Metrocable in Caracas, Venezuela; Trolcable in Mérida, Venezuela; Cable Aéreo in Manizales, Colombia; Mi Teleférico in La Paz, Bolivia; Mexicable in the State of Mexico, Mexico; Teleférico de Santo Domingo; Yenimahalle-Şentepe teleferik in Ankara, Turkey; Maçka and Eyüp Gondolas in Istanbul; the London cable car in London, England;[5] Nizhny Novgorod Cableway, Russia. The Metrocable systems in Medellin and Caracas are fully integrated with the public transit network which provides passengers the ability to seamlessly transfer to the local metro lines, whereas the network in La Paz, the largest in the world, forms the backbone of the city's public transit system itself.[6][7]

Disney Skyliner is a gondola-lift service, which opened on September 29, 2019, at Walt Disney World in central Florida. The system uses multiple lines and has five stations, and it connects Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios with one another and with several Disney-owned and -operated resort hotels.

In terms of urban gondola systems for the future, TransLink in Metro Vancouver has proposed to build a gondola up Burnaby Mountain to Simon Fraser University in an announcement in September 2010.[8] The project was sidelined in 2014,[9] but was revived in 2017.[10]

In late 2012, a widespread aerial gondola system was proposed for Austin, Texas, in an effort to expand mass transit options in the rapidly growing city.[11] The proposal was rejected by the local transit agency in 2017.[12]

A proposed gondola system in Montreal was ultimately rejected by the Old Port of Montreal.[13]

Ropeway conveyor

[edit]
Main article: Material ropeway

A ropeway conveyor or material ropeway[14] is essentially a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.

Ropeway conveyors are typically found around large mining concerns, and can be of considerable length. The COMILOG Cableway, which ran from Moanda in Gabon to Mbinda in the Republic of the Congo, was over 75 kilometers (47 mi) in length. The Kristineberg-Boliden ropeway in Sweden had a length of 96 kilometers (60 mi).

In Eritrea, the Italians built the Asmara-Massawa Cableway in 1936, which was 75 kilometers (47 mi) long. The Manizales - Mariquita Cableway (1922) in Colombia was 73 km long.

Conveyors can be powered by a wide variety of forms of power sources: electric motors, internal combustion engines, steam engines, or gravity. Gravity is particularly common in mountainous mining concerns, and directly employed; the weight of loaded down-going containers pulling the returning empties back up the slope. Gravity can also be used indirectly, where running water is available; a waterwheel is powered by gravity acting on water, and is used to power the cable.[15]

Bicable and tricable gondola lifts

[edit]
Main articles: Bicable gondola lift and Tricable gondola lift

Conventional systems where a single cable provides both support and propulsion of the cabins are often called monocable gondola lifts.[16] Gondola lifts which feature one stationary cable (known as the 'support' rope), and one haul rope are known as bicable gondola lifts, while lifts that feature two support ropes and one haul rope are known as tricable gondola lifts. Famous examples of bicable gondola lifts include the Ngong Ping 360 in Hong Kong, the Singapore Cable Car, and the Sulphur Mountain Gondola in Banff, Canada. This system has the advantage that the stationary cable's strength and properties can be tailored to each span, which reduces costs. They differ from aerial tramways, as these consist only of one or two usually larger cabins moving back and forth, rather than circulating. Bicable and tricable systems provide greater lateral stability compared with monocable systems, allowing the system to operate in higher cross-winds.

List of accidents

[edit]
See also: Aerial tramway § List of accidents

The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 fatalities per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.[17]

  • October 22, 1979: one person was killed and 17 other injured when two gondolas fell from the "Swiss Sky Ride" at the Texas State Fair. Winds gusting to 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) caused three cars to collide and two fell on midway games below the cable.[18]
  • January 29, 1983: seven people were killed in the Singapore Cable Car disaster when two cabins plunged into the sea after the cableway was hit by a Panamanian-registered oil rig being towed.
  • September 5, 2005: nine people died and ten were injured when a 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) concrete block was accidentally dropped by a construction helicopter in Sölden, Austria. Hundreds had to be evacuated from the lift.[19]
  • March 2, 2008: a man fell out of a gondola in Chamonix and died, perhaps after he and one of his friends leaned on and broke the plexiglass window.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cable Propelled Systems in Urban Environments Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Edward S. Neumann. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  2. ^ "5 challenging cable car rides". Daisy Liu. July 5, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  3. ^ "Our 100 Years". Kohlerer-Bahn. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  4. ^ "Detachable Gondola Lift | Products". www.doppelmayr.com. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  5. ^ "The Emirates Air Line". Emirates Airline.
  6. ^ Medellin/Caracas, Part 1 Archived March 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Gondola Project. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  7. ^ Dávila, JD, ed. (2013), Urban Mobility and Poverty: Lessons from Medellin and Soacha, Colombia, UCL and Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
  8. ^ "TransLink considers aerial gondola to SFU". The Vancouver Sun. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
  9. ^ Roach, Melissa (June 16, 2014). "SFU gondola plans grounded". The Peak. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  10. ^ Verenca, Tereza (October 4, 2017). "Is a gondola in the cards for Burnaby Mountain?". Burnaby Now. Glacier Community Media. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  11. ^ "Gondolas in Austin: creative transportation ideas emerge". Austin Business Journal. November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  12. ^ "Proposal for urban gondola system in Austin will not move forward". KXAN. March 24, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  13. ^ Burnett, Richard (December 11, 2008). "Up in the air". Hour. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  14. ^ Ernst, Dr.-Ing. Richard (1989). Wörterbuch der Industriellen Technik (5th ed.). Wiesbaden: Oscar Brandstetter, 1989, p. 659. ISBN 3-87097-145-2.
  15. ^ "Aerial ropeways: automatic cargo transport for a bargain". Low Tech Magazine. January 26, 2011.
  16. ^ "mdg / Monocable Detachable Gondola". The Gondola Project. October 28, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  17. ^ Byrd, David. "NSAA Ski Lift Safety Fact Sheet" (PDF). National Ski Areas Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  18. ^ "Fair flashback: In 1979, a deadly day for the State Fair of Texas". Dallas Morning News. October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  19. ^ "Nine killed in freak cable car crash". Sydney Morning Herald. September 6, 2005. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
  20. ^ "Man dies in Chamonix lift fall". Ski Club GB. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
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