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{{Short description|American astronomer (1902–1971)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Wallace John Eckert
| image =
|image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|6|19}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, US
|birth_date = {{birth date|1902|6|19}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|8|24|1902|6|19}}
⚫
|birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| death_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1971|8|24|1902|6|19}}
|death_place =
| fields = [[Astronomy]]
⚫
| workplaces = [[Columbia University]] <br/> [[United States Naval Observatory]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
| alma_mater =
⚫
| doctoral_advisor = [[Ernest William Brown]]
|nationality = [[United States]]
⚫
| doctoral_students =
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Astronomy]]
| known_for = [[Scientific computing]]
⚫
| awards = [[James Craig Watson Medal]] {{small|(1966)}}
⚫
|work_institutions = [[Columbia University]] <br/> [[United States Naval Observatory]]
|alma_mater =
⚫
|doctoral_advisor = [[Ernest William Brown]]
⚫
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Scientific computing]]
|influences = [[Ernest William Brown]]
|influenced = [[Herb Grosch]] <br/> [[Llewellyn Thomas]]
⚫
|prizes = [[James Craig Watson Medal]]
}}
}}
'''Wallace John Eckert''' (June 19, 1902 – August 24, 1971) was an American [[astronomer]], who directed the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at [[Columbia University]] which evolved into the research division of [[IBM]].
'''Wallace John Eckert''' (June 19, 1902 – August 24, 1971) was an American astronomer, who directed the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at [[Columbia University]] which evolved into the research division of [[IBM]].


==Life==
==Life==
Wallace John Eckert was born in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on January 19, 1902. Shortly thereafter, his [[German American]] parents John and Anna Margaret (née Heil) Eckert<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |year=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58401.html}}</ref> moved to Erie County, PA where they raised their four sons on a farm in Albion, PA. Wallace graduated from Albion High School in a class of six boys and eight girls. He graduated from [[Oberlin College]] in 1925, and earned an MA from [[Amherst College]] in 1926.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |author=John A. N. Lee |chapter= Wallace J. Eckert |title=International biographical dictionary of computer pioneers |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ocx4Jc12mkgC&pg=PA276 |year=1995 |publisher=Taylor & Francis for IEEE Computer Society Press |isbn=978-1-884964-47-3 |pages= 276–277}}</ref>
Eckert was born in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] on June 19, 1902. Shortly thereafter, his parents John and Anna Margaret (née Heil) Eckert<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |accessdate=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58401.html}}</ref> moved to [[Erie County, Pennsylvania]], where they raised their four sons on a farm in Albion, PA. Wallace graduated from Albion High School in a class of six boys and eight girls. He graduated from [[Oberlin College]] in 1925, and earned an MA from [[Amherst College]] in 1926.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |author=John A. N. Lee |chapter= Wallace J. Eckert |title=International biographical dictionary of computer pioneers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocx4Jc12mkgC&pg=PA276 |date=1995 |publisher=Taylor & Francis for IEEE Computer Society Press |isbn=978-1-884964-47-3 |pages= 276–277}}</ref>


He started teaching at [[Columbia University]] in 1926, and earned his PhD from [[Yale University|Yale]] in 1931 in [[astronomy]] under Professor [[Ernest William Brown]] (1866–1938).<ref name="acis">{{cite web |title= Professor Wallace J. Eckert |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/eckert.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>
He started teaching at [[Columbia University]] in 1926, and earned his PhD from [[Yale University|Yale]] in 1931 in [[astronomy]] under Professor [[Ernest William Brown]] (1866–1938).<ref name="acis">{{cite web |title= Professor Wallace J. Eckert |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/eckert.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>


He married Dorothy Woodworth Applegate in 1932. They raised three children Alice, John and Penelope.
He married Dorothy Woodworth Applegate in 1932. They raised three children, Alice, [https://www.smallslive.com/artists/1629-john-eckert John] and [[Penelope Eckert|Penelope]].


