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{{short description|1956 song by Howlin' Wolf}}
{{Infobox single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs -->
{{About|the Howlin' Wolf song}}
| Name = Smoke Stack Lightning
{{Infobox song
| Cover = Smoke Stack Lightning single cover.jpg
| name = Smoke Stack Lightning
| Artist = [[Howlin' Wolf]]
| cover = Smoke Stack Lightning single cover.jpg
| B-side = "You Can't Be Beat"
| alt =
| Released = {{Start date|1956|03}}
| type = single
| Format = [[Gramophone record|7" 45-rpm & 10" 78-rpm records]]
| artist = [[Howlin' Wolf]]
| Recorded = Chicago, January 1956
| B-side = You Can't Be Beat
| Genre = [[Blues]]
| Length = {{Duration|m=2|s=32}}
| released = {{Start date|1956|03}}
| recorded = January 1956
| Label = [[Chess Records|Chess]] <small>(Cat. no. 1618)</small>
| studio = Chess, Chicago
| Writer = Chester Burnett aka Howlin' Wolf
| genre = [[Blues]]
| Producer = [[Leonard Chess]], [[Phil Chess]], [[Willie Dixon]]
| length = 2:32
| Last single = "Come to Me, Baby"<br />(1955)
| label = [[Chess Records|Chess]]
| This single = "'''Smoke Stack Lightning'''"<br />(1956)
| writer = Chester Burnett {{a.k.a.}} Howlin' Wolf
| Next single = "I Asked for Water"<br />(1956)
| producer = [[Leonard Chess]], [[Phil Chess]], [[Willie Dixon]]
| prev_title = Come to Me, Baby
| prev_year = 1955
| next_title = I Asked for Water
| next_year = 1956
}}
}}
"'''Smokestack Lightning'''" (or '''"Smoke Stack Lightning"''' as listed on the original single, but "'''Smokestack Lightnin''''" on re-releases) is a classic of the blues. [[Howlin' Wolf]] recorded it in 1956, and it became one of his most popular and influential songs. It is based on earlier blues songs, and numerous artists later interpreted it.
"'''Smokestack Lightning'''" (also '''"Smoke Stack Lightning"''' or "'''Smokestack Lightnin''''") is a [[blues]] song recorded by [[Howlin' Wolf]] in 1956. It became one of his most popular and influential songs. It is based on earlier blues songs, and numerous artists later interpreted it.


