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{{Short description|North-American hummingbird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Broad-billed Hummingbird (33591583320).jpg
| image = Cynanthus latirostris by korrz.jpg
| name = Broad-Billed Hummingbird
| image_upright =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| genus = Cynanthus
| regnum = [[Animal|Animalia]]
| species = latirostris
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1827
| classis = [[Aves]]
| range_map = Distribution Map (C. latirostris)Map.png
| ordo = [[Apodiformes]]
| familia = [[Trochilidae]]
| genus = [[Cynanthus|''Cynanthus'']]
| species = ''C. latirostris''
| binomial = ''Cynanthus latirostris''
| binomial_authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1827
| range_map = [[File:Distribution Map (C. latirostris)Map.png|thumb|Distribution Map]]
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1= [[BirdLife International]] |title= ''Cynanthus latirostris'' |volume= 2016|year= 2016|journal= [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher= [[IUCN]]|page= e.T22725767A94902093 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725767A94902093.en |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22725767/94902093 |access-date= October 14, 2020}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Cynanthus latirostris'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22725767A94902093 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725767A94902093.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Broad-billed hummingbird''' (''Cynanthus latirostris'') is a small-sized hummingbird that resides in [[Mexico]] and the southwestern [[United States]]<ref name=":1" />. The bird displays [[sexual dimorphism]], and the juveniles resemble the female adult more than the male adult<ref name=":7" />. The Broad-billed hummingbird is a bright coloured bird with a broad and bright red bill. The bird is also known for its other common names - the ''Colibrí Pico Ancho'' in Spanish and ''Colibri circé'' in French<ref name=":3" />. It is a diurnal bird<ref name=":3" />.
The '''broad-billed hummingbird''' ('''''Cynanthus latirostris''''') is a small-sized hummingbird that resides in [[Mexico]] and the southwestern [[United States]].<ref name=":1" /> Males and females have different features (see [[sexual dimorphism]]). The juveniles resemble the female adult more than the male adult. The broad-billed hummingbird is a bright coloured bird with a broad and bright red bill. The bird is also known for its other common names – the ''Colibrí Pico Ancho'' in Spanish and ''Colibri circé'' in French.<ref name=":3" /> It is more active during the day and less active during the night (see [[diurnality]]).<ref name=":3" />


== Description ==
== Taxonomy ==
There are around 360 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades.<ref name=IOC12.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/ |title=Hummingbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 12.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=August 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":8" /> The ''[[Cynanthus]]'' genus falls under the emerald [[clade]] of hummingbirds.<ref name=":8">{{ cite journal | last1=McGuire | first1=J. | last2=Witt | first2=C. | last3=Remsen | first3=J.V. | last4=Corl | first4=A. | last5=Rabosky | first5=D. | last6=Altshuler | first6=D. | last7=Dudley | first7=R. | date=2014 | title=Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds | journal=Current Biology | volume=24 | issue=8 | pages=910–916 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016 | pmid=24704078 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2014CBio...24..910M }}</ref> The emerald clade formed between 10 and 15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species.<ref name=":8" /> The broad-billed hummingbird was [[species description|formally described]] in 1827 by [[William John Swainson|William Swainson]] based on specimens collected by [[William Bullock (collector)|William Bullock]] in México. Swainson coined the [[binomial name]] ''Cynanthus latirostris''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Swainson | first=William John | author-link=William John Swainson | year=1827 | title=A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F.L.S. and Mr. William Bullock jun. | journal=Philosophical Magazine | series=New Series | volume=1 | pages=364–369, 433–442 [441] | doi=10.1080/14786442708674330 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15530451 }}</ref> Swainson specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as "Table land ?" where he included a question mark. This species probably does not occur there and in 1939 the American ornithologist [[Robert Thomas Moore|Robert Moore]] designated the type locality as the Valley of Mexico near Mexico City.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Robert T. | author-link=Robert Thomas Moore| date=1939 |title=A new race of ''Cynanthus latirostris'' from Guanajuato |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume=52 | pages=313–319 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34606406 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=43 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480054 }}</ref> The species name combines the [[Latin]] ''latus'' meaning "broad" with ''-rostris'' meaning "-billed".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=220 }}</ref>
The Broad-billed hummingbird is a small-sized hummingbird at about 8-10 centimeters long<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2009-05-01|title=National Geographic field guide to the birds of eastern North America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-5021|journal=Choice Reviews Online|volume=46|issue=09|pages=46–5021-46-5021|doi=10.5860/choice.46-5021|issn=0009-4978}}</ref>. It weighs only 3-4 grams, with the male weighing slightly more than the female<ref name=":1" />. The wingspan of the hummingbird is about 13cm<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird - BirdFellow Social Field Guide|url=http://www.birdfellow.com/birds/broad-billed-hummingbird-cynanthus-latirostris|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.birdfellow.com}}</ref>. It has a long, bright reddish coloured bill that has a black tip<ref name=":2" />. The birds are metallic green dorsally with more dull colouring on the crown and forehead. The hummingbird is sexually dimorphic, with the adults appearance varying significantly.


=== Subspecies ===
[[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (33927224241).jpg|thumb|Adult male ''C. latirostris''|alt=|left|271x271px]][[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird. Cynanthus latirostris. Female - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|thumb|Adult female ''C. latirostris''|alt=|center|342x342px]]
The male is dark green with white [[Covert feather|undertail-coverts]] and a blue throat<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2003-12-01|title=The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-2180|journal=Choice Reviews Online|volume=41|issue=04|pages=41–2180-41-2180|doi=10.5860/choice.41-2180|issn=0009-4978}}</ref>. The adult males tail is blackish-blue and broad. The flight feathers are brownish-gray. The adult female has a pale belly and has a white [[Bird anatomy|eyestripe]] behind her eye. Her tail feathers are white-tipped. The bill of the male is shorter but brighter red. As for size, both the juvenile and adult males have larger wings and tails than the female<ref name=":3" />.


