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Ecopsychology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary field that focuses on the synthesis of ecology and psychology and the promotion of sustainability.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is distinguished from conventional psychology as it focuses on studying the emotional bond between humans and the Earth.^[2]^[4] Instead of examining personal pain solely in the context of individual or family pathology, it is analyzed in its wider connection to the more than human world.^[5] A central premise is that while the mind is shaped by the modern world, its underlying structure was created in a natural non-human environment.^[6] Ecopsychology seeks to expand and remedy the emotional connection between humans and nature, treating people psychologically by bringing them spiritually closer to nature.^[3]

History

Origins of ecopsychology

Sigmund Freud

In his 1929 book Civilization and Its Discontents ("Das Unbehagen in der Kultur"), Sigmund Freud discussed the basic tensions between civilization and the individual.^[7] He recognized the interconnection between the internal world of the mind and the external world of the environment, stating:^[7]^{[page needed]}

Our present ego-feeling is, therefore, only a shrunken residue of a much more inclusive—indeed, an all-embracing—feeling which corresponded to a more intimate bond between the ego and the world about it.

Robert Greenway

Influenced by the philosophies of noted ecologists Walles T. Edmondson and Loren Eiseley, Robert Greenway began researching and developing a concept that he described as "a marriage" between psychology and ecology in the early 1960s.^[8]^[9] He theorized that "the mind is nature, and nature, the mind," and called its study psychoecology.^{[citation needed]} Greenway published his first essay on the topic at Brandeis University in 1963.^[8]^[10]

In 1969, he began teaching the subject at Sonoma State University.^[10] One of Greenway's students founded a psychoecology study group at University of California, Berkeley, which was joined by Theodore Roszak in the 1990s.^[8]^[10]

In the 1995 book Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind, Greenway wrote:^[8]^{[page needed]}

Ecopsychology is a search for language to describe the human-nature relationship. It is a tool for better understanding the relationship, for diagnosing what is wrong with that relationship, and for suggesting paths to healing.

Theodore Roszak

Theodore Roszak is credited with coining the term "ecopsychology" in his 1992 book The Voice of the Earth, although a group of psychologists and environmentalists, including Mary Gomes and Allen Kanner, were independently using the term at the same time. Roszak, Gomes and Kanner later expanded the idea in the 1995 anthology Ecopsychology. Two other books were especially formative, Paul Shepard's 1982 volume, Nature and Madness, which explored the effect that our diminishing engagement with nature had upon psychological development, and David Abram's 1996 The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World. The latter was one of the first books to bring phenomenology fully to bear on ecological issues, looking closely at the cosmo-vision (or the traditional ecological knowledge systems) of diverse indigenous, oral cultures, and analyzing the curious effect that the advent of formal writing systems, like the phonetic alphabet, has had upon the human experience of the more-than-human natural world.^[11]^[12] Roszak mentions the biophilia hypothesis of biologist E.O. Wilson; that humans have an instinct to emotionally connect with nature.^[4]^[13]

Beliefs

Roszak states that an individual's connection to nature can improve their interpersonal relationships and emotional wellbeing.^{[citation needed]} An integral part of this practice is treating patients outdoors.^[4] According to ecopsychology, humans are meant to take walks in parks.^{[citation needed]} It considers the psyche of non-humans to be relevant.^{[clarification needed]} It examines why people continue environmentally damaging behaviour, and motivates them to adopt sustainability.^[4]^[7]^[8]^[10]

Fundamental principles

According to Roszak, some of the principles of ecopsychology are:^[14]^{[page needed]}

"There is a synergistic interplay between planetary and personal well-being."
"The core of the mind is the ecological unconscious."
"The goal of ecopsychology is to awaken the inherent sense of environmental reciprocity that lies within the ecological unconscious."
"The contents of the ecological unconscious represent ... the living record of evolution."
"The crucial stage of development is the life of the child."
"The ecological ego matures toward a sense of ethical responsibility with the planet."
"Whatever contributes to small scale social forms and personal empowerment nourish the ecological ego."

