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{{Short description|Species of planthopper}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
⚫
| name = ''Issus coleoptratus''
| image = Issidae - Issus coleoptratus-000.JPG
| image = Issidae - Issus coleoptratus-000.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Adult of ''Issus coleoptratus'', dorsal view
| image_caption = Adult of ''Issus coleoptratus'', dorsal view
| image2 = Issidae - Issus coleoptratus.JPG
| image2 = Issidae - Issus coleoptratus.JPG
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption =''Issus coleoptratus'', lateral view
| image2_caption =''Issus coleoptratus'', lateral view
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Issus
⚫
| species = coleoptratus
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1781)
| classis = [[Insect]]a
⚫
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
| ordo = [[Hemiptera]]
| subordo = [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
| familia = [[Issidae]]
| genus = ''[[Issus (genus)|Issus]]''
| species = '''''I. coleoptratus'''''
| binomial = ''Issus coleoptratus''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1781)
⚫
|synonyms={{collapsible list|bullets = true
| ''Cercopis coleoptratus'' Fabricius, 1781
| ''Cercopis coleoptratus'' Fabricius, 1781
| ''Cercopis pedestris'' Fabricius, 1794
| ''Cercopis pedestris'' Fabricius, 1794
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==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
This common species can be found in the western [[Palaearctic ecozone]], in the [[Near East]] and in [[North Africa]].<ref>[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=239952 Fauna europaea]</ref> These insects live on shrubbery and on foliage of various woody plants and common deciduous trees and in mixed forests (forest edges and parks).<ref name=AA>[https://www.britishbugs.org.uk/homoptera/Issidae/Issus_coleoptratus.html British Bugs]</ref><ref name=BB>P.F. Whitehead & R.S. Key [http://www.wbrc.org.uk/WORCRECD/issue_29/Issus.html Observations on British Issus (Hemiptera, Issidae) with reference to development, periodicity and ecology]</ref>
This common species can be found in the western [[Palearctic realm]], in the [[Near East]], and in [[North Africa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161222224218/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=239952 Fauna europaea]</ref> These insects live on shrubbery and on foliage of various woody plants and common deciduous trees and in mixed forests (forest edges and parks).<ref name=AA>[https://www.britishbugs.org.uk/homoptera/Issidae/Issus_coleoptratus.html British Bugs]</ref><ref name=BB>P.F. Whitehead & R.S. Key [http://www.wbrc.org.uk/WORCRECD/issue_29/Issus.html Observations on British Issus (Hemiptera, Issidae) with reference to development, periodicity and ecology]</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Issus coleoptratus'' can reach a length of {{convert|5.5|-|7.0|mm}}. The coloration of these planthoppers can vary from light brown and olive to nearly black. The head, including the eyes, is narrower than the pronotum. The forehead is usually dark brown to black in the upper third, with lighter spots. In the lower area it is greenish, yellowish or brownish. The leathery wings usually show a huge number of dark brown cross-veins with a dark brown discal spot and some evidence of banding. The forewing veins of males and females differs ([[sexual dimorphism]]), as they are effaced distally in the female, while in males they are throughout prominent. This species is very similar to the much rarer ''[[Issus muscaeformis]]''.<ref name=AA/><ref name=BB/>
''Issus coleoptratus'' can reach a length of {{convert|5.5|-|7.0|mm}}. The coloration of these planthoppers can vary from light brown and olive to nearly black. The head, including the eyes, is narrower than the [[pronotum]]. The forehead is usually dark brown to black in the upper third, with lighter spots. In the lower area it is greenish, yellowish or brownish. The leathery wings usually show a huge number of dark brown cross-veins with a dark brown discal spot and some evidence of banding. The forewing veins of males and females differs ([[sexual dimorphism]]), as they are effaced distally in the female, while in males they are throughout prominent. This species is very similar to the much rarer ''[[Issus muscaeformis]]''.<ref name=AA/><ref name=BB/>


==Biology==
==Biology==
[[File:Interactive gears in the hind legs of Issus coleoptratus from Cambridge gears-3.jpg |thumb|180px|left| The gear mechanism of ''Issus coleoptratus''
[[File:Issus coleoptratus, nymph - 2013-06-16.webm|thumb|right|''Issus coleoptratus'' nymph]]
[[File:Issus coleoptratus, nymph - 2013-06-16.webm|thumb|right|''Issus coleoptratus'' nymph]]
These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their [[family (biology)|family]]. They feed on the [[phloem]] of different trees, such as [[Tilia|lime trees]] (''Tilia'' species), [[oak]]s (''Quercus'' species), [[maple]]s (''Acer'' species), [[birch]]es (''Betula'' species), [[elm]]s (''Ulmus'' species) and [[hazel]]s (''Corylus'' species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on [[ivy]] (''Hedera'' species), [[privet]] (''Ligustrum'' species), [[juniper]] (''Juniperus'' species) and ''[[Taxus]]'' species.<ref name=BB/>
These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their [[family (biology)|family]]. They feed on the [[phloem]] of different trees, such as [[Tilia|lime trees]] (''Tilia'' species), [[oak]]s (''Quercus'' species), [[maple]]s (''Acer'' species), [[birch]]es (''Betula'' species), [[elm]]s (''Ulmus'' species) and [[hazel]]s (''Corylus'' species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on [[ivy]] (''Hedera'' species), [[privet]] (''Ligustrum'' species), [[juniper]] (''Juniperus'' species) and ''[[Taxus]]'' species.<ref name=BB/>