The North American Classification Committee of the [[American Ornithological Society]] (AOS), the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC), and [[BirdLife International]]'s [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] (HBW) recognize these three subspecies of broad-billed hummingbird:<ref name=NACC>{{cite web |url=http://checklist.aou.org/taxa |title=Check-list of North and Middle American Birds |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 2022 |publisher=American Ornithological Society |access-date=August 9, 2022 }}</ref><ref name=IOC12.2/><ref name=HBW2021>HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022</ref>
The colouring of the juveniles tend to resemble the adult female<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1947-04-01|title=Birds of North and Middle America The Birds of North and Middle America. Part X Robert Ridgway Herbert Friedmann|url=|journal=The Auk|volume=64|issue=2|pages=328–329|doi=10.2307/4080589|issn=0004-8038|via=}}</ref>. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males don't have a white-tipped tail.


* ''C. l. magicus'' ([[Étienne Mulsant|Mulsant]] and [[Jules Verreaux|Verreaux, J]], 1872) – southwest USA, [[Sonora]], [[Sinaloa]] and [[Nayarit]] (northwest Mexico)
The hatchings have a brown body and orange downy feathers and an orange bill<ref name=":3" />. Not much is known about hatchlings, but in captivity the juvenile birds have been seen to have adult plumage within 6-8 months<ref name=":3" />.
* ''C. l. propinquus'' [[Robert Thomas Moore|Moore, RT]] 1939 – [[Guanajuato]] and north [[Michoacán]] (central Mexico)
* ''C. l. latirostris'' [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1827 – [[Tamaulipas]], [[San Luis Potosí]] to [[Veracruz]] (east Mexico)


These three taxonomic systems previously included two more subspecies, what are now the [[Tres Marias hummingbird]] (''C. lawrencei'') and the [[turquoise-crowned hummingbird]] (''C. doubledayi'') but by mid-2022 had recognized them as separate species based on 2014 and 2017 publications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stiles |first1=F. Gary |last2=Remsen |first2=J. V. Jr. |last3=Mcguire |first3=Jimmy A. |title=The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny |journal=Zootaxa |date=2017 |volume=4353 |issue=3 |pages=401–424 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1|pmid=29245495 }}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=NACC/><ref name=IOC12.2/><ref name=HBW2021/> As of that date the most recent [[Clements taxonomy]] was dated August 2021. That taxonomy recognized the turquoise-crowned hummingbird but retained the Tres Marias as a subspecies of broad-billed.<ref name=Clements>Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021</ref>
== Taxonomy ==


The broad-billed hummingbird has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with two different species: [[Rivoli's hummingbird]] (''Eugenes fulgens'') and the [[Violet-crowned hummingbird]] (''Amazilia violiceps'').<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Donald R.|last2=Wethington|first2=Susan M.|editor1-first=Alan F|editor1-last=Poole|editor2-first=Frank B|editor2-last=Gill|date=2020-03-04|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.brbhum.01}}</ref>
There are 338 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades<ref name=":8" />. The ''[[Cynanthus]]'' genus falls under the emerald [[clade]] of hummingbirds<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=Jimmy-A.|last2=Witt|first2=Christopher-C.|last3=Remsen|first3=J.V.|last4=Corl|first4=Ammon|last5=Rabosky|first5=Daniel-L.|last6=Altshuler|first6=Douglas-L.|last7=Dudley|first7=Robert|date=April 2014|title=Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds|url=|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=8|pages=910–916|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016|via=}}</ref>. The emerald clade formed between 10-15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species<ref name=":8" />. The common name of the bird comes from the Latin origins of the species name. The word ''latirostris'' comes from the Latin word ''lata'' meaning "broad" and ''rostris'' meaning "platform," which relates to the characteristic feature of the bird- it’s broad bill.<br>
The Broad-billed hummingbird was described by [[William John Swainson|William Swainson]] in 1827 based on specimens by [[William Bullock (collector)|William Bullock]] in the Valley of México near Mexico City <ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Robert |title=A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato |date=1939 |publisher=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |page=313-319 }}</ref>. Swainson made most of his descriptions from the 70 specimens that Bullock brought back to England in 1822<ref name=":4" />.


===== Subspecies =====
== Description ==
The broad-billed hummingbird is a small-sized hummingbird at about {{cvt|8|-|10|cm}} long.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|date=2009-05-01|title=National Geographic field guide to the birds of eastern North America}}</ref> It weighs only 3–4 grams, with the male weighing slightly more than the female.<ref name=":1" /> The wingspan of the hummingbird is about {{cvt|13|cm}}.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird - BirdFellow Social Field Guide|url=http://www.birdfellow.com/birds/broad-billed-hummingbird-cynanthus-latirostris|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.birdfellow.com}}</ref> It has a long, bright reddish coloured bill that has a black tip.<ref name=":2" /> The birds are metallic green dorsally with more dull colouring on the crown and forehead. The hummingbird is sexually dimorphic, with the adults appearance varying significantly.
There are 5 described subspecies of the Broad-billed hummingbird. These subspecies are:


<gallery mode=packed heights=250px>
''Cynanthus latirostris latirostris'', Swainson, 1827
File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (33927224241).jpg|Adult male ''C. latirostris''
File:Broad-billed Hummingbird. Cynanthus latirostris. Female - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|Adult female ''C. latirostris''
</gallery>
The male is dark green with white [[Covert feather|undertail-coverts]] and a blue throat.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=2003-12-01|title=The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America}}</ref> The adult males tail is blackish-blue and broad. The flight feathers are brownish-gray. The adult female has a pale belly and has a white [[Bird anatomy|eyestripe]] behind her eye. Her tail feathers are white-tipped. The bill of the male is shorter but brighter red. As for size, both the juvenile and adult males have larger wings and tails than the female.<ref name=":3" />


The colouring of the juveniles tends to resemble the adult female. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males do not have a white-tipped tail.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Ridgway | first=Robert | year=1911 | author-link=Robert Ridgway | chapter=''Cynanthus latirostris'' (Swainson) | title=The Birds of North and Middle America | series=Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Volume 50, Part 5 | place=Washington | pages=370–373 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7490094 }}</ref>
''Cynanthus latirostris magicus'' (Mulsant and J. Verreaux, 1872)


The hatchings have a brown body and orange downy feathers and an orange bill.<ref name=":3" /> Not much is known about hatchlings, but in captivity, the juvenile birds have been seen to have adult plumage within 6–8 months.<ref name=":3" />
''Cynanthus latirostris lawrencei'' (Berlepsch, 1887)


