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{{Short description|Afro-Asiatic language branch of West Africa}}

{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=West Chadic
|name = West Chadic
|region=[[Nigeria]], [[Niger]]
|region = [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]]
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
|fam2 = [[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
|glotto=west2785
|glotto = west2785
|glottorefname=West Chadic
|glottorefname = West Chadic
|child1=A.1: [[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]
|child1 = A.1: [[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]
|child2=A.2: [[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]
|child2 = A.2: [[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]
|child3=A.3: [[Angas languages|Angas]]
|child3 = A.3: [[Angas languages|Angas]]
|child4=A.4: [[Ron languages|Ron]]
|child4 = A.4: [[Ron languages|Ron]]
|child5=B.1-2: [[Bade–Warji languages|Bade–Warji]]
|child5 = B.1: [[Bade languages|Bade]]
|child6=B.3: [[Barawa languages|Barawa]]
|child6 = B.2: [[Warji languages|Warji]]
|child7 = B.3: [[Barawa languages|Barawa]]
|map=West Chadic Languages.jpg
|mapcaption=West Chadic per Newman (1977)
|map = West Chadic Languages.jpg
|mapcaption = West Chadic per Newman (1977)
}}
}}

[[File:Afro asiatic peoples nigeria.png|thumb|right|200px|Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria.]]
[[File:Afro asiatic peoples nigeria.png|thumb|right|200px|Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria]]
[[File:Hausa language map.png|thumb|200px|Hausa-speaking areas in Nigeria and Niger]]
[[File:Hausa language map.png|thumb|200px|Hausa-speaking areas in Nigeria and Niger]]
[[File:Chadic-West.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Roger Blench]]'s (2020) classification of West Chadic B]]
The '''West Chadic languages''' of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family are spoken principally in [[Niger]] and [[Nigeria]]. They include [[Hausa language|Hausa]], the most populous [[Chadic language]] and a major language of [[West Africa]].

The '''West Chadic languages''' of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family are spoken principally in [[Niger]] and [[Nigeria]]. They include [[Hausa language|Hausa]], the most populous [[Chadic languages|Chadic language]] and a major language of [[West Africa]].


==Languages==
==Languages==
The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.<ref>Blench, Roger. 2006. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List] (ms)</ref>
The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.<ref>Blench, Roger. 2006. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List] (ms)</ref>