He was not related to another computer pioneer of the time, [[J. Presper Eckert]] (1919–1995).<ref name="Lee"/>
He was not related to another computer pioneer of the time, [[J. Presper Eckert]] (1919–1995).<ref name="Lee"/>

⚫
He attended the launch of [[Apollo 14]] just before his death August 24, 1971, in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news |first= William M. |last= Freeman |title= Dr. Wallace Eckert Dies at 69; Tracked Moon with Computer |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D14F7395C1A7493C7AB1783D85F458785F9# |work= [[New York Times]] |date= August 25, 1971 |accessdate= February 2, 2013 }} [http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/eckert-obit.html Alt URL]</ref>

A lunar [[Eckert (crater)|crater]], located within [[Mare Crisium]], is named in his honor.<ref>[https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1715 Eckert], Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)</ref>


==Solution of differential equations for astronomy==
==Solution of differential equations for astronomy==
Around 1933 Eckert proposed interconnecting [[punched card]] tabulating machines from [[IBM]] located in Columbia's Rutherford Laboratory to perform more than simple statistical calculations. Eckert arranged with IBM president [[Thomas J. Watson]] for a donation of newly developed IBM 601 calculating punch, which could multiply instead of just adding and subtracting.<ref>{{cite web |title= Endicott chronology — 1931-1939 |work= IBM archives web site |url= http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/endicott/endicott_chronology1930.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>
Around 1933, Eckert proposed interconnecting [[punched card]] tabulating machines from [[IBM]] located in Columbia's Rutherford Laboratory to perform more than simple statistical calculations. Eckert arranged with IBM president [[Thomas J. Watson]] for a donation of newly developed IBM 601 calculating punch, which could multiply instead of just adding and subtracting.<ref>{{cite web |title= Endicott chronology — 1931-1939 |work= IBM archives web site |url= http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/endicott/endicott_chronology1930.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> In 1937, the facility was named the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau. IBM support included customer service and hardware circuit modifications needed to tabulate numbers, create mathematical tables, add, subtract, multiply, reproduce, verify, create tables of differences, create tables of logarithms and perform Lagrangian interpolation, all to solve differential equations for astronomical applications. In January 1940, Eckert published ''Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation'', which solved the problem of predicting the [[orbit]]s of the [[planet]]s, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card. This slim book is only 136 pages, including the index.
In 1937 the facility was named the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau.
IBM support included customer service and hardware circuit modifications needed to tabulate numbers, create mathematical tables, add, subtract, multiply, reproduce, verify, create tables of differences, create tables of logarithms and perform Lagrangian interpolation, all to solve differential equations for astronomical applications.
In January 1940, Eckert published ''Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation'', which solved the problem of predicting the [[orbit]]s of the [[planet]]s, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card. This slim book is only 136 pages, including the index.


==Naval service==
==Naval service==
In 1940, [[World War II]] had broken out in Europe (but the US was not officially involved). Eckert became director of the [[United States Naval Observatory]] in [[Washington, DC]]. The increased demand for navigation tables prompted him to automate the process, using punched card equipment. The 1941 almanac was the first to be produced using automated equipment, down to the final [[typesetting]].<ref>{{cite web |title= The US Naval Observatory 1940-45 |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/navalobservatory.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= History of the Astronomical Applications Department |work= US Naval Observatory web site |url= http://aa.usno.navy.mil/about/staff/docs/history.php |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
In 1940, Eckert became director of the [[United States Naval Observatory]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] [[World War II]] had been raging in Europe for many months. The US had not yet officially joined the effort to defeat Hitler. Nonetheless, the demand for navigation tables had risen. This demand helped inspire Eckert to automate the process of creating these tables, using punched card equipment. The 1941 almanac was the first to be produced using automated equipment, down to the final [[typesetting]].<ref>{{cite web |title= The US Naval Observatory 1940-45 |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/navalobservatory.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Astronomical Applications Department |work=US Naval Observatory web site |url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/about/staff/docs/history.php |accessdate=June 4, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307230601/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/about/staff/docs/history.php |archivedate=March 7, 2009 }}</ref> [[Martin Schwarzschild]] became directory of the Columbia laboratory while Eckert was at USNO.
[[Martin Schwarzschild]] became directory of the Columbia laboratory while Eckert was at USNO.


