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{{about|the religious magazine||Awake (disambiguation)}} |
{{about|the religious magazine||Awake (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox magazine |
{{Infobox magazine |
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|circulation =12,787,000<ref name="circulation" /> |
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| ⚫ | '''''Awake!''''' is an illustrated religious [[magazine]] published by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania]]. It is considered to be a companion magazine of ''[[The Watchtower]]'',{{sfn|Melton|2019}} and is distributed by [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. The Watch Tower Society reports a worldwide circulation of about 12.8 million copies per issue in 252 languages.<ref name="circulation">{{cite magazine|magazine=Awake!|page=2|title=Contents page|year=2023|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> |
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The magazine was originally published bimonthly from October 1, 1919, under the title '''''The Golden Age'''''. It was founded for use in the [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]]' new door-to-door ministry,<ref>{{cite book|author=Zoé Knox|page=37|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Inc|title=Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present|year=2018}}</ref> though the founder of the movement, Charles Taze Russell, had indicated in his [[will and testament|will]] that the Watch Tower Society would not publish any periodicals other than ''The Watch Tower''.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Penton|page=56|publisher=University of Toronto Press|title=Apocalypse Delayed|year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 1, 1916|magazine=The Watchtower|page=358|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Will and Testament of Charles Taze Russell}}</ref> Clayton J. Woodworth was editor of the magazine,{{sfn|Chryssides|2008|pp=140}} and later went on to serve on the boards of several [[corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=February 15, 1952|magazine=The Watchtower|page=128|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Announcements}}</ref> On October 6, 1937, the magazine was renamed '''''Consolation''''' and continued to be published biweekly until July 31, 1946. |
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| ⚫ | On August 22, 1946, the magazine was renamed ''Awake!'',<ref>{{cite book|pages=146–147|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax At Hand|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Watch Tower Publications|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Watchtower Publications Index|year=2008}}</ref> drawing its new title from [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 13:11 ([[American Standard Version|ASV]]): "... it is time for you to awake out of sleep: for now is salvation nearer to us than when we first believed".{{sfn|Chryssides|2008|pp=12}} The magazine's editorship then became anonymous. (Autobiographical articles credited to individual members about their experiences and circumstances occasionally appear.) |
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| ⚫ | '''''Awake!''''' is an illustrated religious [[magazine]] published |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
The magazine was originally published bimonthly from October 1, 1919 under the name '''''The Golden Age'''''. Clayton J. Woodworth was editor of the magazine,{{sfn|Chryssides|2008|pp=140}} and later went on to serve on the boards of several [[corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Announcements|magazine=The Watchtower|date=February 15, 1952|page=128}}</ref> It was founded for use in the [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]]' new door-to-door ministry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present|author=Zoé Knox|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Inc|year=2018|page=37}}</ref> On October 6, 1937, the magazine was renamed '''''Consolation''''' and continued to be published biweekly until July 31, 1946. |
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| ⚫ | On August 22, 1946, the magazine was renamed ''Awake!'',<ref> |
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[[File:Consolation-cover-December-14-1938.jpg|thumb|''Consolation'' magazine, December 14, 1938]] |
[[File:Consolation-cover-December-14-1938.jpg|thumb|''Consolation'' magazine, December 14, 1938]] |
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From 1982 to 1995, each issue of the magazine included a mission statement |
From 1982 to 1995, each issue of the magazine included a mission statement that stated: "this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure new order before the generation that saw 1914 passes away".<ref name="why">{{cite magazine|date=October 8, 1995|magazine=Awake!|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Why ''Awake!'' Is Published}}</ref> When Jehovah's Witnesses' belief regarding the "generation" of 1914 was changed to a less literal sense, the aim was restated as, "this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure new world that is about to replace the present wicked, lawless system of things".<ref name="why" /> |
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Until 2005, ''Awake!'' was published semimonthly in major languages (on the 8th and 22nd), monthly in many languages, and quarterly in a few languages. |
Until 2005, ''Awake!'' was published semimonthly in major languages (on the 8th and 22nd), monthly in many languages, and quarterly in a few languages. From January 2006, the magazine was published monthly.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=March 1, 2005|magazine=Our Kingdom Ministry|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=More Emphasis on the Bible!}}</ref> As of January 2016, it was published every two months and was further reduced to three issues per year as of January 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 2019|magazine=The Watchtower|page=27|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Improve Your Study Habits!}}</ref> In 2022, publication was reduced to one new issue per year.<ref>{{citation|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Announcements and Reminders|page=1|date=July 2021}}; {{citation|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Announcements and Reminders|page=2|date=July 2022}}.</ref> |