References

^ Fisher, Andy (2012). Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life. New York: Albany State University of New York Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0791453049.
^ ^a ^b Roszak, Theodore (1992). Voice of the earth - an exploration of ecopsychology. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes Press. ISBN 1890482803.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, G. "About eco-psychology". Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Roszack, Theodore (1 January 1996). "The nature of sanity". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ Conn, Sarah A. (August 16, 2010). "Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy". The Humanistic Psychologist. 26 (1–3): 179–198. doi:10.1080/08873267.1998.9976972. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ Roszak, Theodore (1995). "A new therapy [Letter to the editor]". BioScience. 45 (1): 3. doi:10.2307/1312526. JSTOR 1312526.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freud, Sigmund (1929). "Civilization And Its Discontents" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Greenway, Robert (1995). "The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ Liebert, Mary Ann (March 2009). "Robert Greenway: The Ecopsychology Interview". Ecopsychology. 1: 47–52. doi:10.1089/eco.2009.0008. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Attfield, Nicci (February 7, 2021). "What is Ecopsychology?". Mindsplain. Archived from the original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ Abram, David (1996). The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-679-43819-9.
^ Vakoch, Douglas; Castrillón, Fernando, eds. (2014). Ecopsychology, Phenomenology, and the Environment: The Experience of Nature. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9781461496182.
^ Wilson, E. O. (1995). Kellert, Stephen R. (ed.). The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press / Shearwater Books. ISBN 978-1-55963-147-1.
^ Roszak, Theodore; Gomes, Mary E., eds. (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. USA: Counterpoint. ISBN 0871564068.

External links

International Community for Ecopsychology

[1] Fisher, Andy (2012). Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life. New York: Albany State University of New York Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0791453049.

[:0-2] Roszak, Theodore (1992). Voice of the earth - an exploration of ecopsychology. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes Press. ISBN 1890482803.

[homepage-3] Anderson, G. "About eco-psychology". Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2012-03-08.

[Roszack1996-4] Roszack, Theodore (1 January 1996). "The nature of sanity". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

[5] Conn, Sarah A. (August 16, 2010). "Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy". The Humanistic Psychologist. 26 (1–3): 179–198. doi:10.1080/08873267.1998.9976972. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

[6] Roszak, Theodore (1995). "A new therapy [Letter to the editor]". BioScience. 45 (1): 3. doi:10.2307/1312526. JSTOR 1312526.

[:1-7] Freud, Sigmund (1929). "Civilization And Its Discontents" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

[:2-8] Greenway, Robert (1995). "The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

[9] Liebert, Mary Ann (March 2009). "Robert Greenway: The Ecopsychology Interview". Ecopsychology. 1: 47–52. doi:10.1089/eco.2009.0008. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

[:3-10] Attfield, Nicci (February 7, 2021). "What is Ecopsychology?". Mindsplain. Archived from the original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

[11] Abram, David (1996). The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-679-43819-9.

[12] Vakoch, Douglas; Castrillón, Fernando, eds. (2014). Ecopsychology, Phenomenology, and the Environment: The Experience of Nature. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9781461496182.

[13] Wilson, E. O. (1995). Kellert, Stephen R. (ed.). The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press / Shearwater Books. ISBN 978-1-55963-147-1.