{{tree list}}
*'''[[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]''' (A.1): [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Gwandara language|Gwandara]]
*'''Bole–Angas'''
*'''West Chadic'''
**'''[[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]''' (A.2)
**'''[[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]''' (A.1): [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Gwandara language|Gwandara]]
**'''Bole–Angas''' (?)
***North (Bole proper): [[Bure language|Bure]], [[Karekare language|Karekare]], [[Bole language|Bole]], [[Gera language|Gera]], [[Geruma language|Geruma]], [[Deno language|Deno]], [[Galambu language|Galambu]], [[Giiwo language|Giiwo]], [[Kubi language|Kubi]], [[Ngamo language|Ngamo]], [[Maaka language|Maaka]] (Maagha), [[Ɓeele language|Ɓeele]], [[Dazawa language|Daza]] (Dazawa), ?[[Pali language (Chadic)|Pali]]
***'''[[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]''' (A.2)
***South (Tangale): [[Kwaami language|Kwaami]], [[Pero language|Pero]], [[Piya-Kwonci language|Piya-Kwonci]], [[Kholok language|Kholok]], [[Nyam language|Nyam]], [[Kushi language|Kushi]] (Goji), [[Kutto language|Kutto]] (Kupto), [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Kanakuru language|Dera]] (Kanakuru)
****North (Bole proper): [[Bure language|Bure]], [[Karekare language|Karekare]], [[Bole language|Bole]], [[Gera language|Gera]], [[Geruma language|Geruma]], [[Deno language|Deno]], [[Galambu language|Galambu]], [[Giiwo language|Giiwo]], [[Kubi language|Kubi]], [[Ngamo language|Ngamo]], [[Maaka language|Maaka]] (Maagha), [[Ɓeele language|Ɓeele]], [[Dazawa language|Daza]] (Dazawa), ?[[Pali language (Chadic)|Pali]]
**'''[[Angas languages|Angas]]''' ('''[[Central West Chadic languages|Central West Chadic]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blench|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Blench|date=2019|title=Jakato: an undocumented language of Central Nigeria|url=https://www.academia.edu/40680338/Jakato_an_undocumented_language_of_Central_Nigeria}}</ref>)''' (A.3)<ref name="Blench2017">Blench, Roger. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/35507157/CURRENT_RESEARCH_ON_THE_A3_WEST_CHADIC_LANGUAGES Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages].</ref>
****South (Tangale): [[Kwaami language|Kwaami]], [[Pero language|Pero]], [[Piya-Kwonci language|Piya-Kwonci]], [[Kholok language|Kholok]], [[Nyam language|Nyam]], [[Kushi language|Kushi]] (Goji), [[Kutto language|Kutto]] (Kupto), [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Kanakuru language|Dera]] (Kanakuru)
***Ngasic: [[Ngas language|Ngas]] (Angas), [[Belnəng language|Belnəng]]
***'''[[Angas languages|Angas]]''' ('''[[Central West Chadic languages|Central West Chadic]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blench|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Blench|date=2019|title=Jakato: an undocumented language of Central Nigeria|url=https://www.academia.edu/40680338}}</ref>) (A.3)<ref name="Blench2017">Blench, Roger. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/35507157/CURRENT_RESEARCH_ON_THE_A3_WEST_CHADIC_LANGUAGES Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages].</ref>
***Mwaghavulic: [[Mwaghavul language|Mwaghavul]], Mupun (Mapun), Takas (Toos); [[Cakfem-Mushere language|Cakfem-Mushere]]
***[[Miship language|Miship]] (Chip)
****Ngasic: [[Ngas language|Ngas]] (Angas), [[Belnəng language|Belnəng]]
****Mwaghavulic: [[Mwaghavul language|Mwaghavul]], Mupun (Mapun), Takas (Toos); [[Cakfem-Mushere language|Cakfem-Mushere]]
***Pan cluster
****[[Chakato language|Chakato]]; [[Jorto language|Jorto]] (spurious)
****[[Miship language|Miship]] (Chip)
****Pan cluster
****Mernyang (Mirriam), Kwagallak, [[Kofyar language|Kofyar]] (Doemak), Bwol, Goram, [[Jibyal language|Jibyal]]
***[[Nteng language|Nteng]]
*****[[Chakato language|Chakato/Jorto]]
*****[[Jipal language|Jipal]], Mernyang (Mirriam), Kwagallak, [[Kofyar language|Kofyar]] (Doemak), Bwol, Goram, [[Jibyal language|Jibyal]]
***Tel (Tɛɛl, [[Montol language|Montol]])
****[[Nteng language|Nteng]]
***Talic: [[Tal language|Tal]], [[Pyapun language|Pyapun]], [[Koenoem language|Koenoem]]
***Goemaic: [[Goemai language|Goemai]]
****Tel (Tɛɛl, [[Montol language|Montol]])
***[[Yiwom language|Yiwom]] (Ywom, Gerka)<ref name="Blench2017"/>
****Talic: [[Tal language|Tal]], [[Pyapun language|Pyapun]], [[Koenoem language|Koenoem]]
****Goemaic: [[Goemai language|Goemai]]
**'''[[Ron languages|Ron]]''' (A.4):<ref>Blench, Roger. [https://www.academia.edu/9598030/Comparative_Ron_wordlist Comparative Ron wordlist].