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== |
==Content== |
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''The Golden Age'' outlined its primary aim in its first issue, stating, "we will point the people to the clear and indisputable evidence in the light of present-day events, disclosing the divinely expressed remedy for the reconstruction of human affairs that will bring the desire of all nations, assuring to the people life, liberty and happiness."<ref>{{cite magazine| |
''The Golden Age'' outlined its primary aim in its first issue, stating, "we will point the people to the clear and indisputable evidence in the light of present-day events, disclosing the divinely expressed remedy for the reconstruction of human affairs that will bring the desire of all nations, assuring to the people life, liberty, and happiness."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 1, 1919|magazine=The Golden Age|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Salutatory}}</ref> The magazine also contained articles about "social, political, and economic issue and was not confined to purely religious matters".{{sfn|Knox|2018|pp=37}} [[George Chryssides|Georges D. Chryssides]] notes that some articles "were opposed to orthodox medicine",<ref name="Chryssides70">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses|author=George D. Chryssides|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc|year=2008|page=70}}</ref> particularly against vaccinations,<ref>{{cite book|author=George D. Chryssides|page=133|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc|title=Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses|year=2008}}</ref> theories about germs and the use of aluminum cooking utensils,<ref>{{cite book|author=George D. Chryssides|page=141|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc|title=Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses|year=2008}}</ref> "and recommended alternative methods of health care and remedies".<ref name="Chryssides70" /> |
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''Awake!'' contains articles on general interest topics such as nature, geography, family life, and also the Bible and biblical history, |
''Awake!'' contains articles on general interest topics such as nature, geography, health, family life, and also the Bible and biblical history, and is overseen by the Writing Committee of the [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses#Committees|Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=April 15, 2013|magazine=The Watchtower|page=30|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title="Do Not Tire Out"}}</ref> Many issues claim that mankind is living in the [[Eschatology|end times]]. |
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== |
==Distribution== |
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The magazine is printed in nineteen countries.<ref> |
The magazine is printed in nineteen countries.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 2005|magazine=The Watchtower|page=27|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Contributions That Warm God's Heart}}</ref> ''Awake!'' has a worldwide circulation of 31,460,000 copies of each issue<ref name="circulation" /> and is available, in selected languages, online in various digital formats.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Watchtower and Awake! Magazines|url=http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines}}</ref> |
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The magazine is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their public ministry including door-to-door canvassing, approaching people in public places, given informally to acquaintances and professionals, or left as reading material in waiting areas.<ref>{{cite magazine| |
The magazine is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their public ministry including door-to-door canvassing, approaching people in public places, given informally to acquaintances and professionals, or left as reading material in waiting areas.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=March 1, 1988|magazine=Our Kingdom Ministry|page=4|quote=Perhaps some back issues of the magazines could be distributed free when visiting nursing homes and hospitals. They could be left at Laundromats or in the lobbies of residential buildings where our work is restricted. However, good judgment should be exercised as to how many and how often magazines are left at one place.|title=Question Box}}</ref> |
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===Cost=== |
===Cost=== |
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''The Golden Age'' was initially available for $1.50 ({{Inflation|US|1.5|1919|fmt=eq}}) per year on a subscription basis.<ref>{{cite magazine |
''The Golden Age'' was initially available for $1.50 ({{Inflation|US|1.5|1919|fmt=eq}}) per year on a subscription basis.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 15, 1919|magazine=The Watchtower|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Announcing the Kingdom}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Wills|page=110|publisher=Lulu.com|title=A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|year=2007}}</ref> Until March 1990, ''Awake!'' was available for a small charge that varied over time and in different countries. For example, in the United States, the suggested donation per issue was $0.05 in 1950,<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 15, 1950|magazine=The Watchtower|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Publication details}}</ref> gradually increasing to $0.25 in 1989.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 1, 1989|magazine=Our Kingdom Ministry|page=2|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Announcements}}</ref> On January 17, 1990, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled against [[Jimmy Swaggart]] that sales of religious literature were subject to taxation, which introduced ambiguity into the formerly tax-free practice of suggesting a particular donation in exchange for the magazines. The Watch Tower Society supported Swaggart in the case, arguing that the perceived sale of religious literature should be exempt from taxation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmond C. Gruss|pages=72–73|publisher=Xulon Press|title=The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society (Jehovah's Witnesses)|year=2003}}</ref> |