Like all [[planthopper]]s,<ref>S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.</ref> the nymphs of this insect have a small, [[gear]]-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.<ref name = Burrows>{{citation |first1=Malcolm |last1=Burrows |first2=Gregory |last2=Sutton |title=Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect |journal=Science |volume=341 |issue=6151 |date=2013-09-13 |pages=1254–1256 |doi=10.1126/science.1240284 |pmid=24031019}}</ref> These gears have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gears was described,<ref name="Burrows"/> though their existence had been known for decades.<ref>K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388</ref> The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Jane|title=Insects Use Gears in Hind Legs to Jump|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130912-planthopper-gear-wheel-insect-legs-science/|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Adi | last = Robertson | title = The first-ever naturally occurring gears are found on an insect's legs | date = September 12, 2013 | url = https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4724040/naturally-occurring-gears-found-on-insect-legs | work = [[The Verge]] | accessdate = September 14, 2013}}</ref>
Like all [[planthopper]]s,<ref>S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.</ref> the nymphs of this insect have a small, [[gear]]-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.<ref name = Burrows>{{citation |first1=Malcolm |last1=Burrows |first2=Gregory |last2=Sutton |title=Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect |journal=Science |volume=341 |issue=6151 |date=2013-09-13 |pages=1254–1256 |doi=10.1126/science.1240284 |pmid=24031019|hdl=1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/interacting-gears-synchronize-propulsive-leg-movements-in-a-jumping-insect(69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92).html |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These gear-like structures have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gear-like structures was carefully described,<ref name="Burrows"/> though their existence had been known for decades.<ref>K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388</ref> The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.<ref name="Burrows"/>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:25, 7 October 2024

Issus coleoptratus
Adult of Issus coleoptratus, dorsal view
Issus coleoptratus, lateral view
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Issidae
Genus: Issus
Species:
I. coleoptratus
Binomial name
Issus coleoptratus
(Fabricius, 1781)
Synonyms
List
  • Cercopis coleoptratus Fabricius, 1781
  • Cercopis pedestris Fabricius, 1794
  • Cicada gibbosa Goeze, 1778
  • Issus bimacula Walker, 1851
  • Issus coleopteratus Melichar, 1896
  • Issus maurus Walker, 1851
  • Issus quadriguttatus Walker, 1851

Issus coleoptratus is a species of planthopper belonging to the family Issidae.[1]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

This common species can be found in the western Palearctic realm, in the Near East, and in North Africa.[2] These insects live on shrubbery and on foliage of various woody plants and common deciduous trees and in mixed forests (forest edges and parks).[3][4]

Description

[edit]

Issus coleoptratus can reach a length of 5.5–7.0 millimetres (0.22–0.28 in). The coloration of these planthoppers can vary from light brown and olive to nearly black. The head, including the eyes, is narrower than the pronotum. The forehead is usually dark brown to black in the upper third, with lighter spots. In the lower area it is greenish, yellowish or brownish. The leathery wings usually show a huge number of dark brown cross-veins with a dark brown discal spot and some evidence of banding. The forewing veins of males and females differs (sexual dimorphism), as they are effaced distally in the female, while in males they are throughout prominent. This species is very similar to the much rarer Issus muscaeformis.[3][4]

Biology

[edit]
Issus coleoptratus nymph

These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their family. They feed on the phloem of different trees, such as lime trees (Tilia species), oaks (Quercus species), maples (Acer species), birches (Betula species), elms (Ulmus species) and hazels (Corylus species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on ivy (Hedera species), privet (Ligustrum species), juniper (Juniperus species) and Taxus species.[4]

Like all planthoppers,[5] the nymphs of this insect have a small, gear-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.[6] These gear-like structures have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gear-like structures was carefully described,[6] though their existence had been known for decades.[7] The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Catalogue of life
  2. ^ Fauna europaea
  3. ^ a b British Bugs
  4. ^ a b c P.F. Whitehead & R.S. Key Observations on British Issus (Hemiptera, Issidae) with reference to development, periodicity and ecology
  5. ^ S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.
  6. ^ a b c Burrows, Malcolm; Sutton, Gregory (2013-09-13), "Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect", Science, 341 (6151): 1254–1256, doi:10.1126/science.1240284, hdl:1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92, PMID 24031019
  7. ^ K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388
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