</ref> [[Fyer language|Fyer]], [[Tambas language|Tambas]], [[Ron language|Ron]] ([[Bokkos language|Bokkos]], [[Daffo-Butura language|Daffo-Butura]], Mangar, Monguna) [[Shagawu language|Shagawu]], [[Duhwa language|Duhwa]] (Karfa), [[Kulere language|Kulere]] (Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai), [[Mundat language|Mundat]], [[Sha language|Sha]]
****[[Yiwom language|Yiwom]] (Ywom, Gerka)<ref name="Blench2017"/>
*'''Bade–Warji'''
**'''[[Bade languages|Bade]]''' (B.1): [[Duwai language|Duwai]]; [[Bade language|Bade]], [[Shirawa language|Shira]] (†), [[Ngizim language|Ngizim]], [[Teshenawa language|Teshenawa]] (†), [[Auyokawa language|Auyokawa]] (†)
***'''[[Ron languages|Ron]]''' (A.4):<ref>Blench, Roger. [https://www.academia.edu/9598030/Comparative_Ron_wordlist Comparative Ron wordlist].</ref> [[Fyer language|Fyer]], [[Tambas language|Tambas]], [[Ron language|Ron]] ([[Bokkos language|Bokkos]], [[Daffo-Butura language|Daffo-Butura]], Mangar, Monguna), [[Shagawu language|Shagawu]], [[Duhwa language|Duhwa]] (Karfa), [[Kulere language|Kulere]] (Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai), [[Mundat language|Mundat]], [[Sha language|Sha]]
**'''Bade–Warji''' (?)
**'''[[Warji languages|Warji]]''' ('''[[North Bauchi languages|North Bauchi]]'''<ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Africa/Background%20to%20the%20North%20Bauchi%20area.pdf Linguistic and cultural background to the North Bauchi region and the Wiihə people]''.</ref>) (B.2): [[Pa'a language|Pa'a]]; [[Warji language|Warji]], [[Diri language|Diri]], [[Ciwogai language|Ciwogai]], [[Kariya language|Kariya]] (Vinahə), [[Mburku language|Mburku]], [[Miya language|Miya]], [[Siri language|Siri]], [[Zumbun language|Zumbun]] (Jimbin), [[Ajawa language|Ajawa]] (†)
***'''[[Bade languages|Bade]]''' (B.1): [[Duwai language|Duwai]]; [[Bade language|Bade]], [[Shirawa language|Shira]] (†), [[Ngizim language|Ngizim]], [[Teshenawa language|Teshenawa]] (†), [[Auyokawa language|Auyokawa]] (†)
*'''[[Barawa languages|Barawa]]''' ('''[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]''') (B.3)
***'''[[Warji languages|Warji]]''' ('''[[North Bauchi languages|North Bauchi]]'''<ref>Blench, Roger. 2012. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Africa/Background%20to%20the%20North%20Bauchi%20area.pdf Linguistic and cultural background to the North Bauchi region and the Wiihə people]''.</ref>) (B.2): [[Pa'a language|Pa'a]]; [[Warji language|Warji]], [[Diri language|Diri]], [[Ciwogai language|Ciwogai]], [[Kariya language|Kariya]] (Vinahə), [[Mburku language|Mburku]], [[Miya language|Miya]], [[Siri language|Siri]], [[Zumbun language|Zumbun]] (Jimbin), [[Ajawa language|Ajawa]] (†)
**'''Zaar''': [[Dass language|Dass]]; [[Geji language|Geji]], [[Polci language|Polci]] (Polchi), [[Saya language|Saya]], [[Zari language|Zari]], [[Zeem language|Zeem]]
**'''[[Barawa languages|Barawa]]''' ('''[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]]''') (B.3)
**'''Guruntum''': [[Guruntum language|Guruntum-Mbaaru]], [[Ju language (Chadic)|Ju]], [[Tala language|Tala]], [[Zangwal language|Zangwal]]
**'''Boghom''': [[Jimi language (Nigeria)|Jimi]], [[Jum language|Jum]]; [[Boghom language|Boghom]], [[Kir-Balar language|Kir-Balar]], [[Mangas language|Mangas]]
***'''Zaar''': [[Dass language|Dass]]; [[Geji language|Geji]], [[Polci language|Polci]] (Polchi), [[Saya language|Saya]], [[Zari language|Zari]], [[Zeem language|Zeem]]
***'''Guruntum''': [[Guruntum language|Guruntum-Mbaaru]], [[Ju language (Chadic)|Ju]], [[Tala language|Tala]], [[Zangwal language|Zangwal]]
***'''Boghom''': [[Jimi language (Nigeria)|Jimi]], [[Jum language|Jum]]; [[Boghom language|Boghom]], [[Kir-Balar language|Kir-Balar]], [[Mangas language|Mangas]]
{{tree list/end}}