[14] Roszak, Theodore; Gomes, Mary E., eds. (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. USA: Counterpoint. ISBN 0871564068.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Psychological relationship between humans and the natural world}}
+{{npov|date=May 2024}}
-'''Ecopsychology''' is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] and [[transdisciplinarity]] field that focuses on the synthesis of [[ecology]] and [[psychology]] and the promotion of [[sustainability]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Andy|title=Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life|publisher=Albany State University of New York Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0791453049|location=New York|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roszak|first=Theodore|title=Voice of the earth - an exploration of ecopsychology|publisher=Phanes Press|year=1992|isbn=1890482803|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=}}</ref><ref name="homepage" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Editorial Staff|date=|title=What is Ecopsychology|url=https://ies.bio/ecopsychology/what-is-ecopsychology/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=International Ecopsychology Society}}</ref><ref>Milstein, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840</ref>  It is distinguished from conventional psychology as it focuses on studying  the emotional bond between humans and the Earth.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Roszack1996">{{cite magazine|last=Roszack|first=Theodore|date=1 January 1996|title=The nature of sanity|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199601/the-nature-sanity|magazine=Psychology Today|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Instead of examining personal pain solely in the context of individual or family [[pathology]], it is analyzed in its wider connection to the more than human world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conn|first=Sarah A.|date=August 16, 2010|title=Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy|url=https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1080%2F08873267.1998.9976972|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|journal=The Humanistic Psychologist|volume=26|issue=1–3|pages=179–198|doi=10.1080/08873267.1998.9976972}}</ref> A central premise is that while the mind is shaped by the modern world, its underlying structure was created in a natural non-human environment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roszak|first=Theodore|year=1995|title=A new therapy [Letter to the editor]|journal=BioScience|volume=45|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.2307/1312526|jstor=1312526}}</ref> Ecopsychology seeks to expand and remedy the emotional connection between humans and nature, treating people psychologically by bringing them spiritually closer to [[nature]].<ref name=homepage>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=G.|title=About eco-psychology.|url=http://www.eco-psychology.com/pages/about_ecopsychology.asp}}</ref>
+{{rewrite|date=May 2024}}
+'''Ecopsychology''' is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] and [[transdisciplinarity|transdisciplinary]] field that focuses on the synthesis of [[ecology]] and [[psychology]] and the promotion of [[sustainability]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Andy|title=Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life|publisher=Albany State University of New York Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0791453049|location=New York|pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roszak|first=Theodore|title=Voice of the earth - an exploration of ecopsychology|publisher=Phanes Press|year=1992|isbn=1890482803|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=}}</ref><ref name="homepage" /> It is distinguished from conventional psychology as it focuses on studying  the emotional bond between humans and the Earth.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Roszack1996">{{cite magazine|last=Roszack|first=Theodore|date=1 January 1996|title=The nature of sanity|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199601/the-nature-sanity|magazine=Psychology Today|access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Instead of examining personal pain solely in the context of individual or family [[pathology]], it is analyzed in its wider connection to the [[More-than-human world|more than human world]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conn|first=Sarah A.|date=August 16, 2010|title=Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy|url=https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1080%2F08873267.1998.9976972|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|journal=The Humanistic Psychologist|volume=26|issue=1–3|pages=179–198|doi=10.1080/08873267.1998.9976972}}</ref> A central premise is that while the mind is shaped by the modern world, its underlying structure was created in a natural non-human environment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roszak|first=Theodore|year=1995|title=A new therapy [Letter to the editor]|journal=BioScience|volume=45|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.2307/1312526|jstor=1312526}}</ref> Ecopsychology seeks to expand and remedy the emotional connection between humans and nature, treating people psychologically by bringing them spiritually closer to [[nature]].<ref name=homepage>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=G.|title=About eco-psychology.|url=http://www.eco-psychology.com/pages/about_ecopsychology.asp|access-date=2012-03-08|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513230346/http://www.eco-psychology.com/pages/about_ecopsychology.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 7: / Line 9: @@
 ==== Sigmund Freud ====
-In his 1929 book ''[[Civilization and Its Discontents]]'' ''("Das Unbehagen in der Kultur"),'' [[Sigmund Freud]] discussed the basic tensions between [[civilization]] and the individual.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Freud|first=Sigmund|date=1929|title=Civilization And Its Discontents|url=https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SigmundFreudCivilizationAndItsDiscontents1929.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Narcissistic Abuse Rehab}}</ref> He recognized the interconnection between the internal world of the [[mind]] and the external world of the [[Biophysical environment|environment]], stating:<ref name=":1" />{{blockquote|text=Our present ego-feeling is, therefore, only a shrunken residue of a much more inclusive—indeed, an all-embracing—feeling which corresponded to a more intimate bond between the ego and the world about it.}}