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From March 1, 1990, the magazines were made available at no cost, on a freewill donation basis in the United States, with the stated purpose of simplifying their Bible educational work and distinguishing themselves from those who commercialize religion.<ref name= |
From March 1, 1990, the magazines were made available at no cost, on a freewill donation basis in the United States, with the stated purpose of simplifying their Bible educational work and distinguishing themselves from those who commercialize religion.<ref name="okm">{{cite magazine|magazine=Our Kingdom Ministry|date=May 1990|page=7|title=Use Our Literature Wisely|quote=At the end of February 1990, it was explained that magazines and literature will be provided to publishers and to the interested public on a complete donation basis, that is, without asking or suggesting that a specific contribution be made as a precondition to receiving an item.|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> An article in the May 1990 issue of ''Our Kingdom Ministry''—a newsletter provided to members—stated that "there are growing pressures against all religious elements" and went on to say that their main concern was to move ahead in the worldwide preaching work, "without hindrance".<ref name="okm" /> |
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| ⚫ | The sale of Jehovah's Witnesses' literature was gradually phased out in other countries, and ''Awake!'' has been distributed free of charge worldwide since early 2000, its printing being funded by voluntary donations from Jehovah's Witnesses and members of the public.<ref>{{cite book |
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| ⚫ | The sale of Jehovah's Witnesses' literature was gradually phased out in other countries, and ''Awake!'' has been distributed free of charge worldwide since early 2000, its printing being funded by voluntary donations from Jehovah's Witnesses and members of the public.<ref>{{cite book|page=18|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Another factor in reaching more people with the good news has been the simplified literature distribution arrangement. ... The voluntary donation arrangement is explained to people, but no charge is made for the literature. As of January 2000, that arrangement was extended to all lands where it was not already in operation.|title=2001 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Jehovah's Witnesses publications]] |
*[[Jehovah's Witnesses publications]] |
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*[[List of Watch Tower Society publications]] |
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*[[List of magazines by circulation]] |
*[[List of magazines by circulation]] |
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== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses|first=George D.|last=Chryssides|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx6nUwZzeCsC|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|volume=85|isbn=978-0-8108-6074-2}} |
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*{{cite |
*{{cite web|title=Jehovah's Witnesses|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|date=2019-08-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2021-01-22|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Jehovahs-Witnesses}} |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present|first=Zoé|last=Knox|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Inc|year=2018|isbn=978-1-137-39604-4|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1|lccn=2017955670|series=Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700-2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtBJDwAAQBAJ}} |
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*{{cite web|title=Jehovah's Witnesess|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|date=2019-08-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2021-01-22|ref=harv|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Jehovahs-Witnesses}} |
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| ⚫ | *{{cite book|title=Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present|first=Zoé|last=Knox|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Inc|year=2018 |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/ ''The Watchtower'' and ''Awake!'' magazines] |
*[http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/ ''The Watchtower'' and ''Awake!'' magazines] |
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[[Category:1919 in Christianity]] |
[[Category:1919 in Christianity]] |
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[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Audio periodicals]] |
[[Category:Audio periodicals]] |
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[[Category:Downloadable magazines]] |
[[Category:Downloadable magazines]] |
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[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses magazines]] |
[[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses magazines]] |
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[[Category:Magazines established in 1919]] |
[[Category:Magazines established in 1919]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Christian magazines published in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Magazines published in Pennsylvania]] |
[[Category:Magazines published in Pennsylvania]] |