In addition, [[Poki language|Poki]] is unclassified within West Chadic.
In addition, [[Poki language|Poki]] is purportedly West Chadic, but no data is available.

==Internal structure==
[[George Starostin]]'s (2010) internal classification of West Chadic<ref>Starostin, George. 2010. ''Afroasiatic classification: preliminary results of the modified glottochronological test''. Manuscript.</ref> as presented in Blažek (2010):<ref name="Blažek"/>

{{tree list}}
*'''West Chadic'''
**West Chadic A
***[[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]
***{{tree list/branching}}
****[[Ron languages|Ron]]
****Bole-Angas
*****[[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]
*****[[Angas languages|Angas–Sura]]
**West Chadic B
***[[Bade languages|Bade–Ngizim]]
***Bauchi
****[[Warji languages|North Bauchi]]
****[[Barawa languages|South Bauchi]]
{{tree list/end}}

[[Roger Blench]]'s (2021) internal classification of West Chadic:<ref>Blench, Roger. 2021. ''[https://www.academia.edu/46654471/The_erosion_of_number_marking_in_West_Chadic The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench]''. WOCAL, Leiden.</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''West Chadic'''
**[[Hausa–Gwandara languages|Hausa–Gwandara]]
**Core West Chadic
***[[Ron languages|Ron]]
***[[Bole–Tangale languages|Bole–Tangale]]
***[[Bade languages|Bade–Ngizim]]
***[[North Bauchi languages|North Bauchi]]
***[[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]], [[Angas languages|A3]] (Central-West)
{{tree list/end}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Line 67: Line 108:
| [[Bade languages|Bade]] || B1 || [[Bade, Nigeria|Bade]] LGA, [[Borno State]]
| [[Bade languages|Bade]] || B1 || [[Bade, Nigeria|Bade]] LGA, [[Borno State]]
|-
|-
| [[Warji languages|Warji]] || B2 || [[Darazo]] and [[Ningi, Nigeria|Ningi]] LGAs, [[Bauchi State]]
| [[South Bauchi languages|South Bauchi]] || B2 || [[Darazo]] and [[Ningi, Nigeria|Ningi]] LGAs, [[Bauchi State]]
|-
| [[North Bauchi languages|North Bauchi]] || B3 || [[Bauchi State]] ([[Toro, Nigeria|Toro]], [[Dass, Nigeria|Dass]], [[Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi|Tafawa Balewa]], [[Bauchi]] LGAs)
|}

==History of dispersal==
[[Roger Blench]] (2022) suggests that West Chadic languages may have spread via a gradual agricultural dispersal in Central Nigeria, starting from 3,000–4,000 years ago. Blench notes that West Chadic morphology has been heavily influenced by [[Plateau languages]], likely as a result of long-term intermarriage that occurred as West Chadic incomers took local wives who spoke Plateau languages.<ref name="West Chadic Plateau">Blench, Roger (2022). ''[https://www.academia.edu/89023379/Contact_between_West_Chadic_and_Plateau_languages_new_evidence_languages_new_evidence Contact between West Chadic and Plateau languages: new evidence languages: new evidence]''. 11–12 November 2022, presentation given at Universität Wien.</ref>

==Reconstruction==
Although no full reconstruction of West Chadic has been published, reconstructions of numerals for West Chadic and its subgroups have been proposed by [[Václav Blažek]] (2018).<ref name="Blažek">Blažek, Václav. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/38395395/ChadicWest_Numerals.pdf The numerals of West Chadic]. ''Topics in Chadic Linguistics IX''. Papers from the 8th Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages, Bayreuth, February 4–5, 2016.</ref>

==Phonology==
The [[labial–velar consonants]] /kp/ and /gb/, widespread in Plateau and other Niger-Congo languages but uncommon in Chadic languages, can be found in [[Ron languages]] and in certain [[West Chadic A3]] and [[Bole-Tangale]] languages. These consonants were borrowed from Plateau languages due to intensive long-term contact. However, other phonological features typical of Plateau and Niger-Congo languages such as [[advanced tongue root|ATR]] and [[vowel harmony]] are not found in West Chadic languages.<ref name="West Chadic Plateau"/>

