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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chordeiles acutipennis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22689711A93243940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689711A93243940.en |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chordeiles acutipennis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22689711A93243940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689711A93243940.en |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
| image = Chordeiles acutipennis - Lesser Nighthawk.jpg
| image = Lesser Nighthawk Sleeping SPI.jpg
| image2 = ChordeilesAcutipennisEggs.jpg
| image2 = ChordeilesAcutipennisEggs.jpg
| genus = Chordeiles
| genus = Chordeiles
Line 11: Line 11:
| authority = ([[Johann Hermann|Hermann]], 1783)
| authority = ([[Johann Hermann|Hermann]], 1783)
| range_map = Chordeiles acutipennis map.svg
| range_map = Chordeiles acutipennis map.svg
| range_map_caption = Range map of ''Chordeiles acutipennis'' {{legend|#87aade|Nonbreeding}}{{legend|#ff7f2a|Breeding}}{{legend|#ffdd55|Migration}}{{legend|#7137c8|Year-round}}
}}
}}
The '''lesser nighthawk''' ('''''Chordeiles acutipennis''''') is a [[nightjar]] found throughout a large part of the Americas. This bird looks similar to the [[common nighthawk]] but is slightly smaller, has a slightly less deeply forked tail, and is more buffy in coloration. Their distinctive mouths are very well adapted for capturing insects mid-flight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lesser Nighthawk {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/lesser-nighthawk |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">Lesser nighthawk life history, all about birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. , All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. (n.d.).</ref>
The '''lesser nighthawk''' ('''''Chordeiles acutipennis''''') is a [[nightjar]] found throughout a large part of the Americas. This bird looks similar to the [[common nighthawk]] but is slightly smaller, has a slightly less deeply forked tail, and is more buffy in coloration. Their distinctive mouths are very well adapted for capturing insects mid-flight.<ref name="audubon">{{Cite web |title=Lesser Nighthawk {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/lesser-nighthawk |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AAB_CLO">{{cite web |url= https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Lesser_Nighthawk/lifehistory |title= Lesser Nighthawk: Life History |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= All About Birds |publisher= Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University |access-date= January 22, 2024}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The lesser nighthawk is known for its large mouth and small feet. Its natural brown and gray colors blend into its surroundings, making it hard to spot in the daytime while it sleeps. This long-winged and long-tailed species exhibits slight differences between the male and female. Male lesser nighthawks have a prominent white bar at the end of their tails and wing tips while females have a more cream color bar on their wing tips and lack the stripe on their tail. Both males and females feature a white v-shaped mark on their neck. Although its mouth is large, the lesser nighthawk's beak is short and curved.<ref name=":1" />
The lesser nighthawk is known for its large mouth and small feet. Its natural brown and gray colors blend into its surroundings, making it hard to spot in the daytime while it sleeps. This long-winged and long-tailed species exhibits slight differences between the male and female. Male lesser nighthawks have a prominent white bar at the end of their tails and wing tips while females have a more cream color bar on their wing tips and lack the stripe on their tail. Both males and females feature a white v-shaped mark on their neck. Although its mouth is large, the lesser nighthawk's beak is short and curved.<ref name="AAB_CLO" />