==Background==
==Background==
Line 26: Line 31:
| first2 = Mark
| first2 = Mark
| title = Moanin' at Midnight: The Life and Times of Howlin' Wolf
| title = Moanin' at Midnight: The Life and Times of Howlin' Wolf
| location = New York City
| publisher = Pantheon Books
| publisher = [[Pantheon Books]]
| year = 2004
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-375-42246-3
| isbn = 0-375-42246-3
| pages = 20, 126
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/moaninatmidnight00segr/page/20 20, 126]
| url = https://archive.org/details/moaninatmidnight00segr/page/20
}}</ref> when he was performing with [[Charley Patton]] in small Delta communities.<ref name="Segrest"/> The song, called "a hypnotic one-chord drone piece",<ref>
}}</ref> when he was performing with [[Charley Patton]] in small Delta communities.<ref name="Segrest"/> The song, described as "a hypnotic one-chord drone piece",<ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
| last = Palmer
| last = Palmer
| first = Robert
| first = Robert
| authorlink = Robert Palmer (writer)
| author-link = Robert Palmer (American writer)
| title = Deep Blues
| title = Deep Blues
| year = 1982
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = New York City
| year = 1981
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| isbn = 0-14-006223-8
| page = 231
| isbn = 0-14006-223-8
| page = [https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/231 231]
}}</ref> draws on earlier blues, such as [[Tommy Johnson (blues musician)|Tommy Johnson]]'s "Big Road Blues" (1928, Victor 21279), the [[Mississippi Sheiks]]' "Stop and Listen Blues" (1930, OKeh 8807), and Charley Patton's "Moon Going Down" (1930, Paramount 13014).<ref name="Evans">
| url = https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/231
}}</ref> draws on earlier blues, such as [[Tommy Johnson (blues musician)|Tommy Johnson]]'s "Big Road Blues",<ref>1928, Victor No. 21279</ref> the [[Mississippi Sheiks]]' "Stop and Listen Blues",<ref>1930, OKeh 8807</ref> and Charley Patton's "Moon Going Down".<ref>1930, Paramount 13014</ref><ref name="Evans">
{{cite book
{{cite book
| last = Evans
| last = Evans
| first = David
| first = David
| authorlink = David Evans (musicologist)
| author-link = David Evans (musicologist)
| title = Big Road Blues: Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues
| title = Big Road Blues: Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues
| location = Boston, Massachesetts
| publisher = Da Capo Press
| publisher = [[Da Capo Press]]
| year = 1987
| year = 1987
| isbn = 978-0-306-80300-0
| isbn = 978-0-306-80300-0
| page = [https://archive.org/details/bigroadbluestrad0000evan/page/274 274]
| page = 274
| url = https://archive.org/details/bigroadbluestrad0000evan/page/274
}}</ref> Wolf said the song was inspired by watching trains in the night: "We used to sit out in the country and see the trains go by, watch the sparks come out of the smokestack. That was smokestack lightning."<ref name="RollingStone"/> In 1951, he recorded the song as "Crying at Daybreak" (RPM 340). It contains the line "O-oh smokestack lightnin', shinin', just like gold, oh don't you hear me cryin'", similar to the Mississippi Sheiks' lyric "A-ah, smokestack lightnin', that bell shine just like gold, now don't you hear me talkin'".
}}</ref> Wolf said the song was inspired by watching trains in the night: "We used to sit out in the country and see the trains go by, watch the sparks come out of the smokestack. That was smokestack lightning."<ref name="RollingStone"/> In 1951, he recorded the song as "Crying at Daybreak". It contains the line "O-oh smokestack lightnin', shinin', just like gold, oh don't you hear me cryin'", similar to the Mississippi Sheiks' lyric "A-ah, smokestack lightnin', that bell shine just like gold, now don't you hear me talkin'".


==Original song==
==Original song==
In Chicago in January 1956, Howlin' Wolf recorded "Smokestack Lightning". The song takes the form of "a propulsive, one-chord vamp, nominally in E major but with the flatted blue notes that make it sound like E minor", and lyrically it is "a pastiche of ancient blues lines and train references, timeless and evocative".<ref name="Segrest"/> Longtime Wolf guitarist [[Hubert Sumlin]] is credited with the distinctive guitar line.<ref name="Janovitz">
At Chess' studio in Chicago in January 1956, Howlin' Wolf recorded "Smokestack Lightning".<ref name="Segrest" /> The song takes the form of "a propulsive, one-chord vamp, nominally in E major but with the flatted [[blue note]]s that make it sound like E minor", and lyrically it is "a pastiche of ancient blues lines and train references, timeless and evocative".<ref name="Segrest" /> Longtime Wolf guitarist [[Hubert Sumlin]] is credited with the distinctive guitar line.<ref name="Janovitz">{{cite web| url = {{AllMusic|class=song|id=t823881|pure_url=yes}}| last = Janovitz| first = Bill| author-link = Bill Janovitz| title = Howlin' Wolf: 'Smokestack Lightning' – Review| website = [[AllMusic]]| access-date = March 20, 2011}}</ref> Howlin' Wolf sang and played harmonica, backed by pianist Hosea Lee Kennard, guitarists [[Willie Johnson (guitarist)|Willie Johnson]]<ref>Willie Johnson or [[Pat Hare]] played on the earlier "Crying at Daybreak".</ref> and [[Hubert Sumlin]], bassist [[Willie Dixon]], and drummer Earl Phillips.<ref name="Janovitz" />
{{cite web
| last = Janovitz
| first = Bill
| authorlink = Bill Janovitz
| title = Howlin' Wolf: Smokestack Lightning – Song Review
| work = [[Allmusic]]
| publisher = Rovi Corp.
| url = {{Allmusic|class=song|id=t823881|pure_url=yes}}
| accessdate = March 20, 2011
}}</ref> Howlin' Wolf sang and played harmonica, backed by pianist Hosea Lee Kennard, guitarists [[Willie Johnson (guitarist)|Willie Johnson]]<ref>Willie Johnson or [[Pat Hare]] played on the earlier "Crying at Daybreak".</ref> and Hubert Sumlin, bassist [[Willie Dixon]], and drummer Earl Phillips.<ref name="Janovitz"/>