=== Vocalizations ===
''Cynanthus latirostris doubledayi'' (Bourcier, 1847)
{{Birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Cynanthus-latirostris|species=broad-billed hummingbird}}
The ''C. latirostris'' chatter is done by both the male and the female.<ref name=":3" /> Like the note of a [[Ruby-crowned kinglet|Ruby-crowned Kinglet]] (''Regulus calendula'') the chatter sounds like a rapid ''chi-dit''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1997 |title=Lives of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=114|issue=3|pages=539–540|doi=10.2307/4089268|jstor=4089268 |issn=0004-8038|doi-access=free}}</ref> This noise can be done while perching or in flight. The males display call is a whining ''zing'' - but little is known about its song.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
In the United States, ''C. l. latirostris'' lives along streamsides and [[oak woodland]]s. It prefers areas with streamside groves and dense vegetation, as well as open oak woodlands in lower canyons.<ref name=":5" /> It favours living in areas with [[Platanus wrightii|Arizona sycamore]] (''Platanus wrightii)'', [[Populus fremontii|Fremont cottonwoods]] (''Populus fremontii)'', and [[mesquite]].<ref name=":6" />


In Mexico, specimens have been collected at nearly every elevation above sea level, even from 1494 to 3048 meters high.<ref name=":4" /> Along the Pacific coast, the broad-billed hummingbird is known to be a common resident of arid thorn forests, tropical deciduous forests and riparian gallery forests.<ref name=":3" />
''Cynanthus latirostris propinquus'' (R. T. Moore, 1939)


During breeding season, the broad-billed hummingbird is common in desert canyons and low mountain oak woodlands. It's found in the Southwest United States through to central Mexico. It has been noted breeding in southeast Arizona, southwest New Mexico and rarely in southwest Texas. There have also been rare sightings across the continent, including in Arkansas. In the state of Sonora, Mexico, it is the most common hummingbird.
<br>
There is skepticism surrounding the subspecies status of ''C. l. doubledayi'' and ''C. l. lawrencei''. A study by McGuire et al. (2014) analyzed the [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nuclear DNA|nDNA]] of ''C. l. doubledayi'' and concluded that it should be treated as its own species instead<ref name=":8" />. ''C. l. doubledayi'' was found to relate more to [[Canivet's emerald|Canivet’s Emerald]] (''Chlorostilbon canivetii'') than the Broad-billed hummingbird<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=Jimmy A.|last2=Witt|first2=Christopher C.|last3=Remsen|first3=J. V.|last4=Corl|first4=Ammon|last5=Rabosky|first5=Daniel L.|last6=Altshuler|first6=Douglas L.|last7=Dudley|first7=Robert|date=14 April 2014|title=Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds|url=|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=8|pages=910–916|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016|via=}}</ref>. The same study also showed that the genus is [[paraphyletic]] and concluded that ''C. latirostris'' is closer related to [[Canivet's emerald|Canivet's Emerald]] (''Chlorostilbon canivetii'') than another other species in the genus, the [[Dusky hummingbird|Dusky Hummingbird]] (''Cynanthus sordidus'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stiles |first1=F. Gary |last2=Remsen |first2=J. V. Jr. |last3=Mcguire |first3=Jimmy A. |title=The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny |journal=Zootaxa |date=24 November 2017 |volume=4353 |issue=3 |pages=401 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> .


=== Migration and permanent residents ===
The Broad-billed hummingbird has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with two different species: [[Rivoli's hummingbird|Rivoli’s hummingbird]] (''Eugenes fulgens'') and the [[Violet-crowned hummingbird]] (''Amazilia violiceps'')<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Donald R.|last2=Wethington|first2=Susan M.|date=2020-03-04|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)|url=|journal=Birds of the World|volume=|pages=|doi=10.2173/bow.brbhum.01|via=}}</ref>.
The breeding populations of ''C. l. latirostris'' in the United States, Sonora and [[Nuevo León]] are all migratory.<ref name=":3" /> Not enough information is known about the migration but it's believed that the birds fly deeper south into Mexico, into [[Guerrero]] and [[Baja California Sur]].<ref name=":3" /> Most populations in Mexico are resident, unless they reside in the extreme north. The Northern populations migrate south in the beginning of November, and return in early March.<ref>Russell, S. M., and G. Monson (1998). The Birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, US.</ref> There have been rare sightings in the fall and winter months in Southern California, Texas and even rarely in Oregon, Idaho, Colorado and the East Coast.<ref name=":1" /> An abundance map of broad-bill hummingbirds has been produced on eBird.<ref>Fink, D., T. Auer, A. Johnston, M. Strimas-Mackey, O. Robinson, S. Ligocki, B. Petersen, C. Wood, I. Davies, B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, S. Kelling. 2020. eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2018; Released: 2020. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. https://doi.org/10.2173/ebirdst.2018</ref>


== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==

=== Vocalizations ===
{{Birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Cynanthus-latirostris|species=broad-billed hummingbird}}
The ''C. latirostris'' chatter is done by both the male and the female<ref name=":3" />. Like the note of a [[Ruby-crowned kinglet|Ruby-crowned Kinglet]] (''Regulus calendula'') the chatter sounds like a rapid ''chi-dit''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1997-07-01|title=Lives of North American Birds|url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/114/3/539/5173364|journal=The Auk|language=en|volume=114|issue=3|pages=539–540|doi=10.2307/4089268|issn=0004-8038}}</ref>. This noise can be done while perching or in flight. The males display call is a whining ''zing'' - but little is known about its song<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />.