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
Birds of the order [[Caprimulgiformes]] resemble owls and are primarily [[nocturnal]] [[insectivore]]s. This group often has reduced feet, large mouths, and a camouflage coloring to blend in with their environment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Caprimulgidae {{!}} Nocturnal, Insectivorous, Neotropical {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caprimulgidae |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The family [[Caprimulgidae]], also known as nightjars, consists of over 70 insectivorous birds which are commonly classified by their long pointed wings. Their habitat and distribution is very broad range<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightjar {{!}} Nocturnal, Migratory, Camouflage {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/nightjar |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>. Lesser nighthawks belong to the ''[[Chordeiles]]'' genus which contains 6 other species of nighthawk such as the [[common nighthawk]], [[Antillean nighthawk]], and [[sand-coloured nighthawk]]. The classification of nightjars are constantly being changed and renewed in attempt to group species with their closest relation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sigurðsson |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |year=2014 |title=Deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars (Aves: Caprimulgidae) using molecular phylogenetics |joural=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=170 |issue=3 |pages=506–545 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12109}}</ref>
Birds of the order [[Caprimulgiformes]] resemble owls and are primarily [[nocturnal]] [[insectivore]]s. This group often has reduced feet, large mouths, and a camouflage coloring to blend in with their environment.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caprimulgidae {{!}} Nocturnal, Insectivorous, Neotropical {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/Caprimulgidae |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The family [[Caprimulgidae]], also known as nightjars, consists of over 70 insectivorous birds which are commonly classified by their long pointed wings. Their habitat and distribution is very broad range.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightjar {{!}} Nocturnal, Migratory, Camouflage {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/nightjar |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Lesser nighthawks belong to the ''[[Chordeiles]]'' genus which contains 6 other species of nighthawk such as the [[common nighthawk]], [[Antillean nighthawk]], and [[sand-coloured nighthawk]]. The classification of nightjars are constantly being changed and renewed in attempt to group species with their closest relation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sigurðsson |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |year=2014 |title=Deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars (Aves: Caprimulgidae) using molecular phylogenetics |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=170 |issue=3 |pages=506–545 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12109|s2cid=83529439 }}</ref>


== Habitat and distribution ==
== Habitat and distribution ==
Native to southern North America, the lesser nighthawk inhabits regions of arid, dry deserts or grasslands. Unlike the common nighthawk, it shows a preference to open, drier habitats with lower elevation.<ref name=":1" /> It typically chooses habitats that have large swarms of insects as that is its primary food source. It migrates in the fall and spends winters around southern Central America and northern South America. The lesser nighthawk will then return back to the southern United States for spring and summer to breed.<ref name=":0" />
Native to southern North America, the lesser nighthawk inhabits regions of arid, dry deserts or grasslands. Unlike the common nighthawk, it shows a preference to open, drier habitats with lower elevation.<ref name="AAB_CLO" /> It typically chooses habitats that have large swarms of insects as that is its primary food source. It migrates in the fall and spends winters around southern Central America and northern South America. The lesser nighthawk will then return to the southern United States for spring and summer to breed.<ref name="audubon" />


== Behavior ==
== Behavior ==


==== Vocalization ====
=== Vocalization ===
The lesser nighthawk is very similar to its relative, the common nighthawk, though it tends to be a much quieter bird. The bird usually maintains a quiet demeanor, and it is quite rare to encounter its distinctive whines or trilling calls outside of its breeding grounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=A. H. |year=1937 |title=The nuptial flight of the Texas Nighthawk |ournal=Condor |volume=39 |pages=42-43}}</ref> Its toadlike trills can be sung in sequences lasting 7-13 seconds and can extend to over 3 minutes. Its calls sound like a low, gurgled laugh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howell |first=S. N. G. |first2=S. |last2=Webb |year=1995 |title=A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198540120}}</ref>
The lesser nighthawk is very similar to its relative, the common nighthawk, though it tends to be a much quieter bird. The bird usually maintains a quiet demeanor, and it is quite rare to encounter its distinctive whines or trilling calls outside of its breeding grounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=A. H. |year=1937 |title=The nuptial flight of the Texas Nighthawk |journal=Condor |volume=39 |pages=42–43}}</ref> Its toadlike trills can be sung in sequences lasting 7-13 seconds and can extend to over 3 minutes. Its calls sound like a low, gurgled laugh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howell |first1=S. N. G. |first2=S. |last2=Webb |year=1995 |title=A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198540120}}</ref>