==Numerals==
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:<ref name="ChanNumeralsAA">{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Afro-Asiatic.htm|title=The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum|last=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
! Classification !! Language !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10
|-
| A, A.1 || [[ISO 639:gwn|Gwandara]] || da || bi || úkù / úɡú (Nimbia dialect) || huru / furu (Nimbia dialect) || bìyàri / bìyàr (Nimbia dialect) || ʃídà / ʃídə́ (Nimbia dialect) || bákwè / boʔo (Nimbia dialect) || tákùʃì / táɡə́r (Nimbia dialect) || tárà / tãrã (Nimbia dialect) || ɡóm̀ / ɡóŋ̀ / ɡwóm (Nim. dialect)
|-
| A, A.1 || [[ISO 639:hau|Hausa]] || ɗájá || bíjú || ʔúkù / ʔúkkù (West Hausa) || fúɗú || bìjár || ʃídà / ʃíddà (West Hausa) || bákwài || tákwàs || tárà || ɡóːmà
|-
| A, A.2, Bole || [[ISO 639:bxq|Bele]] || móoɗì || bòló || kùnú || fòɗɗó || bàaɗì || bàccímóoɗì || báawùló || ɓóorùɗó (2 x 4) || ɓòowùnò || bìmbáɗí
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Karekare || [[ISO 639:kai|Karekare]] || wáɗí || bèːlú || kúːnùː || fèːɗú || bàːɗú || bàcóːɗì (5 + 1) || bàcíbèːlú (5 + 2) || fífèːɗú (2 x 4) || ɓànnù || mbáɗ
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:bol|Bole]] || móoɗì || bòláu || kúnùm || pòɗɗó || bàɗì || bàššimóoɗì || báawúló || póorɗó (2 x 4) || ɓòonùm || bìmbáɗí
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:bvh|Bure (Bubure)]] || móɗé || máló || kúnú || ʄóɗó || báɗé || básúmé || básùmáló (5+ 2) || ʄórʄóɗó (2 x 4) || ɓárdzìmóɗé (10–1) || bárbáɗè
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:glo|Galambu]] || múuri || m̀bàál || kúun || páryá || bòorí || bɪ́címɪ́n || bùcù m̀bàl (5+ 2) || hórró || bàryà múuri (10–1) || bár
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:gew|Gera]] || móóyi || mbùlú || kúnú || fúɗú || bàaɗì || bèeshím || bìccìmbùlú (5+ 2) || húrɗú || ɓànìnjà / barija || bàrɗí / barr
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:gea|Geruma]] || mô / mon || m̀bàalú / mbàalúŋ || kúnú / kúnúŋ || fúɗú / húɗúŋ || bàaɗì / bàalí || bècə́m || bàzə̀mbàalú (5+ 2) || húrɗú / úrɗúŋ || ɓár jà || ɓáráɗì / ɓárári
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:ktc|Kholok (Widala)]] || ɗók || pèlòw || bùnùm || pèeròw || faàt / faàr || foòròmìnì || paàlìlàw || bìrbìròw / pìrpìròw || kómbóy || ɓùmmò
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:kks|Kirfi (Giiwo)]] || móoɗì || mbàlú || kúnú || fáɗáu || bòoɗ || bìccúuni || bìcímbàlu (5+ 2) || fórfáɗó (2 x 4) || bàr jà móoɗi (10–1) || pàtà
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:mew|Maaka]] || mōɗì || bòllu || kūǹ || paɗɗu || bà || bìnkinù || nɡā̀nù or bákwài (< Hausa) || jìlai || kwàlak || bìmba
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:nbh|Ngamo]] || mòɗi || bòlò || kùnû || hɔ̀ɗò || bât || bàʔàʃìmòɗi (5 + 1) || babìlò (5 + 2) || hɔɔrɗò (2 x 4) || ɓònù || bimbaɗ (2 x 5) ?
|-
| A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper || [[ISO 639:nmi|Nyam]] || mɔ̀dɔ́ || fùllúk || kùnúŋ || hɔ̀dúk || hwàt || fármé || fáró fùllúk (5 + 2) || húrú ɡùdùk (2 x 4) || láɡó mɔ̀dɔ́ (10–1) ? || kùumò (litː ' kumo ' = ear)
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Dera || [[ISO 639:kna|Dera (Kanakuru)]] || ɗuwey || rap || kunu || paraw || bât || byême || bwelà || torìmen || wanɗumwe (10–1) || ɡûm