==Manhattan Project==
==Manhattan Project==
⚫
Columbia [[Physics]] professor Dana P. Mitchell served in the [[Manhattan Project]] (developing the first [[nuclear weapon]]s) at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. By 1943, the laborious simulation calculations used electromechanical [[calculator]]s of that time operated by human "computers," mostly wives of the scientists. Mitchell suggested using IBM machines like his colleague Eckert. [[Nicholas Metropolis]] and [[Richard Feynman]] organized a punched-card solution, proving its effectiveness for physics research. John von Neumann and others were aware of this "computing by punched cards". That helped them develop wholly electronic electronic solutions which helped pave the way for modern computers.<ref>{{cite news |title= Computing & Computers: Weapons Simulation Leads to the Computer Era |work= [[Los Alamos Science]] |date= Winter–Spring 1983 |author1= Francis H. Harlow |author2= Nicholas Metropolis |url= http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00285876.pdf |pages= 133–134 |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Dyson, Turing's Cathedral</ref>
Columbia [[Physics]] professor Dana P. Mitchell served in the [[Manhattan Project]] (developing the first [[nuclear weapon]]s) at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].
By 1943 the laborious simulation calculations used electromechanical [[calculator]]s of that time operated by human "computers," mostly wives of the scientists.
Mitchell suggested using IBM machines like his colleague Eckert.
⚫
[[Nicholas Metropolis]] and [[Richard Feynman]] organizing a punched card solution, proving its effectiveness for physics research and prompting the use of more powerful computers.<ref>{{cite news |title= Computing & Computers: Weapons Simulation Leads to the Computer Era |work= Los Alamos Science |date= Winter/Spring 1983 |author1= Francis H. Harlow |author2= Nicholas Metropolis |url= http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00285876.pdf |pages= 133–134 |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>


==Watson laboratory==
==Watson laboratory==
⚫
After the war Eckert moved back to Columbia. Watson had just had a falling out with [[Harvard University]] over a [[Harvard Mark I|project IBM had funded]]. IBM would instead focus their funding on Columbia, and Eckert's laboratory was named Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory. Eckert understood the significance of his laboratory, keenly aware of the advantage of scientific calculations performed without human interventions for long stretches of computation. A massive machine built to Eckert's specifications was built and installed behind glass at IBM's headquarters on [[Madison Avenue]] in January 1948. Known as the [[IBM SSEC|Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator]], it was used as a calculating device with some success, but served even better as a recruiting tool.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM |author= Kevin Maney |pages= 347–355 |publisher= John Wiley and Sons |date= 2004 |isbn= 978-0-471-67925-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uljGzJu2tuAC&pg=PA347 }}</ref> Eckert published a description of the SSEC in November 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= Electrons and Computation |author= W. J. Eckert |work= [[The Scientific Monthly]] |date= November 1948 |isbn= 9783540113195 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwj4RmcZ1AoC&pg=PA223 }}</ref>
After the war Eckert moved back to Columbia. Watson had just had a falling out with [[Harvard University]] over a project IBM had funded. IBM would instead focus their funding on Columbia, and Eckert's laboratory was named Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory.
⚫
Eckert understood the significance of his laboratory, keenly aware of the advantage of scientific calculations performed without human interventions for long stretches of computation. A massive machine built to Eckert's specifications was built and installed behind glass at IBM's headquarters on [[Madison Avenue]] in January 1948. Known as the [[IBM SSEC|Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator]], it was used as a caculating device with some success, but served even better as a recruiting tool.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM |author= Kevin Maney |pages= 347–355 |publisher= John Wiley and Sons |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-0-471-67925-7 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=uljGzJu2tuAC&pg=PA347 }}</ref>
Eckert publisher a description of the SSEC in November 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= Electrons and Computation |author= W. J. Eckert |pages= |work= [[The Scientific Monthly]] |date= November 1948 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=Dwj4RmcZ1AoC&pg=PA223 }}</ref>