==== Diet ====
=== Diet ===
The lesser nighthawk is predominately a [[nocturnal]] [[insectivore]] that captures prey in flight. Despite its relatively small bill, it possesses a broad mouth equipped with fine hairs that aid in trapping its food.<ref name=":1" /> Its diet primarily consists of [[fly (insect)|flies]], [[mosquito]]es, [[moth]]s, and [[june bug]]s.{{which}} The lesser nighthawk is an [[opportunistic feeder]], meaning they can adapt to a diverse range of food sources, readily adjusting to the available prey. Nighthawks typically target the most abundant and easily captured prey. Depending on the season, they may forage individually or in groups.<ref name=":0" />
The lesser nighthawk is predominately a [[nocturnal]] [[insectivore]] that captures prey in flight. Despite its relatively small bill, it possesses a broad mouth equipped with fine hairs that aid in trapping its food.<ref name="AAB_CLO" /> Its diet primarily consists of [[fly (insect)|flies]], [[mosquito]]es, [[moth]]s, and [[Phyllophaga|June bugs]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lesnig/cur/introduction |url-access=subscription|title= Lesser Nighthawk: ''Chordeiles acutipennis'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= Birds of the World |publisher= Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University |access-date= January 22, 2024}}</ref> The lesser nighthawk is an [[opportunistic feeder]], meaning they can adapt to a diverse range of food sources, readily adjusting to the available prey. Nighthawks typically target the most abundant and easily captured prey. Depending on the season, they may forage individually or in groups.<ref name="audubon" />


==== Reproduction ====
=== Reproduction ===
During courtship, the male engages in an elaborate aerial display, circling the female with his throat puffed out while emitting a trilling call.<ref name=":1" /> Female nighthawks do not build nests; instead, they lay their eggs directly on the ground. To shield their eggs from potential predators, the females rely on their natural camouflage.<ref name=":0" /> Living in warm, desert areas means that the female must not leave her eggs in one spot in the heat for too long, therefore, she will periodically move her eggs by rolling them into areas with shade. The female nighthawk will lay 2 clay colored eggs with gray-purple spots coating them.<ref name=":0" /> The incubation period spans about 18 days, and the nestling phase continues for 21 days.<ref name=":1" /> Both parents contribute with feeding their young by regurgitating food into their mouths. Once hatched, the nestlings quickly gain mobility, allowing them to move short distances in case of predator disturbance.<ref name=":0" />
During courtship, the male engages in an elaborate aerial display, circling the female with his throat puffed out while emitting a trilling call.<ref name="AAB_CLO" /> Female nighthawks do not build nests; instead, they lay their eggs directly on the ground. To shield their eggs from potential predators, the females rely on their natural camouflage.<ref name="audubon" /> Living in warm, desert areas means that the female must not leave her eggs in one spot in the heat for too long, therefore, she will periodically move her eggs by rolling them into areas with shade. The female nighthawk will lay 2 clay colored eggs with gray-purple spots coating them.<ref name="audubon" /> The incubation period spans about 18 days, and the nestling phase continues for 21 days.<ref name="AAB_CLO" /> Both parents contribute with feeding their young by regurgitating food into their mouths. Once hatched, the nestlings quickly gain mobility, allowing them to move short distances in case of predator disturbance.<ref name="audubon" />


== In culture ==
== In culture ==
Nightjars are also known as “goatsuckers” based on an ancient Greek myth. They are believed to use their wide mouths to suck goats milk.<ref name=":2" />
Nightjars are also known as "goatsuckers" based on an ancient Greek myth. They are believed to use their wide mouths to suck goats milk.<ref name="britannica" />


== Conservation status ==
== Conservation status ==
The lesser nighthawk is of least concern with regards to its conservation status. Climate change will affect the range of the nighthawk, however.<ref name=":1" />.
The lesser nighthawk is of least concern with regards to its conservation status. Climate change will affect the range of the nighthawk, however.<ref name="AAB_CLO" />