=== Diet ===
=== Diet ===
[[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) (3484147962).jpg|thumb|234x234px|''C. latirostris'' visiting a sugar-water feeder|alt=|left]]
[[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) (3484147962).jpg|thumb|234x234px|''C. latirostris'' visiting a sugar-water feeder|alt=|left]]


The broad-billed hummingbird eats both nectar and insects. The hummingbird is also known to visit sugar-water hummingbird feeders.<ref name=":5" /> Their eating habits showed that the broad-billed hummingbird prefers visiting red or red-and-yellow flowers the most.<ref name=":4" />


The broad-billed hummingbird eats both nectar and insects. The hummingbird is also known to visit sugar-water hummingbird feeders<ref name=":5" />. Their eating habits showed that the broad-billed hummingbird prefers visiting red or red-and-yellow flowers the most<ref name=":4" />.
To feed on nectar, the hummingbird will extend its bill and long tongue into the flower to access the nectar while hovering.<ref name=":5" /> This differs from their behaviour at feeders, where oftentimes they will perch. To feed on insects, the bird species can catch them midair or hover and pluck them from a plant.<ref name=":5" />

To feed on nectar, the hummingbird will extend its bill and long tongue into the flower to access the nectar while hovering<ref name=":5" />. This differs from their behaviour at feeders, where often times they will perch. To feed on insects, the bird species can catch them midair or hover and pluck them from a plant<ref name=":5" />.


Not much is known on the metabolism, drinking and food selection process of this species.
Not much is known on the metabolism, drinking and food selection process of this species.



[[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (33671931300).jpg|thumb|''C. latirostris'' feeding on nectar from a flower in Arizona|284x284px]]
[[File:Broad-billed Hummingbird (33671931300).jpg|thumb|''C. latirostris'' feeding on nectar from a flower in Arizona|284x284px]]
==== Nectar ====
In the USA, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flowering species<ref name=":3" />:


In the United States, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flowering species:<ref name=":3" />
[[Agave parryi|Agave]] (''Agave parryi'' and ''A. schottii''), [[Anisacanthus|desert honeysuckle]] (''Anisacanthus thurberi''), [[Asclepias|milkweed]] (''Asclepias'' spp.), [[Bouvardia]] (''Bouvardia glaberima''), bird-of-paradise (''Caesalpinia gilliesii''), [[Castilleja|indian paintbrush]] (''Castilleja'' spp.), [[Chilopsis|desert willow]] (''Chilopsis linearis''), [[Cirsium neomexicanum|New Mexico thistle]] (''Cirsium neomexicanum''), [[Epilobium canum|fireweed]] (''Epilobium canum''), [[Erythrina flabelliformis|coral bean]] (''Erythrina flabelliformis''), [[Fouquieria splendens|ocotillo]] (''Fouquieria splendens''), [[Lonicera sempervirens|trumpet honeysuckle]] (''Lonicera sempervirens''), [[Penstemon barbatus|scarlet bugler]] (''Penstemon barbatus''), [[Penstemon incertus|Mojave beardtongue]] (''P. pseudospectabilis''), [[Penstemon|superb penstemon]] (''P. superbus'') and [[Stachys coccinea|Texas betony]] (''Stachys coccinea'').


[[Agave parryi|Agave]] (''Agave parryi'' and ''A. schottii''), [[Anisacanthus|desert honeysuckle]] (''Anisacanthus thurberi''), [[Asclepias|milkweed]] (''Asclepias'' spp.), [[Bouvardia]] (''Bouvardia glaberima''), bird-of-paradise (''Caesalpinia gilliesii''), [[Castilleja|Indian paintbrush]] (''Castilleja'' spp.), [[Chilopsis|desert willow]] (''Chilopsis linearis''), [[Cirsium neomexicanum|New Mexico thistle]] (''Cirsium neomexicanum''), [[Epilobium canum|fireweed]] (''Epilobium canum''), [[Erythrina flabelliformis|coral bean]] (''Erythrina flabelliformis''), [[Fouquieria splendens|ocotillo]] (''Fouquieria splendens''), [[Lonicera sempervirens|trumpet honeysuckle]] (''Lonicera sempervirens''), [[Penstemon barbatus|scarlet bugler]] (''Penstemon barbatus''), [[Penstemon incertus|Mojave beardtongue]] (''P. pseudospectabilis''), [[Penstemon|superb penstemon]] (''P. superbus'') and [[Stachys coccinea|Texas betony]] (''Stachys coccinea'').


In southern Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flower species<ref name=":3" />:
In southern Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flower species:<ref name=":3" />


Bejuco blanco (''Exogonium bracteatum''), pochote (''Ceiba aesculifolia''), cactus (''Lemairocereus'' spp.), fairy-duster (''Calliandra'' spp.), ''Bumelia'' spp. and liana (''Paullinia sessiliflora'').
Bejuco blanco (''Exogonium bracteatum''), pochote (''Ceiba aesculifolia''), cactus (''Lemairocereus'' spp.), fairy-duster (''Calliandra'' spp.), ''Bumelia'' spp. and liana (''Paullinia sessiliflora'').
[[File:Cinnamon Hummingbird - Mexico S4E8524.jpg|left|thumb|188x188px|The Cinnamon hummingbird (above) creates competition with the Broad-billed hummingbird, making ''C. latirostris'' forage from lower quality food sources.]]<br>
[[File:Cinnamon Hummingbird - Mexico S4E8524.jpg|left|thumb|188x188px|The cinnamon hummingbird (above) creates competition with the broad-billed hummingbird, making ''C. latirostris'' forage from lower quality food sources.]]


In [[Nayarit]] and [[Jalisco]], Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to occur in the same range as the [[Cinnamon hummingbird]] (''Amazilia rutila'')<ref name=":3" />. This leads to food competition and therefore when co-occuring, the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from flowers with low-nectar availability<ref name=":3" />. The Broad-billed hummingbird will feed from high-nectar available flowers such as the sharpleaf jacaranda (''Jacaranda acutifolia''), [[Malvaviscus arboreus|sleeping hibiscus]] (''Malvaviscus arboreus''), and mistletoe (''Psittacanthus longipennis''). When in competition with the ''A. rutila'', the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from ''Calopogonium parvum'', [[Delonix regia|royal poinciana]] (''Delonix regia''), velvet-seed (''Hamelia versicolor''), [[hibiscus]] (''Hibiscus'' sp.), and [[Russelia|coralblow]] (''Russelia tenuis'')<ref name=":3" />.
In [[Nayarit]] and [[Jalisco]], Mexico, the broad-billed hummingbird is known to occur in the same range as the [[Cinnamon hummingbird]] (''Amazilia rutila'').<ref name=":3" /> This leads to food competition and therefore when co-occurring, the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from flowers with low-nectar availability.<ref name=":3" /> The broad-billed hummingbird will feed from high-nectar available flowers such as the sharpleaf jacaranda (''Jacaranda acutifolia''), [[Malvaviscus arboreus|sleeping hibiscus]] (''Malvaviscus arboreus''), and mistletoe (''Psittacanthus longipennis''). When in competition with the ''A. rutila'', the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from ''Calopogonium parvum'', [[Delonix regia|royal poinciana]] (''Delonix regia''), velvet-seed (''Hamelia versicolor''), [[hibiscus]] (''Hibiscus'' sp.), and [[Russelia|coralblow]] (''Russelia tenuis'').<ref name=":3" />