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[[Category:Multilingual magazines]] |
[[Category:Multilingual magazines]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:59, 14 October 2024
 | |
 Cover of Awake! (No. 5, 2017) | |
| Categories | Religious |
|---|---|
| Frequency | Annual |
| Circulation | 12,787,000[1] |
| Publisher | Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania |
| First issue | October 1, 1919 (as The Golden Age) |
| Company | Jehovah's Witnesses |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Warwick, New York, U.S. |
| Language | 252 languages |
| Website | Awake! |
| ISSN | 0005-237X |
Awake! is an illustrated religious magazine published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. It is considered to be a companion magazine of The Watchtower,[2] and is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watch Tower Society reports a worldwide circulation of about 12.8 million copies per issue in 252 languages.[1]
History
[edit]
The magazine was originally published bimonthly from October 1, 1919, under the title The Golden Age. It was founded for use in the Bible Students' new door-to-door ministry,[3] though the founder of the movement, Charles Taze Russell, had indicated in his will that the Watch Tower Society would not publish any periodicals other than The Watch Tower.[4][5] Clayton J. Woodworth was editor of the magazine,[6] and later went on to serve on the boards of several corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses.[7] On October 6, 1937, the magazine was renamed Consolation and continued to be published biweekly until July 31, 1946.
On August 22, 1946, the magazine was renamed Awake!,[8][9] drawing its new title from Romans 13:11 (ASV): "... it is time for you to awake out of sleep: for now is salvation nearer to us than when we first believed".[10] The magazine's editorship then became anonymous. (Autobiographical articles credited to individual members about their experiences and circumstances occasionally appear.)
From 1982 to 1995, each issue of the magazine included a mission statement that stated: "this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure new order before the generation that saw 1914 passes away".[11] When Jehovah's Witnesses' belief regarding the "generation" of 1914 was changed to a less literal sense, the aim was restated as, "this magazine builds confidence in the Creator's promise of a peaceful and secure new world that is about to replace the present wicked, lawless system of things".[11]
Until 2005, Awake! was published semimonthly in major languages (on the 8th and 22nd), monthly in many languages, and quarterly in a few languages. From January 2006, the magazine was published monthly.[12] As of January 2016, it was published every two months and was further reduced to three issues per year as of January 2018.[13] In 2022, publication was reduced to one new issue per year.[14]
Content
[edit]The Golden Age outlined its primary aim in its first issue, stating, "we will point the people to the clear and indisputable evidence in the light of present-day events, disclosing the divinely expressed remedy for the reconstruction of human affairs that will bring the desire of all nations, assuring to the people life, liberty, and happiness."[15] The magazine also contained articles about "social, political, and economic issue and was not confined to purely religious matters".[16] Georges D. Chryssides notes that some articles "were opposed to orthodox medicine",[17] particularly against vaccinations,[18] theories about germs and the use of aluminum cooking utensils,[19] "and recommended alternative methods of health care and remedies".[17]
Awake! contains articles on general interest topics such as nature, geography, health, family life, and also the Bible and biblical history, and is overseen by the Writing Committee of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses.[20] Many issues claim that mankind is living in the end times.
Distribution
[edit]The magazine is printed in nineteen countries.[21] Awake! has a worldwide circulation of 31,460,000 copies of each issue[1] and is available, in selected languages, online in various digital formats.[22]
The magazine is distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their public ministry including door-to-door canvassing, approaching people in public places, given informally to acquaintances and professionals, or left as reading material in waiting areas.[23]
Cost
[edit]The Golden Age was initially available for $1.50 (equivalent to $26 in 2023) per year on a subscription basis.[24][25] Until March 1990, Awake! was available for a small charge that varied over time and in different countries. For example, in the United States, the suggested donation per issue was $0.05 in 1950,[26] gradually increasing to $0.25 in 1989.[27] On January 17, 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Jimmy Swaggart that sales of religious literature were subject to taxation, which introduced ambiguity into the formerly tax-free practice of suggesting a particular donation in exchange for the magazines. The Watch Tower Society supported Swaggart in the case, arguing that the perceived sale of religious literature should be exempt from taxation.[28]
From March 1, 1990, the magazines were made available at no cost, on a freewill donation basis in the United States, with the stated purpose of simplifying their Bible educational work and distinguishing themselves from those who commercialize religion.[29] An article in the May 1990 issue of Our Kingdom Ministry—a newsletter provided to members—stated that "there are growing pressures against all religious elements" and went on to say that their main concern was to move ahead in the worldwide preaching work, "without hindrance".[29]
The sale of Jehovah's Witnesses' literature was gradually phased out in other countries, and Awake! has been distributed free of charge worldwide since early 2000, its printing being funded by voluntary donations from Jehovah's Witnesses and members of the public.[30]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Contents page". Awake!. Watch Tower Society. 2023. p. 2.