== Adaptations ==
== Adaptations ==
The lesser nighthawk has developed the ability to endure extreme ranges of temperature.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Marshall |first1=J. T. Jr. |year=1955 |title=Hibernation in captive goatsuckers |journal=Condor |volume=57 |pages=129-134}}</ref> When faced in severe heat, the nighthawk utilizes a trait known as gular fluttering. The action involves quick throat vibrations that effectively pump air into their system, resulting in a cooling effect for the bird.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=G. T. |year=1970 |title=Experimental hypothermia in a Lesser Nighthawk |journal=Auk |volume=93 |pages=245-262}}</ref> This adaptation is crucial for females as they often choose to breed in the hot deserts, where they remain exposed to the intense sun while tending to their nests.
The lesser nighthawk has developed the ability to endure extreme ranges of temperature.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Marshall |first1=J. T. Jr. |year=1955 |title=Hibernation in captive goatsuckers |journal=Condor |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=129–134|doi=10.2307/1364860 |jstor=1364860 }}</ref> When faced in severe heat, the nighthawk utilizes a trait known as gular fluttering. The action involves quick throat vibrations that effectively pump air into their system, resulting in a cooling effect for the bird.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=G. T. |year=1970 |title=Experimental hypothermia in a Lesser Nighthawk |journal=Auk |volume=93 |pages=245–262}}</ref> This adaptation is crucial for females as they often choose to breed in the hot deserts, where they remain exposed to the intense sun while tending to their nests.


== Flight ==
== Flight ==
The lesser nighthawk typically flies low to the ground. This method of flight helps in capturing insects that tend to swarm around lights at night. The bird's buoyant wings carry them in flight in a V-shape with short glides or flutters similar that of a butterfly.<ref name=":1" />
The lesser nighthawk typically flies low to the ground. This method of flight helps in capturing insects that tend to swarm around lights at night. The bird's buoyant wings carry them in flight in a V-shape with short glides or flutters similar that of a butterfly.<ref name="AAB_CLO" />


== References ==
== References ==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Chordeiles acutipennis}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/lesser-nighthawk-chordeiles-acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/lesser-nighthawk-chordeiles-acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=lesser+nighthawk&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Lesser Nighthawk photo gallery] VIREO
*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=lesser+nighthawk&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Lesser Nighthawk photo gallery] VIREO
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1274529}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1274529}}


[[Category:Chordeiles|lesser nighthawk]]
[[Category:Chordeiles]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys]]
[[Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1783|lesser nighthawk]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1783]]

Latest revision as of 21:13, 2 October 2024

Lesser nighthawk
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Caprimulgiformes
Family: Caprimulgidae
Genus: Chordeiles
Species:
C. acutipennis
Binomial name
Chordeiles acutipennis
(Hermann, 1783)
Range map of Chordeiles acutipennis
  Nonbreeding
  Breeding
  Migration
  Year-round

The lesser nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis) is a nightjar found throughout a large part of the Americas. This bird looks similar to the common nighthawk but is slightly smaller, has a slightly less deeply forked tail, and is more buffy in coloration. Their distinctive mouths are very well adapted for capturing insects mid-flight.[2][3]

Description

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk is known for its large mouth and small feet. Its natural brown and gray colors blend into its surroundings, making it hard to spot in the daytime while it sleeps. This long-winged and long-tailed species exhibits slight differences between the male and female. Male lesser nighthawks have a prominent white bar at the end of their tails and wing tips while females have a more cream color bar on their wing tips and lack the stripe on their tail. Both males and females feature a white v-shaped mark on their neck. Although its mouth is large, the lesser nighthawk's beak is short and curved.[3]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Birds of the order Caprimulgiformes resemble owls and are primarily nocturnal insectivores. This group often has reduced feet, large mouths, and a camouflage coloring to blend in with their environment.[4] The family Caprimulgidae, also known as nightjars, consists of over 70 insectivorous birds which are commonly classified by their long pointed wings. Their habitat and distribution is very broad range.[5] Lesser nighthawks belong to the Chordeiles genus which contains 6 other species of nighthawk such as the common nighthawk, Antillean nighthawk, and sand-coloured nighthawk. The classification of nightjars are constantly being changed and renewed in attempt to group species with their closest relation.[6]

Habitat and distribution

[edit]