In 1956, "Smokestack Lightning" reached number 11 on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|''Billboard'' R&B chart]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last = Herzhaft| first = Gerard| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Blues| title = Smokestack Lightning| year = 1992| location = Fayetteville, Arkansas| publisher = [[University of Arkansas Press]]| isbn = 1-55728-252-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herzh/page/198 198]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herzh/page/198}}</ref> As the UK experienced an [[British rhythm and blues|R&B boom]] in the early 1960s, British R&B groups regularly covered "Smokestack Lightning" in their live acts.<ref name=Miller>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Andy |author1-link=Andy Miller (writer) |title=The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |series=[[33⅓]] series |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8264-1498-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yfUAwAAQBAJ |pages=63–64}}</ref> Due to the song's renewed popularity, [[Pye International Records]] issued it in the UK on a moderately successful EP in late{{nbsp}}1963 and then on a single the following year,<ref name=Miller /> where it peaked at number 42 in the singles chart.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/howlin%27%20wolf/| title = Howlin' Wolf – Singles| website = [[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]| access-date = September 3, 2013}}</ref> It was later included on the albums ''[[Moanin' in the Moonlight]]'' and ''[[The Howlin' Wolf Album]]''.
In 1956, "Smokestack Lightning" reached number 11 in the [[Billboard R&B chart]].<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Herzhaft
| first = Gerard
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Blues
| title = Smokestack Lightning
| year = 1992
| publisher = University of Arkansas Press
| isbn = 1-55728-252-8
| page = 198
}}</ref> When it was released by [[Pye International Records]] in the UK in 1964, it peaked at number 42 in the singles chart.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/howlin%27%20wolf/
| title = Howlin' Wolf – Singles
| website = Official Charts
| publisher = The [[Official Charts Company]]
| accessdate = September 3, 2013
}}</ref> It was later included on the albums ''[[Moanin' in the Moonlight]]'' and ''[[The Howlin' Wolf Album]]''.