In central Mexico, the ''C. latirostris'' feeds on two cacti (''Pachycereus weberi'' and ''Pilosocereus chrysacanthus''.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the [[pollination]] of these plants<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valiente-Banuet|first=Alfonso|last2=Rojas-Martínez|first2=Alberto|last3=Arizmendi|first3=María del Coro|last4=Dávila|first4=Patricia|date=1997-04-01|title=Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/2446020|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=84|issue=4|pages=452–455|doi=10.2307/2446020|via=}}</ref>.
In central Mexico, the ''C. latirostris'' feeds on two cacti (''Pachycereus weberi'' and ''Pilosocereus chrysacanthus''.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the [[pollination]] of these plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valiente-Banuet|first1=Alfonso|last2=Rojas-Martínez|first2=Alberto|last3=Arizmendi|first3=María del Coro|last4=Dávila|first4=Patricia|date=1997 |title=Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (''Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis'' and ''Neobuxbaumia macrocephala'') in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/2446020|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=84|issue=4|pages=452–455|doi=10.2307/2446020|jstor=2446020}}</ref>


There is little available information regarding the broad-billed hummingbird eating insects. However, one study showed that even when there is an abundance of insects, the hummingbirds prefer to feed from flowers if available.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Baltosser|first=William|date=1989|title=Nectar availability and habitat selection by hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon | journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=101|pages=559–578|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v101n04/p0559-p0578.pdf }}</ref> In [[Guadalupe Canyon]], Mexico, the hummingbirds were only seen eating flying [[Fly|Diptera]] and [[Mayfly|Ephemeroptera]].<ref name=":6" />
==== Insects ====
There is little available information regarding the Broad-billed hummingbird eating insects. However, one study showed that even when there is an abundance of insects, the hummingbirds prefer to feed from flowers if available<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Baltosser|first=William|date=1989|title=Nectar Availability and Habitat Selection by Hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon|url=|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=101|pages=559-578|via=JSTOR}}</ref>. In [[Guadalupe Canyon]], Mexico, the hummingbirds were only seen eating flying [[Fly|Diptera]] and [[Mayfly|Ephemeroptera]]<ref name=":6" />.


=== Reproduction ===
=== Breeding ===
Broad-billed hummingbirds reproduce sexually through [[Mate choice|mates choice]]. To attract a mate, the male will perform a "pendulum display" to the female. This display consists of the male broad-billed hummingbird hovering in front of the female and flying back and forth 4 times in repeated arcs, just like a pendulum.<ref name=":9" />


In the United States, there are usually 2 brood attempts per year, in mid-April to mid-to-late June and then again in July to mid-August. These dates overlap with the peak nectar availability in the broad-bill hummingbirds' habitats.<ref name=":6" /> In Arizona, pairs breed in semi-open habitats at 914 to 1524 meters in elevation.<ref name=":5" /> In southern Mexico, the species breeds over a long period of time. The bird's sex organs have been shown to be able to breed from January to August.<ref name=":4" /> In [[Sonora]] and western Mexico, breeding starts mid-January, peaking in Mid March and ending in August.<ref name=":4" />
==== Breeding ====
Broad-billed hummingbirds reproduce sexually through [[Mate choice|mates choice]]. To attract a mate, the male will perform a "pendulum display" to the female. This display consists of the male Broad-billed hummingbird hovering in front of the female and flying back and forth 4 times in repeated arcs, just like a pendulum<ref name=":9" />.


The broad-billed hummingbird typically creates a nest within 2 meters of the ground.<ref name=":4" /> In Guadalupe Canyon, most nests were found to be at an average height of 1.1 meter above the ground.<ref name=":6" /> Although the height from the ground matters to the mothers, the nesting habitats have been found at many elevations.<ref name=":4" /> One study found 4 nests between 14 meters, in [[Sinaloa]], to 442 meters, in Sonora.<ref name=":4" /> Nest site selection is thought to be less specific in individuals living towards the southern part of the range.<ref name=":3" /> The nests themselves are constructed only by the females.<ref name=":4" /> The female will weave nesting material (bark, grasses and dried leaves) into a nest and shape it with her body.<ref name=":4" /> The nest is about 2.5&nbsp;cm tall, with an interior diameter of 1.9&nbsp;cm. The interior is lined with materials such as white plant down, plant stems, leaves, plant blooms and even lichen.<ref name=":4" /> Once ready, the female broad-billed hummingbird will lay 2 eggs into her nest.<ref name=":5" /> The eggs of ''C. latirostris'' are smooth and white. On average, the eggs measure 12 by 8 millimeters. Although uncertain, it's believed that the female incubates the eggs for more than 2 weeks.<ref name=":5" /> After hatching, in Guadalupe Canyon the females spent about 60% of each hour at her nest.<ref name=":6" /> The largest causes of nest mortality are due to predation on eggs and nestlings, abandonment of nest before egg and failure for eggs to hatch.<ref name=":6" />
In the United States, there is usually 2 brood attempts per year, in mid-April to mid-to late June and then again in July to mid-August. These dates overlap with the peak nectar availability in the Broad-bill hummingbirds habitats<ref name=":6" />. In Arizona, pairs breed in semi-open habitats at 914 to 1524 meters in elevation<ref name=":5" />.


There is little known information available regarding incubation, hatching, growth and fledgling of the broad-billed hummingbird.
In southern Mexico, the species breeds over a long period of time. The birds sex organs have been shown to be able to breed from January to August<ref name=":4" />.

In [[Sonora]] and western Mexico, breeding starts mid-January, peaking in Mid March and ending in August<ref name=":4" />.