As an employee of IBM, Eckert directed one of the first industrial research laboratories in the country. In 1945 he hired [[Herb Grosch]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Herb Grosch September 13, 1918 – January 25, 2010 |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/grosch.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> and [[Llewellyn Thomas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L.H. Thomas and Wallace Eckert in Watson Lab, Columbia University |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/thomas.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> as the next two IBM research scientists, who both made significant contributions.
As an employee of IBM, Eckert directed one of the first industrial research laboratories in the country. In 1945, he hired [[Herb Grosch]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Herb Grosch September 13, 1918 – January 25, 2010 |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/grosch.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> and [[Llewellyn Thomas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L.H. Thomas and Wallace Eckert in Watson Lab, Columbia University |author= Frank da Cruz |work= A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site |publisher= [[Columbia University]] |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/thomas.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> as the next two IBM research scientists, who both made significant contributions. When [[Cuthbert Hurd]] became the next PhD to be hired by IBM in 1949, he was offered a position with Eckert, but instead founded the Applied Science Department, and later directed the development of IBM's first commercial stored program computer (the [[IBM 701]]) based on the demand demonstrated by applications such as those of Eckert.<ref name="johnny">{{cite web |title= An Interview with Cuthbert C. Hurd |author= Nancy Stern |publisher= [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota |date= January 20, 1981 |url= http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/pdf.phtml?id=159 |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>
When [[Cuthbert Hurd]] became the next PhD to be hired by IBM in 1949, he was offered a position with Eckert, but instead founded the Applied Science Department, and later directed the development of IBM's first commercial stored program computer (the [[IBM 701]]) based on the demand demonstrated by applications such as those of Eckert.<ref name="johnny">{{cite web |title= An Interview with Cuthbert C. Hurd |author= Nancy Stern |publisher= [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota |date= January 20, 1981 |url= http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/pdf.phtml?id=159 |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>


In this period he continued his innovative contributions to computational astronomy by implementing Brown's [[Lunar theory]] in his computer; developing the Improved Lunar Ephemeris; and performing the first numerical integration to compute an ephemeris for the outer planets.
⚫
In 1957 the Watson lab moved to [[Yorktown Heights, New York]] (with a new building completed in 1961) where it is known as the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights, NY |work= IBM Research web site |url= http://www.watson.ibm.com/general_info_ykt.shtml |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> Eckert won the [[James Craig Watson Medal]] in 1966 from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|US National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title= James Craig Watson Medal |publisher= [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] |url= http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_watson |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>


⚫
In 1957, the Watson lab moved to [[Yorktown Heights, New York]] (with a new building completed in 1961) where it is known as the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights, NY |work= IBM Research web site |url= http://www.watson.ibm.com/general_info_ykt.shtml |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref> Eckert won the [[James Craig Watson Medal]] in 1966 from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|US National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title= James Craig Watson Medal |publisher= [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] |url= http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_watson |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>
⚫
He attended the launch of [[Apollo 14]] just before his death August 24, 1971 in [[New Jersey]].<ref name="acis"/> Dr. Wallace Eckert Dies at 69; Tracked Moon with Computer |newspaper= [[New York Times]] |date= August 25, 1971 |author= William M. Freeman |url= http://www.columbia.edu//cu/computinghistory/eckert-obit.html |accessdate= June 4, 2010 }}</ref>

==Author==

''Faster, Faster - A Simple Description of a Giant Electronic Calculator, and the Problems it Solves''. Written with [[Rebecca Jones (astronomer)|Rebecca Jones]], Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University, International Business Machines. McGraw-Hill, 1955- An account for the layman. Says multiplying 1,000 pairs of ten digit numbers would take a week by hand, and could be done by an "electronic supercalculator" (of the day!) in one second.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 66: Line 58:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last = Brennan |first= Jean Ford |title= The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History |publisher= IBM |year= 1971 |pages= 68}}
*{{cite book |last = Brennan |first= Jean Ford |title= The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History |publisher= IBM |date= 1971 |pages= 68}}
*Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). ''Building IBM: Shaping and Industry and Its Technology''. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16147-3.
*Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). ''Building IBM: Shaping and Industry and Its Technology''. MIT Press. {{ISBN|978-0-262-16147-3}}.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 79: Line 71:
* {{MathGenealogy|id=125329}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=125329}}