==Accolades==
==Recognition==
"Smokestack Lightning" received a [[Grammy Hall of Fame Award]] in 1999, honoring its lasting historical significance.<ref>
In a song review for [[AllMusic]], Bill Janovitz described "Smokestack Lightning" as "almost like a distillation of the essence of the blues{{nbsp}}... a pleasingly primitive and raw representation of the blues, pure and chant-like. Wolf truly sounds like a man in otherwise inexpressible agony, flailing for words."<ref name="Janovitz"/> In 1999, the song received a [[Grammy Hall of Fame Award]], honoring its lasting historical significance.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#s
| url = http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#s
| title = Grammy Hall of Fame Awards – Past Recipients
| title = Grammy Hall of Fame Awards – Past Recipients
| website = [[Grammy.org]]
| publisher = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|The Recording Academy]]
| year = 1999
| year = 1999
| accessdate = March 20, 2011
| access-date = March 20, 2011
}}</ref> It is ranked number 291 in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".<ref name="RollingStone">
}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine ranked it at number 291 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time"<ref name="RollingStone">
{{cite journal
{{cite magazine
| author = Rolling Stone
| date = December 9, 2004
| date = December 9, 2004
| title = The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
| title = The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
| journal = [[Rolling Stone]]
| magazine = [[Rolling Stone]]
| issue = 963
| issue = 963
| url = http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/howlin-wolf-smokestack-lightning-20110526
| url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/howlin-wolf-smokestack-lightning-20110526
| accessdate = September 3, 2013
| access-date = September 3, 2013
}}</ref> In 1985, the song was inducted into the [[Blues Foundation]] Hall of Fame in the "Classics of Blues Recordings" category.<ref>
}}</ref> and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] included it in its list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.blues.org/awards-search/hall-of-fame-inductees/hall-of-fame-inductees-winners/?y=20
| title = Classics of Blues Recordings – Singles or Album Tracks
| website = Blues Hall of Fame Inductees Winners
| publisher = The [[Blues Foundation]]
| year = 1985
| accessdate = March 20, 2011}}</ref> It is also included in the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = http://www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs-gj
| url = http://www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs-gj
| title = 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
| title = 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
| website = Exhibit Highlights
| website = [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
| publisher = [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
| year = 1995
| year = 1995
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070502032502/www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs-gj
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070502032502/http://www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs-gj
| archivedate = 2007
| archive-date = 2007-05-02
| accessdate = March 20, 2011
| access-date = March 20, 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 2009, "Smokestack Lightning" was selected for permanent preservation in the [[National Recording Registry]] of the U.S. [[Library of Congress]].<ref>
}}</ref> In 1985, the song was inducted into the [[Blues Foundation]] Hall of Fame in the "Classics of Blues Recordings" category<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://blues.org/blues_hof_inductee/smoke-stack-lightning-smokestack-lightnin-howlin-wolf-chess-1956/
| url = http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-masterlist.html
| author = Blues Foundation
| title = The Full National Recording Registry
| title = 1985 Hall of Fame Inductees: Smoke Stack Lightning (Smokestack Lightnin') – Howlin' Wolf (Chess, 1956)
| website = National Recording Preservation Board
| website = The [[Blues Foundation]]
| publisher = U.S. Library of Congress
| accessdate = August 3, 2014
| date = November 10, 2016
| access-date = February 9, 2017}}</ref> and, in 2009, it was selected for permanent preservation in the [[National Recording Registry]] of the U.S. [[Library of Congress]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/
| title = Complete National Recording Registry Listing
| website = U.S. [[Library of Congress]]
| access-date = August 3, 2014
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Janovitz also identifies "Smokestack Lightning" as a blues standard "open to varied interpretation, covered by artists ranging from [[the Yardbirds]] to [[Soundgarden]], all stamping their personal imprint on the song".<ref name="Janovitz"/> Clapton identifies the Yardbirds' performances of the song as the group's most popular live number.<ref name="Clapton">
==Recordings by other artists==
{{cite book
"Smokestack Lightning" has been interpreted numerous times by various artists.<ref>
| last = Clapton
{{cite web
| first = Eric
| url = http://www.allmusic.com/search/songs/smokestack+lightning
| author-link = Eric Clapton
| title = Smokestack Lightning – Song Search Results
| title = Clapton: The Autobiography
| work = [[AllMusic]]
| publisher = Rovi Corp.
| year = 2007
| accessdate = August 3, 2014
| location = New York City
| publisher = [[Broadway Books]]
}}</ref> In the early to mid-1960s, it became a live staple of British beat groups, including [[the Yardbirds]], [[Manfred Mann]], [[the Animals]], [[the Groundhogs]] and [[the Who]] as well as American groups, such as [[Grateful Dead]], [[Quicksilver Messenger Service]], [[the Electric Prunes]], and [[The Wailers (rock band)|the Wailers]]. The song has also been performed or recorded by [[Muddy Waters]], [[Jimmy Rogers]], [[Fenton Robinson]], [[Lucky Peterson]], [[John Lee Hooker]], [[John Mayer]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Gillan_(band)|Gillan]], [[Mike Harrison (musician)| Mike Harrison]], [[Soundgarden]], [[Widespread Panic]], [[moe.]], [[Gov't Mule]], [[Lester Butler]], [[George Thorogood]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]], [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] [[Fredsampsonmusic|Fred Sampson]] and [[Big Head Todd and the Monsters]].
| isbn = 978-0-7679-2536-5
| page = 47
}}</ref> They played it almost every show, and sometimes it could last up to 30 minutes.<ref name="Koda">
{{cite AV media notes
| first1 = Cub
| last1 = Koda
| author-link1 = Cub Koda
| first2 = Gregg
| last2 = Russo
| title = [[Ultimate!]]
| others = The Yardbirds
| type = Boxed set booklet
| year = 2001
| location = Los Angeles
| publisher = [[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino Records]]
| id = R2 79825
| OCLC = 781357622
| page = 26
}}</ref> One version lasting 5:35 is included on the Yardbirds UK debut album, ''[[Five Live Yardbirds]]'' (1964) and the US split studio/live album ''[[Having a Rave Up with The Yardbirds]]'' (1965). Howlin' Wolf reportedly referred to the group's interpretation as "the definitive version of his song".<ref name="Koda"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Howlin' Wolf}}
{{Howlin' Wolf}}
{{The Yardbirds}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1956 songs]]
[[Category:1956 songs]]
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[[Category:Howlin' Wolf songs]]
[[Category:Howlin' Wolf songs]]
[[Category:The Yardbirds songs]]
[[Category:The Yardbirds songs]]
[[Category:The Animals songs]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]