==== Nesting ====
The Broad-billed hummingbird typically creates a nest within 2 meters of the ground<ref name=":4" />. In Guadalupe Canyon, most nests were found to be at an average height of 1.1 meter above the ground<ref name=":6" />. Although the height from the ground matters to the mothers, the nesting habitats have been found at many elevations<ref name=":4" />. One study found 4 nests between 14 meters, in [[Sinaloa]], to 442 meters, in [[Sonora]]<ref name=":4" />. Nest site selection is thought to be less specific in individuals living towards the southern part of the range<ref name=":3" />. The nests themselves are constructed only by the females<ref name=":4" />. The female will weave nesting material (bark, grasses and dried leaves) into a nest and shape it with her body<ref name=":4" />. The nest is about 2.5cm tall, with an interior diameter of 1.9cm. The interior is lined with materials such as white plant down, plant stems, leaves, plant blooms and even lichen<ref name=":4" />. Once ready, the female Broad-billed hummingbird will lay 2 eggs into her nest<ref name=":5" />. The eggs of ''C. latirostris'' are smooth and white. On average, the eggs measure 12 by 8 millimeters. Although uncertain, it's believed that the female incubates the eggs for more than 2 weeks<ref name=":5" />. After hatching, in Guadalupe Canyon the females spent about 60% of each hour at her nest<ref name=":6" />. The largest causes of nest mortality are due to predation on eggs and nestlings, abandonment of nest before egg and failure for eggs to hatch<ref name=":6" />.

There is little known information available regarding incubation, hatching, growth and fledgling of the broad-billed hummingbird.

== Habitat and Distribution ==

=== Habitat ===
In the USA, ''C. latirostris'' lives along streamsides and [[Oak woodland|oak woodlands]]. It prefers areas with streamside groves and dense vegetation, as well as open oak woodlands in lower canyons<ref name=":5" />. It favours living in areas with [[Platanus wrightii|Arizona sycamore]] (''Platanus wrightii)'', [[Populus fremontii|Fremont cottonwoods]] (''Populus fremontii)'', and [[mesquite]]<ref name=":6" />.

In Mexico, specimens have been collected at nearly every elevation above sea level, even from 1494 to 3048 meters high<ref name=":4" />. Along the Pacific coast, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to be a common resident of arid thorn forests, tropical deciduous forests and riparian gallery forests<ref name=":3" />.

=== Distribution ===
During breeding season, the Broad-billed hummingbird is common in desert canyons and low mountain oak woodlands. It's found in the Southwest United States through to central Mexico. It's been noted breeding in southeast Arizona, southwest new Mexico and rarely in southwest Texas. There have also been rare sightings across the continent, including in Arkansas. In the state of Sonora, Mexico, it’s the most common hummingbird.

==== Migration and Permanent Residents ====
The breeding populations of ''C. latirostris'' in the USA, Sonora and [[Nuevo León|Nuevo Leon]] are all migratory<ref name=":3" />. Not enough information is known about the migration but it’s believed that the birds fly deeper south into Mexico, into [[Guerrero]] and [[Baja California Sur]]<ref name=":3" />. Most populations in Mexico are resident, unless they reside in the extreme north. The Northern populations migrate south in the beginning of November, and return in early March<ref>Russell, S. M., and G. Monson (1998). The Birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA.</ref>. There have been rare sightings in the fall and winter months in Southern California,Texas and even rarely in Oregon, Idaho, Colorado and the East Coast<ref name=":1" />. An abundance map of Broad-bill hummingbirds has been produced on eBird<ref>Fink, D., T. Auer, A. Johnston, M. Strimas-Mackey, O. Robinson, S. Ligocki, B. Petersen, C. Wood, I. Davies, B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, S. Kelling. 2020. eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2018; Released: 2020. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. https://doi.org/10.2173/ebirdst.2018</ref>.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Click to see the ranges of the subspecies
! colspan="2" |Subspecies ranges
|-
|''C. l. latirostris'', ''C. l. magicus, C. l. propinquus''
|[https://ebird.org/map/brbhum1?__hstc=65717809.fda12fa94061284802196bd3b9ab25e5.1601160772167.1602717956770.1602720629769.7&__hssc=65717809.7.1602720629769&__hsfp=1298416954#_ga=2.220914904.1363542153.1602637121-1722862905.1601160772 click]
|-
|''C. l. doubledayi''
|[https://ebird.org/map/brbhum2?__hstc=65717809.fda12fa94061284802196bd3b9ab25e5.1601160772167.1602717956770.1602720629769.7&__hssc=65717809.8.1602720629769&__hsfp=1298416954#_ga=2.211534805.1363542153.1602637121-1722862905.1601160772 click]
|-
|''C. l. lawrencei''
|[https://ebird.org/map/brbhum3?__hstc=65717809.fda12fa94061284802196bd3b9ab25e5.1601160772167.1602717956770.1602720629769.7&__hssc=65717809.9.1602720629769&__hsfp=1298416954#_ga=2.206750675.1363542153.1602637121-1722862905.1601160772 click]
|}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


== External Links ==
== External links ==


* [https://ebird.org/science/status-and-trends/brbhum/abundance-map-weekly Abundance map on eBird]
* [https://ebird.org/science/status-and-trends/brbhum/abundance-map-weekly Abundance map on eBird]
* [http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/8611600.htm USA stamp featuring the ''Cynanthus latirostris'']
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001011161006/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/8611600.htm USA stamp featuring the ''Cynanthus latirostris'']}}
* [https://ebird.org/media/catalog?taxonCode=brbhum&sort=rating_rank_desc&mediaType=p&regionCode= ''Cynanthus latirostris'' photos]
* [https://ebird.org/media/catalog?taxonCode=brbhum&sort=rating_rank_desc&mediaType=p&regionCode= ''Cynanthus latirostris'' photos]
* [https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/broad-billed-hummingbird Climate vulnerability of ''Cynanthus latirostris''] under "Climate Vulnerability" tab
* [https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/broad-billed-hummingbird Climate vulnerability of ''Cynanthus latirostris''] under "Climate Vulnerability" tab
* [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22725767/94902093 IUCN red list status]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40_xh6zD8g Cynanthus latirostris at a feeder] - outside its native range
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40_xh6zD8g Cynanthus latirostris at a feeder] - outside its native range