+In his 1929 book ''[[Civilization and Its Discontents]]'' ''("Das Unbehagen in der Kultur"),'' [[Sigmund Freud]] discussed the basic tensions between [[civilization]] and the individual.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Freud|first=Sigmund|date=1929|title=Civilization And Its Discontents|url=https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SigmundFreudCivilizationAndItsDiscontents1929.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012130519/https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SigmundFreudCivilizationAndItsDiscontents1929.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-12 |access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Narcissistic Abuse Rehab}}</ref> He recognized the interconnection between the internal world of the [[mind]] and the external world of the [[Biophysical environment|environment]], stating:<ref name=":1" />{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{blockquote|text=Our present ego-feeling is, therefore, only a shrunken residue of a much more inclusive—indeed, an all-embracing—feeling which corresponded to a more intimate bond between the ego and the world about it.}}
 ==== Robert Greenway ====
-Influenced by the philosophies of noted ecologists [[Walles T. Edmondson]] and [[Loren Eiseley]], Robert Greenway began researching and developing a concept that he described as "a marriage" between psychology and ecology in the early 1960s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Greenway|first=Robert|date=1995|title=The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology|url=https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TheWilderness-EffectAndEcopsychologyRobertGreenway.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Narcissistic Abuse Rehab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebert|first=Mary Ann|date=March 2009|title=Robert Greenway: The Ecopsychology Interview|url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/eco.2009.0008?journalCode=eco|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|journal=Ecopsychology|volume=1|pages=47–52|doi=10.1089/eco.2009.0008}}</ref> He theorized that "the mind is nature, and nature, the mind," and called its study ''psychoecology''. Greenway published his first essay on the topic at [[Brandeis University]] in 1963.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Attfield|first=Nicci|date=February 7, 2021|title=What is Ecopsychology?|url=https://mindsplain.com/what-is-ecopsychology/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Mindsplain}}</ref>
+Influenced by the philosophies of noted ecologists [[Walles T. Edmondson]] and [[Loren Eiseley]], Robert Greenway began researching and developing a concept that he described as "a marriage" between psychology and ecology in the early 1960s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Greenway|first=Robert|date=1995|title=The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology|url=https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TheWilderness-EffectAndEcopsychologyRobertGreenway.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012130558/https://www.narcissisticabuserehab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TheWilderness-EffectAndEcopsychologyRobertGreenway.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-12 |access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Narcissistic Abuse Rehab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebert|first=Mary Ann|date=March 2009|title=Robert Greenway: The Ecopsychology Interview|url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/eco.2009.0008?journalCode=eco|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 10, 2021|journal=Ecopsychology|volume=1|pages=47–52|doi=10.1089/eco.2009.0008}}</ref> He theorized that "the mind is nature, and nature, the mind," and called its study ''psychoecology''.{{cn|date=January 2022}} Greenway published his first essay on the topic at [[Brandeis University]] in 1963.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Attfield|first=Nicci|date=February 7, 2021|title=What is Ecopsychology?|url=https://mindsplain.com/what-is-ecopsychology/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207120013/https://mindsplain.com/what-is-ecopsychology/ |archive-date=2021-02-07 |access-date=February 10, 2021|website=Mindsplain}}</ref>
 In 1969, he began teaching the subject at [[Sonoma State University]].<ref name=":3" /> One of Greenway's students founded a psychoecology study group at [[University of California, Berkeley]], which was joined by [[Theodore Roszak (scholar)|Theodore Roszak]] in the 1990s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
-In the 1995 book ''Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind'', Greenway wrote:<ref name=":2" />{{blockquote|text=Ecopsychology is a search for language to describe the human-nature relationship. It is a tool for better understanding the relationship, for diagnosing what is wrong with that relationship, and for suggesting paths to healing.}}
+In the 1995 book ''Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind'', Greenway wrote:<ref name=":2" />{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{blockquote|text=Ecopsychology is a search for language to describe the human-nature relationship. It is a tool for better understanding the relationship, for diagnosing what is wrong with that relationship, and for suggesting paths to healing.}}
 ==== Theodore Roszak ====
-[[Theodore Roszak (scholar)|Theodore Roszak]] is credited with coining the term "ecopsychology" in his 1992 book ''The Voice of the Earth'', although a group of psychologists and environmentalists, including Mary Gomes and Allen Kanner, were independently using the term at the same time. Roszak, Gomes and Kanner later expanded the idea in the 1995 anthology ''Ecopsychology''. Two other books were especially formative, [[Paul Shepard]]'s 1982 volume, ''Nature and Madness'', which explored the effect that our diminishing engagement with nature had upon psychological development, and [[David Abram]]'s 1996 ''The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World''. The latter was one of the first books to bring [[phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenology]] fully to bear on ecological issues, looking closely at the cosmo-vision (or the [[traditional ecological knowledge]] systems) of diverse indigenous, oral cultures, and analyzing the curious effect that the advent of formal writing systems, like the phonetic alphabet, has had upon the human experience of the more-than-human natural world.<ref>Abram, David. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World. Pantheon, New York, 1996.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461496182|title=Ecopsychology, Phenomenology, and the Environment: The Experience of Nature|date=2014|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=9781461496182|editor-last=Vakoch|editor-first=Douglas|location=New York|language=en|editor-last2=Castrillón|editor-first2=Fernando}}</ref> Roszack mentions the [[biophilia hypothesis]] of biologist [[E.O. Wilson]]; that humans have an instinct to emotionally connect with nature.<ref name=Roszack1996/><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=E. O.|title=The Biophilia Hypothesis|year=1995|publisher=Island Press}}</ref>