Latest revision as of 22:37, 26 September 2024

This article is about the Howlin' Wolf song. For other uses, see Smokestack Lightning (disambiguation).
"Smoke Stack Lightning"
Single by Howlin' Wolf
B-side"You Can't Be Beat"
ReleasedMarch 1956 (1956-03)
RecordedJanuary 1956
StudioChess, Chicago
GenreBlues
Length2:32
LabelChess
Songwriter(s)Chester Burnett a.k.a. Howlin' Wolf
Producer(s)Leonard Chess, Phil Chess, Willie Dixon
Howlin' Wolf singles chronology
"Come to Me, Baby"
(1955) 		"Smoke Stack Lightning"
(1956) 		"I Asked for Water"
(1956)

"Smokestack Lightning" (also "Smoke Stack Lightning" or "Smokestack Lightnin'") is a blues song recorded by Howlin' Wolf in 1956. It became one of his most popular and influential songs. It is based on earlier blues songs, and numerous artists later interpreted it.

Background

[edit]

Wolf had performed "Smokestack Lightning" in one form or another at least by the early 1930s,[1] when he was performing with Charley Patton in small Delta communities.[1] The song, described as "a hypnotic one-chord drone piece",[2] draws on earlier blues, such as Tommy Johnson's "Big Road Blues",[3] the Mississippi Sheiks' "Stop and Listen Blues",[4] and Charley Patton's "Moon Going Down".[5][6] Wolf said the song was inspired by watching trains in the night: "We used to sit out in the country and see the trains go by, watch the sparks come out of the smokestack. That was smokestack lightning."[7] In 1951, he recorded the song as "Crying at Daybreak". It contains the line "O-oh smokestack lightnin', shinin', just like gold, oh don't you hear me cryin'", similar to the Mississippi Sheiks' lyric "A-ah, smokestack lightnin', that bell shine just like gold, now don't you hear me talkin'".