Native to southern North America, the lesser nighthawk inhabits regions of arid, dry deserts or grasslands. Unlike the common nighthawk, it shows a preference to open, drier habitats with lower elevation.[3] It typically chooses habitats that have large swarms of insects as that is its primary food source. It migrates in the fall and spends winters around southern Central America and northern South America. The lesser nighthawk will then return to the southern United States for spring and summer to breed.[2]

Behavior

[edit]

Vocalization

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk is very similar to its relative, the common nighthawk, though it tends to be a much quieter bird. The bird usually maintains a quiet demeanor, and it is quite rare to encounter its distinctive whines or trilling calls outside of its breeding grounds.[7] Its toadlike trills can be sung in sequences lasting 7-13 seconds and can extend to over 3 minutes. Its calls sound like a low, gurgled laugh.[8]

Diet

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk is predominately a nocturnal insectivore that captures prey in flight. Despite its relatively small bill, it possesses a broad mouth equipped with fine hairs that aid in trapping its food.[3] Its diet primarily consists of flies, mosquitoes, moths, and June bugs.[9] The lesser nighthawk is an opportunistic feeder, meaning they can adapt to a diverse range of food sources, readily adjusting to the available prey. Nighthawks typically target the most abundant and easily captured prey. Depending on the season, they may forage individually or in groups.[2]

Reproduction

[edit]

During courtship, the male engages in an elaborate aerial display, circling the female with his throat puffed out while emitting a trilling call.[3] Female nighthawks do not build nests; instead, they lay their eggs directly on the ground. To shield their eggs from potential predators, the females rely on their natural camouflage.[2] Living in warm, desert areas means that the female must not leave her eggs in one spot in the heat for too long, therefore, she will periodically move her eggs by rolling them into areas with shade. The female nighthawk will lay 2 clay colored eggs with gray-purple spots coating them.[2] The incubation period spans about 18 days, and the nestling phase continues for 21 days.[3] Both parents contribute with feeding their young by regurgitating food into their mouths. Once hatched, the nestlings quickly gain mobility, allowing them to move short distances in case of predator disturbance.[2]

In culture

[edit]

Nightjars are also known as "goatsuckers" based on an ancient Greek myth. They are believed to use their wide mouths to suck goats milk.[4]

Conservation status

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk is of least concern with regards to its conservation status. Climate change will affect the range of the nighthawk, however.[3]

Adaptations

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk has developed the ability to endure extreme ranges of temperature.[10] When faced in severe heat, the nighthawk utilizes a trait known as gular fluttering. The action involves quick throat vibrations that effectively pump air into their system, resulting in a cooling effect for the bird.[11] This adaptation is crucial for females as they often choose to breed in the hot deserts, where they remain exposed to the intense sun while tending to their nests.

Flight

[edit]

The lesser nighthawk typically flies low to the ground. This method of flight helps in capturing insects that tend to swarm around lights at night. The bird's buoyant wings carry them in flight in a V-shape with short glides or flutters similar that of a butterfly.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chordeiles acutipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689711A93243940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689711A93243940.en. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Lesser Nighthawk | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lesser Nighthawk: Life History". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Caprimulgidae | Nocturnal, Insectivorous, Neotropical | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Nightjar | Nocturnal, Migratory, Camouflage | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  6. ^ Sigurðsson, S.; Cracraft, J. (2014). "Deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars (Aves: Caprimulgidae) using molecular phylogenetics". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 170 (3): 506–545. doi:10.1111/zoj.12109. S2CID 83529439.
  7. ^ Miller, A. H. (1937). "The nuptial flight of the Texas Nighthawk". Condor. 39: 42–43.
  8. ^ Howell, S. N. G.; Webb, S. (1995). A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198540120.
  9. ^ "Lesser Nighthawk: Chordeiles acutipennis". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  10. ^ Marshall, J. T. Jr. (1955). "Hibernation in captive goatsuckers". Condor. 57 (3): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1364860. JSTOR 1364860.
  11. ^ Austin, G. T. (1970). "Experimental hypothermia in a Lesser Nighthawk". Auk. 93: 245–262.
[edit]
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