+[[Theodore Roszak (scholar)|Theodore Roszak]] is credited with coining the term "ecopsychology" in his 1992 book ''The Voice of the Earth'', although a group of psychologists and environmentalists, including Mary Gomes and Allen Kanner, were independently using the term at the same time. Roszak, Gomes and Kanner later expanded the idea in the 1995 anthology ''Ecopsychology''. Two other books were especially formative, [[Paul Shepard]]'s 1982 volume, ''Nature and Madness'', which explored the effect that our diminishing engagement with nature had upon psychological development, and [[David Abram]]'s 1996 ''The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World''. The latter was one of the first books to bring [[phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenology]] fully to bear on ecological issues, looking closely at the cosmo-vision (or the [[traditional ecological knowledge]] systems) of diverse indigenous, oral cultures, and analyzing the curious effect that the advent of formal writing systems, like the phonetic alphabet, has had upon the human experience of the more-than-human natural world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abram |first=David |title=The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world |date=1996 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-679-43819-9 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461496182|title=Ecopsychology, Phenomenology, and the Environment: The Experience of Nature|date=2014|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=9781461496182|editor-last=Vakoch|editor-first=Douglas|location=New York|language=en|editor-last2=Castrillón|editor-first2=Fernando}}</ref> Roszak mentions the [[biophilia hypothesis]] of biologist [[E.O. Wilson]]; that humans have an instinct to emotionally connect with nature.<ref name=Roszack1996/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=E. O. |title=The biophilia hypothesis |publisher=Island Press / Shearwater Books |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55963-147-1 |editor-last=Kellert |editor-first=Stephen R. |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
 ==Beliefs==
-Roszak states that an individual's connection to nature can improve their interpersonal relationships and emotional wellbeing. An integral part of this practice is to treat patients outdoors.<ref name=Roszack1996/> According to ecopsychology humans are meant to take walks in parks.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It considers the [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] of non-humans to be relevant. It examines why people continue environmentally damaging behaviour, and motivates them to adopt [[sustainability]].<ref name=Roszack1996/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
+Roszak states that an individual's connection to nature can improve their interpersonal relationships and emotional wellbeing.{{cn|date=January 2022}} An integral part of this practice is treating patients outdoors.<ref name=Roszack1996/> According to ecopsychology, humans are meant to take walks in parks.{{cn|date=January 2022}} It considers the [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] of non-humans to be relevant.{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=relevant to what?}} It examines why people continue environmentally damaging behaviour, and motivates them to adopt [[sustainability]].<ref name=Roszack1996/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
-=== Fundamental Principles ===
+=== Fundamental principles ===
-According to Roszak some of the principles of ecopsychology are:<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind.|publisher=Counterpoint|year=1995|isbn=0871564068|editor-last=Roszak|editor-first=Theodore|location=USA|pages=|editor-last2=Gomes|editor-first2=Mary E.}}</ref>
+According to Roszak, some of the principles of ecopsychology are:<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind.|publisher=Counterpoint|year=1995|isbn=0871564068|editor-last=Roszak|editor-first=Theodore|location=USA|pages=|editor-last2=Gomes|editor-first2=Mary E.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
 * "There is a synergistic interplay between planetary and personal well-being."
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 * [[Ecospirituality]]
 * [[Environmental psychology]]
-* [[Green prescription]]
+* [[Exercise prescription]]
 * [[Nature connectedness]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.viridis.edu/ Viridis Graduate Institute]
 * [http://www.ecopsychology.org/ International Community for Ecopsychology]
-*[http://www.psychologyintherealworld.co.uk/index.html Psychology in the Real World]
 {{Psychology}}
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 [[Category:Deep ecology]]
-[[Category:Interdisciplinary branches of psychology]]
 [[Category:Environmental social science]]
-[[Category:Articles lacking sources from November 2007]]
+[[Category:Interdisciplinary branches of psychology]]
-[[Category:Biophilia hypothesis]]
 [[de:Umweltpsychologie]]

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Methodologies	Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self-report inventory Statistical surveys
Concepts	Behavior Behavioral engineering Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Cognition Competence Consciousness Consumer behavior Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Terror management theory
Psychologists	Wilhelm Wundt William James Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud Edward Thorndike Carl Jung John B. Watson Clark L. Hull Kurt Lewin Jean Piaget Gordon Allport J. P. Guilford Carl Rogers Erik Erikson B. F. Skinner Donald O. Hebb Ernest Hilgard Harry Harlow Raymond Cattell Abraham Maslow Neal E. Miller Jerome Bruner Donald T. Campbell Hans Eysenck Herbert A. Simon David McClelland Leon Festinger George A. Miller Richard Lazarus Stanley Schachter Robert Zajonc Albert Bandura Roger Brown Endel Tulving Lawrence Kohlberg Noam Chomsky Ulric Neisser Jerome Kagan Walter Mischel Elliot Aronson Daniel Kahneman Paul Ekman Michael Posner Amos Tversky Bruce McEwen Larry Squire Richard E. Nisbett Martin Seligman Ed Diener Shelley E. Taylor John Anderson Ronald C. Kessler Joseph E. LeDoux Richard Davidson Susan Fiske Roy Baumeister
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