{{Authority control|VIAF=7446268}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Eckert, Wallace John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 19, 1902
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
| DATE OF DEATH = August 24, 1971
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eckert, Wallace John}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eckert, Wallace John}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:American astronomers]]
[[Category:20th-century American astronomers]]
[[Category:Computer pioneers]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]

[[de:Wallace John Eckert]]
[[es:Wallace Eckert]]
[[ja:ウォーレス・ジョン・エッカート]]
[[sl:Wallace John Eckert]]

Latest revision as of 03:12, 10 October 2024

Wallace John Eckert
Born(1902-06-19)June 19, 1902
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
DiedAugust 24, 1971(1971-08-24) (aged 69)
Known forScientific computing
AwardsJames Craig Watson Medal (1966)
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
InstitutionsColumbia University
United States Naval Observatory
Doctoral advisorErnest William Brown

Wallace John Eckert (June 19, 1902 – August 24, 1971) was an American astronomer, who directed the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia University which evolved into the research division of IBM.

Life

[edit]

Eckert was born in Pittsburgh on June 19, 1902. Shortly thereafter, his parents John and Anna Margaret (née Heil) Eckert[1] moved to Erie County, Pennsylvania, where they raised their four sons on a farm in Albion, PA. Wallace graduated from Albion High School in a class of six boys and eight girls. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1925, and earned an MA from Amherst College in 1926.[2]

He started teaching at Columbia University in 1926, and earned his PhD from Yale in 1931 in astronomy under Professor Ernest William Brown (1866–1938).[3]

He married Dorothy Woodworth Applegate in 1932. They raised three children, Alice, John and Penelope.

He was not related to another computer pioneer of the time, J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995).[2]

He attended the launch of Apollo 14 just before his death August 24, 1971, in New Jersey.[4]

A lunar crater, located within Mare Crisium, is named in his honor.[5]

Solution of differential equations for astronomy

[edit]

Around 1933, Eckert proposed interconnecting punched card tabulating machines from IBM located in Columbia's Rutherford Laboratory to perform more than simple statistical calculations. Eckert arranged with IBM president Thomas J. Watson for a donation of newly developed IBM 601 calculating punch, which could multiply instead of just adding and subtracting.[6] In 1937, the facility was named the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau. IBM support included customer service and hardware circuit modifications needed to tabulate numbers, create mathematical tables, add, subtract, multiply, reproduce, verify, create tables of differences, create tables of logarithms and perform Lagrangian interpolation, all to solve differential equations for astronomical applications. In January 1940, Eckert published Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, which solved the problem of predicting the orbits of the planets, using the IBM electric tabulating machines, based on the punched card. This slim book is only 136 pages, including the index.

[edit]

In 1940, Eckert became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. World War II had been raging in Europe for many months. The US had not yet officially joined the effort to defeat Hitler. Nonetheless, the demand for navigation tables had risen. This demand helped inspire Eckert to automate the process of creating these tables, using punched card equipment. The 1941 almanac was the first to be produced using automated equipment, down to the final typesetting.[7][8] Martin Schwarzschild became directory of the Columbia laboratory while Eckert was at USNO.