*
{{Taxonbar|from=Q906857}}
*

*
[[Category:Cynanthus|broad-billed hummingbird]]
*
[[Category:Endemic birds of Southwestern North America]]
*
[[Category:Native birds of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of Mexico]]
[[Category:Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental]]
[[Category:Birds of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1827|broad-billed hummingbird]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William John Swainson|broad-billed hummingbird]]

Latest revision as of 19:52, 8 October 2024

Broad-billed hummingbird
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Cynanthus
Species:
C. latirostris
Binomial name
Cynanthus latirostris
Swainson, 1827

The broad-billed hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) is a small-sized hummingbird that resides in Mexico and the southwestern United States.[3] Males and females have different features (see sexual dimorphism). The juveniles resemble the female adult more than the male adult. The broad-billed hummingbird is a bright coloured bird with a broad and bright red bill. The bird is also known for its other common names – the Colibrí Pico Ancho in Spanish and Colibri circé in French.[4] It is more active during the day and less active during the night (see diurnality).[4]

Taxonomy

[edit]

There are around 360 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades.[5][6] The Cynanthus genus falls under the emerald clade of hummingbirds.[6] The emerald clade formed between 10 and 15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species.[6] The broad-billed hummingbird was formally described in 1827 by William Swainson based on specimens collected by William Bullock in México. Swainson coined the binomial name Cynanthus latirostris.[7] Swainson specified the type locality as "Table land ?" where he included a question mark. This species probably does not occur there and in 1939 the American ornithologist Robert Moore designated the type locality as the Valley of Mexico near Mexico City.[8][9] The species name combines the Latin latus meaning "broad" with -rostris meaning "-billed".[10]

Subspecies

[edit]

The North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (AOS), the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) recognize these three subspecies of broad-billed hummingbird:[11][5][12]

These three taxonomic systems previously included two more subspecies, what are now the Tres Marias hummingbird (C. lawrencei) and the turquoise-crowned hummingbird (C. doubledayi) but by mid-2022 had recognized them as separate species based on 2014 and 2017 publications.[13][6][11][5][12] As of that date the most recent Clements taxonomy was dated August 2021. That taxonomy recognized the turquoise-crowned hummingbird but retained the Tres Marias as a subspecies of broad-billed.[14]

The broad-billed hummingbird has hybridized with two different species: Rivoli's hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) and the Violet-crowned hummingbird (Amazilia violiceps).[4]

Description

[edit]

The broad-billed hummingbird is a small-sized hummingbird at about 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) long.[3] It weighs only 3–4 grams, with the male weighing slightly more than the female.[3] The wingspan of the hummingbird is about 13 cm (5.1 in).[15] It has a long, bright reddish coloured bill that has a black tip.[16] The birds are metallic green dorsally with more dull colouring on the crown and forehead. The hummingbird is sexually dimorphic, with the adults appearance varying significantly.

  • Adult male C. latirostris
    Adult male C. latirostris
  • Adult female C. latirostris
    Adult female C. latirostris

The male is dark green with white undertail-coverts and a blue throat.[16] The adult males tail is blackish-blue and broad. The flight feathers are brownish-gray. The adult female has a pale belly and has a white eyestripe behind her eye. Her tail feathers are white-tipped. The bill of the male is shorter but brighter red. As for size, both the juvenile and adult males have larger wings and tails than the female.[4]

The colouring of the juveniles tends to resemble the adult female. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males do not have a white-tipped tail.[17]

The hatchings have a brown body and orange downy feathers and an orange bill.[4] Not much is known about hatchlings, but in captivity, the juvenile birds have been seen to have adult plumage within 6–8 months.[4]

Vocalizations

[edit]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to broad-billed hummingbird on xeno-canto

The C. latirostris chatter is done by both the male and the female.[4] Like the note of a Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) the chatter sounds like a rapid chi-dit.[18] This noise can be done while perching or in flight. The males display call is a whining zing - but little is known about its song.[3][16]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

In the United States, C. l. latirostris lives along streamsides and oak woodlands. It prefers areas with streamside groves and dense vegetation, as well as open oak woodlands in lower canyons.[18] It favours living in areas with Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii), Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), and mesquite.[19]

In Mexico, specimens have been collected at nearly every elevation above sea level, even from 1494 to 3048 meters high.[8] Along the Pacific coast, the broad-billed hummingbird is known to be a common resident of arid thorn forests, tropical deciduous forests and riparian gallery forests.[4]

During breeding season, the broad-billed hummingbird is common in desert canyons and low mountain oak woodlands. It's found in the Southwest United States through to central Mexico. It has been noted breeding in southeast Arizona, southwest New Mexico and rarely in southwest Texas. There have also been rare sightings across the continent, including in Arkansas. In the state of Sonora, Mexico, it is the most common hummingbird.

Migration and permanent residents

[edit]

The breeding populations of C. l. latirostris in the United States, Sonora and Nuevo León are all migratory.[4] Not enough information is known about the migration but it's believed that the birds fly deeper south into Mexico, into Guerrero and Baja California Sur.[4] Most populations in Mexico are resident, unless they reside in the extreme north. The Northern populations migrate south in the beginning of November, and return in early March.[20] There have been rare sightings in the fall and winter months in Southern California, Texas and even rarely in Oregon, Idaho, Colorado and the East Coast.[3] An abundance map of broad-bill hummingbirds has been produced on eBird.[21]

Behaviour

[edit]

Diet

[edit]
C. latirostris visiting a sugar-water feeder

The broad-billed hummingbird eats both nectar and insects. The hummingbird is also known to visit sugar-water hummingbird feeders.[18] Their eating habits showed that the broad-billed hummingbird prefers visiting red or red-and-yellow flowers the most.[8]

To feed on nectar, the hummingbird will extend its bill and long tongue into the flower to access the nectar while hovering.[18] This differs from their behaviour at feeders, where oftentimes they will perch. To feed on insects, the bird species can catch them midair or hover and pluck them from a plant.[18]

Not much is known on the metabolism, drinking and food selection process of this species.