- ^ Melton 2019.
- ^ Zoé Knox (2018). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan Inc. p. 37.
- ^ James Penton (1985). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 56.
- ^ "Will and Testament of Charles Taze Russell". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. December 1, 1916. p. 358.
- ^ Chryssides 2008, pp. 140.
- ^ "Announcements". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. February 15, 1952. p. 128.
- ^ Revelation—Its Grand Climax At Hand. Watch Tower Society. 1988. pp. 146–147.
- ^ "Watch Tower Publications". Watchtower Publications Index. Watch Tower Society. 2008.
- ^ Chryssides 2008, pp. 12.
- ^ a b "Why Awake! Is Published". Awake!. Watch Tower Society. October 8, 1995. p. 4.
- ^ "More Emphasis on the Bible!". Our Kingdom Ministry. Watch Tower Society. March 1, 2005.
- ^ "Improve Your Study Habits!". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. May 2019. p. 27.
- ^ Announcements and Reminders, Watch Tower Society, July 2021, p. 1; Announcements and Reminders, Watch Tower Society, July 2022, p. 2.
- ^ "Salutatory". The Golden Age. Watch Tower Society. October 1, 1919. p. 4.
- ^ Knox 2018, pp. 37.
- ^ a b George D. Chryssides (2008). Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 70.
- ^ George D. Chryssides (2008). Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 133.
- ^ George D. Chryssides (2008). Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 141.
- ^ ""Do Not Tire Out"". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. April 15, 2013. p. 30.
- ^ "Contributions That Warm God's Heart". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. November 1, 2005. p. 27.
- ^ "The Watchtower and Awake! Magazines". Watch Tower Society.
- ^ "Question Box". Our Kingdom Ministry. March 1, 1988. p. 4.
Perhaps some back issues of the magazines could be distributed free when visiting nursing homes and hospitals. They could be left at Laundromats or in the lobbies of residential buildings where our work is restricted. However, good judgment should be exercised as to how many and how often magazines are left at one place.
- ^ "Announcing the Kingdom". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. September 15, 1919. p. 4.
- ^ Tony Wills (2007). A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation. Lulu.com. p. 110.
- ^ "Publication details". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. May 15, 1950. p. 4.
- ^ "Announcements". Our Kingdom Ministry. Watch Tower Society. October 1, 1989. p. 2.
- ^ Edmond C. Gruss (2003). The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society (Jehovah's Witnesses). Xulon Press. pp. 72–73.
- ^ a b "Use Our Literature Wisely". Our Kingdom Ministry. Watch Tower Society. May 1990. p. 7.
At the end of February 1990, it was explained that magazines and literature will be provided to publishers and to the interested public on a complete donation basis, that is, without asking or suggesting that a specific contribution be made as a precondition to receiving an item.
- ^ 2001 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 18.
Another factor in reaching more people with the good news has been the simplified literature distribution arrangement. ... The voluntary donation arrangement is explained to people, but no charge is made for the literature. As of January 2000, that arrangement was extended to all lands where it was not already in operation.
Sources
[edit]- Chryssides, George D. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Vol. 85. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-6074-2.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2019-08-09). "Jehovah's Witnesses". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- Knox, Zoé (2018). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700-2000. Palgrave Macmillan Inc. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1. ISBN 978-1-137-39604-4. LCCN 2017955670.