Manhattan Project

[edit]

Columbia Physics professor Dana P. Mitchell served in the Manhattan Project (developing the first nuclear weapons) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. By 1943, the laborious simulation calculations used electromechanical calculators of that time operated by human "computers," mostly wives of the scientists. Mitchell suggested using IBM machines like his colleague Eckert. Nicholas Metropolis and Richard Feynman organized a punched-card solution, proving its effectiveness for physics research. John von Neumann and others were aware of this "computing by punched cards". That helped them develop wholly electronic electronic solutions which helped pave the way for modern computers.[9][10]

Watson laboratory

[edit]

After the war Eckert moved back to Columbia. Watson had just had a falling out with Harvard University over a project IBM had funded. IBM would instead focus their funding on Columbia, and Eckert's laboratory was named Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory. Eckert understood the significance of his laboratory, keenly aware of the advantage of scientific calculations performed without human interventions for long stretches of computation. A massive machine built to Eckert's specifications was built and installed behind glass at IBM's headquarters on Madison Avenue in January 1948. Known as the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator, it was used as a calculating device with some success, but served even better as a recruiting tool.[11] Eckert published a description of the SSEC in November 1948.[12]

As an employee of IBM, Eckert directed one of the first industrial research laboratories in the country. In 1945, he hired Herb Grosch[13] and Llewellyn Thomas[14] as the next two IBM research scientists, who both made significant contributions. When Cuthbert Hurd became the next PhD to be hired by IBM in 1949, he was offered a position with Eckert, but instead founded the Applied Science Department, and later directed the development of IBM's first commercial stored program computer (the IBM 701) based on the demand demonstrated by applications such as those of Eckert.[15]

In this period he continued his innovative contributions to computational astronomy by implementing Brown's Lunar theory in his computer; developing the Improved Lunar Ephemeris; and performing the first numerical integration to compute an ephemeris for the outer planets.

In 1957, the Watson lab moved to Yorktown Heights, New York (with a new building completed in 1961) where it is known as the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.[16] Eckert won the James Craig Watson Medal in 1966 from the US National Academy of Sciences.[17]

Author

[edit]

Faster, Faster - A Simple Description of a Giant Electronic Calculator, and the Problems it Solves. Written with Rebecca Jones, Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, Columbia University, International Business Machines. McGraw-Hill, 1955- An account for the layman. Says multiplying 1,000 pairs of ten digit numbers would take a week by hand, and could be done by an "electronic supercalculator" (of the day!) in one second.

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Brennan, Jean Ford (1971). The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History. IBM. p. 68.
  • Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). Building IBM: Shaping and Industry and Its Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16147-3.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  2. ^ a b John A. N. Lee (1995). "Wallace J. Eckert". International biographical dictionary of computer pioneers. Taylor & Francis for IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN 978-1-884964-47-3.
  3. ^ Frank da Cruz. "Professor Wallace J. Eckert". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University. Columbia University. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  4. ^ Freeman, William M. (August 25, 1971). "Dr. Wallace Eckert Dies at 69; Tracked Moon with Computer". New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2013. Alt URL
  5. ^ Eckert, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
  6. ^ "Endicott chronology — 1931-1939". IBM archives web site. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  7. ^ Frank da Cruz. "The US Naval Observatory 1940-45". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site. Columbia University. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  8. ^ "History of the Astronomical Applications Department". US Naval Observatory web site. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  9. ^ Francis H. Harlow; Nicholas Metropolis (Winter–Spring 1983). "Computing & Computers: Weapons Simulation Leads to the Computer Era" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. pp. 133–134. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  10. ^ Dyson, Turing's Cathedral
  11. ^ Kevin Maney (2004). The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 347–355. ISBN 978-0-471-67925-7.
  12. ^ W. J. Eckert (November 1948). "Electrons and Computation". The Scientific Monthly. ISBN 9783540113195.
  13. ^ Frank da Cruz. "Herb Grosch September 13, 1918 – January 25, 2010". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site. Columbia University. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  14. ^ Frank da Cruz. "L.H. Thomas and Wallace Eckert in Watson Lab, Columbia University". A Chronology of Computing at Columbia University web site. Columbia University. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  15. ^ Nancy Stern (January 20, 1981). "An Interview with Cuthbert C. Hurd". Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  16. ^ "Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights, NY". IBM Research web site. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  17. ^ "James Craig Watson Medal". United States National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
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