Original song

[edit]

At Chess' studio in Chicago in January 1956, Howlin' Wolf recorded "Smokestack Lightning".[1] The song takes the form of "a propulsive, one-chord vamp, nominally in E major but with the flatted blue notes that make it sound like E minor", and lyrically it is "a pastiche of ancient blues lines and train references, timeless and evocative".[1] Longtime Wolf guitarist Hubert Sumlin is credited with the distinctive guitar line.[8] Howlin' Wolf sang and played harmonica, backed by pianist Hosea Lee Kennard, guitarists Willie Johnson[9] and Hubert Sumlin, bassist Willie Dixon, and drummer Earl Phillips.[8]

In 1956, "Smokestack Lightning" reached number 11 on the Billboard R&B chart.[10] As the UK experienced an R&B boom in the early 1960s, British R&B groups regularly covered "Smokestack Lightning" in their live acts.[11] Due to the song's renewed popularity, Pye International Records issued it in the UK on a moderately successful EP in late 1963 and then on a single the following year,[11] where it peaked at number 42 in the singles chart.[12] It was later included on the albums Moanin' in the Moonlight and The Howlin' Wolf Album.

Recognition

[edit]

In a song review for AllMusic, Bill Janovitz described "Smokestack Lightning" as "almost like a distillation of the essence of the blues ... a pleasingly primitive and raw representation of the blues, pure and chant-like. Wolf truly sounds like a man in otherwise inexpressible agony, flailing for words."[8] In 1999, the song received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, honoring its lasting historical significance.[13] Rolling Stone magazine ranked it at number 291 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[7] and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included it in its list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".[14] In 1985, the song was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in the "Classics of Blues Recordings" category[15] and, in 2009, it was selected for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry of the U.S. Library of Congress.[16]

Janovitz also identifies "Smokestack Lightning" as a blues standard "open to varied interpretation, covered by artists ranging from the Yardbirds to Soundgarden, all stamping their personal imprint on the song".[8] Clapton identifies the Yardbirds' performances of the song as the group's most popular live number.[17] They played it almost every show, and sometimes it could last up to 30 minutes.[18] One version lasting 5:35 is included on the Yardbirds UK debut album, Five Live Yardbirds (1964) and the US split studio/live album Having a Rave Up with The Yardbirds (1965). Howlin' Wolf reportedly referred to the group's interpretation as "the definitive version of his song".[18]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Segrest, James; Hoffman, Mark (2004). Moanin' at Midnight: The Life and Times of Howlin' Wolf. New York City: Pantheon Books. pp. 20, 126. ISBN 0-375-42246-3.
  2. ^ Palmer, Robert (1982). Deep Blues. New York City: Penguin Books. p. 231. ISBN 0-14006-223-8.
  3. ^ 1928, Victor No. 21279
  4. ^ 1930, OKeh 8807
  5. ^ 1930, Paramount 13014
  6. ^ Evans, David (1987). Big Road Blues: Tradition and Creativity in the Folk Blues. Boston, Massachesetts: Da Capo Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-306-80300-0.
  7. ^ a b Rolling Stone (December 9, 2004). "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. No. 963. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d Janovitz, Bill. "Howlin' Wolf: 'Smokestack Lightning' – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  9. ^ Willie Johnson or Pat Hare played on the earlier "Crying at Daybreak".
  10. ^ Herzhaft, Gerard (1992). "Smokestack Lightning". Encyclopedia of the Blues. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. p. 198. ISBN 1-55728-252-8.
  11. ^ a b Miller, Andy (2003). The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society. 33⅓ series. New York City: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-8264-1498-4.
  12. ^ "Howlin' Wolf – Singles". Official Charts. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  13. ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards – Past Recipients". Grammy.org. 1999. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  14. ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 1995. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  15. ^ Blues Foundation (November 10, 2016). "1985 Hall of Fame Inductees: Smoke Stack Lightning (Smokestack Lightnin') – Howlin' Wolf (Chess, 1956)". The Blues Foundation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  16. ^ "Complete National Recording Registry Listing". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  17. ^ Clapton, Eric (2007). Clapton: The Autobiography. New York City: Broadway Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7679-2536-5.
  18. ^ a b Koda, Cub; Russo, Gregg (2001). Ultimate! (Boxed set booklet). The Yardbirds. Los Angeles: Rhino Records. p. 26. OCLC 781357622. R2 79825.
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