C. latirostris feeding on nectar from a flower in Arizona

In the United States, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flowering species:[4]

Agave (Agave parryi and A. schottii), desert honeysuckle (Anisacanthus thurberi), milkweed (Asclepias spp.), Bouvardia (Bouvardia glaberima), bird-of-paradise (Caesalpinia gilliesii), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja spp.), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), New Mexico thistle (Cirsium neomexicanum), fireweed (Epilobium canum), coral bean (Erythrina flabelliformis), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), scarlet bugler (Penstemon barbatus), Mojave beardtongue (P. pseudospectabilis), superb penstemon (P. superbus) and Texas betony (Stachys coccinea).

In southern Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flower species:[4]

Bejuco blanco (Exogonium bracteatum), pochote (Ceiba aesculifolia), cactus (Lemairocereus spp.), fairy-duster (Calliandra spp.), Bumelia spp. and liana (Paullinia sessiliflora).

The cinnamon hummingbird (above) creates competition with the broad-billed hummingbird, making C. latirostris forage from lower quality food sources.

In Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico, the broad-billed hummingbird is known to occur in the same range as the Cinnamon hummingbird (Amazilia rutila).[4] This leads to food competition and therefore when co-occurring, the C. latirostris will feed from flowers with low-nectar availability.[4] The broad-billed hummingbird will feed from high-nectar available flowers such as the sharpleaf jacaranda (Jacaranda acutifolia), sleeping hibiscus (Malvaviscus arboreus), and mistletoe (Psittacanthus longipennis). When in competition with the A. rutila, the C. latirostris will feed from Calopogonium parvum, royal poinciana (Delonix regia), velvet-seed (Hamelia versicolor), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), and coralblow (Russelia tenuis).[4]

In central Mexico, the C. latirostris feeds on two cacti (Pachycereus weberi and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the pollination of these plants.[22]

There is little available information regarding the broad-billed hummingbird eating insects. However, one study showed that even when there is an abundance of insects, the hummingbirds prefer to feed from flowers if available.[19] In Guadalupe Canyon, Mexico, the hummingbirds were only seen eating flying Diptera and Ephemeroptera.[19]

Breeding

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Broad-billed hummingbirds reproduce sexually through mates choice. To attract a mate, the male will perform a "pendulum display" to the female. This display consists of the male broad-billed hummingbird hovering in front of the female and flying back and forth 4 times in repeated arcs, just like a pendulum.[15]

In the United States, there are usually 2 brood attempts per year, in mid-April to mid-to-late June and then again in July to mid-August. These dates overlap with the peak nectar availability in the broad-bill hummingbirds' habitats.[19] In Arizona, pairs breed in semi-open habitats at 914 to 1524 meters in elevation.[18] In southern Mexico, the species breeds over a long period of time. The bird's sex organs have been shown to be able to breed from January to August.[8] In Sonora and western Mexico, breeding starts mid-January, peaking in Mid March and ending in August.[8]

The broad-billed hummingbird typically creates a nest within 2 meters of the ground.[8] In Guadalupe Canyon, most nests were found to be at an average height of 1.1 meter above the ground.[19] Although the height from the ground matters to the mothers, the nesting habitats have been found at many elevations.[8] One study found 4 nests between 14 meters, in Sinaloa, to 442 meters, in Sonora.[8] Nest site selection is thought to be less specific in individuals living towards the southern part of the range.[4] The nests themselves are constructed only by the females.[8] The female will weave nesting material (bark, grasses and dried leaves) into a nest and shape it with her body.[8] The nest is about 2.5 cm tall, with an interior diameter of 1.9 cm. The interior is lined with materials such as white plant down, plant stems, leaves, plant blooms and even lichen.[8] Once ready, the female broad-billed hummingbird will lay 2 eggs into her nest.[18] The eggs of C. latirostris are smooth and white. On average, the eggs measure 12 by 8 millimeters. Although uncertain, it's believed that the female incubates the eggs for more than 2 weeks.[18] After hatching, in Guadalupe Canyon the females spent about 60% of each hour at her nest.[19] The largest causes of nest mortality are due to predation on eggs and nestlings, abandonment of nest before egg and failure for eggs to hatch.[19]

There is little known information available regarding incubation, hatching, growth and fledgling of the broad-billed hummingbird.

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cynanthus latirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725767A94902093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725767A94902093.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e National Geographic field guide to the birds of eastern North America. 2009-05-01.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Powers, Donald R.; Wethington, Susan M. (2020-03-04). Poole, Alan F; Gill, Frank B (eds.). "Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.brbhum.01.
  5. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. Bibcode:2014CBio...24..910M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
  7. ^ Swainson, William John (1827). "A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F.L.S. and Mr. William Bullock jun". Philosophical Magazine. New Series. 1: 364–369, 433–442 [441]. doi:10.1080/14786442708674330.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Moore, Robert T. (1939). "A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 52: 313–319.
  9. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 43.
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ a b "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. August 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  12. ^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  13. ^ Stiles, F. Gary; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Mcguire, Jimmy A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1. PMID 29245495.
  14. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  15. ^ a b "Broad-billed Hummingbird - BirdFellow Social Field Guide". www.birdfellow.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  16. ^ a b c The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America. 2003-12-01.
  17. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1911). "Cynanthus latirostris (Swainson)". The Birds of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Volume 50, Part 5. Washington. pp. 370–373.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lives of North American Birds". The Auk. 114 (3): 539–540. 1997. doi:10.2307/4089268. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4089268.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Baltosser, William (1989). "Nectar availability and habitat selection by hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 101: 559–578.
  20. ^ Russell, S. M., and G. Monson (1998). The Birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, US.
  21. ^ Fink, D., T. Auer, A. Johnston, M. Strimas-Mackey, O. Robinson, S. Ligocki, B. Petersen, C. Wood, I. Davies, B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, S. Kelling. 2020. eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2018; Released: 2020. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. https://doi.org/10.2173/ebirdst.2018
  22. ^ Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso; Rojas-Martínez, Alberto; Arizmendi, María del Coro; Dávila, Patricia (1997). "Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico". American Journal of Botany. 84 (4): 452–455. doi:10.2307/2446020. JSTOR 2446020.
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