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:kpa|Kupto (Kutto)]] || ɗékkíré || fáláw/ páláw || kùnùŋ || fàɗàw / pàɗàw || fáat / páat || fáyɗìn / páyɗìn || fáyláw / páyláw || fàrfìɗòw || lèbìɗà || kómó
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:kuh|Kushi]] || ɗòk || pə̀llòw || tàat || péeròw || fwàt / fúwàt || fàràɡbànàŋ || fàrlów || pìdiɗòw || fɔ̀jèràw || kpèmù
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:ksq|Kwaami]] || múndí || póllów / fóllów || kúnúm || póɗòw / fóɗòw || páaɗí / fáaɗí || páyíndì / fáyíndì (5 + 1) || pópíllów / fófíllów (5 + 2) || pówùrɗòw / fówùrɗòw (2 x 4) ? || làmbáɗà || kúmó
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:pip|Pero (Pipero)]] || ɗók || bélòw || ɡ͡bónòŋ || béeɗòw || púat / fwát || páttira múndi || páttira bélòw || bídìdow || kómpòy / kómvòy || kó / k͡púmmò
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:piy|Piya]] || mùndí || pèelów || ɡbùnùm || pèeɗòw || fàat || pàtìrà mùndí (5 + 1) || pàtìrà pèelów (5 + 2) || pèdìpìɗów (2 x 4) ??? || kòmbòy || kùmmó
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:tan|Po Tangale]] (1) || dɔk || ràp || kúnuŋ || pàdàó || fùwàt || pàíndì || pèláù || pàpádà (2 x 4) || làmbùdà || ɡ͡bɔmɔ
|-
| A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper || [[ISO 639:tan|Tangale (Shongom)]] (2) || dɔ́k || ráp || kúnúŋ || sɛ́rɛɪ̀ || pʊ́wàd || páyɪ̀nɗɪ́ || péelòu || párpàɗá (2 x 4) || lámɓɗà || ɡ͡bɔ́mɔ́
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:anc|Angas (Ngas)]] || ɡàk || báp || kʷán || fír || pɛ̀t || pìmí (5 + 1) || pòbáp (5 + 2) || pòkʷún (5 + 3) || pòfár (5 + 4) || sàr
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:kwl|Kofyar]] || mé || vəl || kún || féer || paàt || pèmə (5 + 1) || pòɡòvəl (5 + 2) || pòɡòkun (5 + 3) || pòɡòfár (5 + 4) || sàr
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:mjs|Miship (Chip)]] (1) || kəme || vəl || kun || feer || baat || pemee (5+ 1) || pokvəl (5+ 2) || pokkun (5+ 3) || pokfaar (5+ 4) || sár
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:mjs|Miship (Chip)]] (2) || me || vɨl || kun || fɛr || paàt || pemɛ (5+ 1) || pɔ̀ɡɔ̀vɨl (5+ 2) || pɔ̀ɡɔ̀kun (5+ 3) || pɔ̀ɡɔ̀far (5+ 4) || sə̀r
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:cky|Cakfem-Mushere]] || kume || vel || kun || feer || paat || peemee (5+ 1) || feermeekum (4+ 3) ?? || feertiit (4 x 2) ?? || paatmeefeer (5+ 4) || kakapaat (5 x 2) ??
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 || [[ISO 639:sur|Mwaghavul (Mupun / Sura)]] || mə́ndòŋ || və́l || kún || féer || páat || péemè (5 + 1) || póvə̀l (5 + 2) || pòkún (5 + 3) || pòféer (5 + 4) || kàapàt və́l (5 x 2) ???
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 || [[ISO 639:ank|Goemai (Ankwe)]] || mée, ɡə̀mée || və́l || kún || fə́r || pʰá:t || pʰə̀mə́ (5 + 1) || pʰə̀və́l (5 + 2) || pʰùkún (5 + 3) || pʰə̀fár (5 + 4) || sár
|-
| A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 || [[ISO 639:tal|Tal]] || [mɛ́nɛ] || [vɨ́ɛ́l] || [kún] || [fɛi] || [pàːt] || [pɨ̀mɛ́] || [mɛ́fɛ́imɛ́kúːn] || [pàːfɛ́i] || [mɛ́ːpàː] || [sár]
|-
| A, A.4, Ron Proper || [[ISO 639:cla|Ron (Daffo)]] || ɗaŋɡât || ful / fulál || yuhún || púʔ || hárá || makoŋ || melok || mafwaráʔ || yèlâm || hùrè
|-
| B, B.1, Duwai || [[ISO 639:dbp|Duwai]] || ɡùɗìyò || ʃirì || kô || fə̀ɗú || vā̀ɗ || ə̀jdə̀ɡərma || sə̀və̀sə̀ri / tlə̀və̀sə̀ri || ə̀jldàakò || wā̀rìyà || ɡùumà
|-
| B, B.1, Bade Proper || [[ISO 639:bde|Bade]] || ɡàɗi || sərən || kwan || fəɗu || vàɗì || ə̀zdù || ɡatkasà || ɬədàakwà || warayà || ɡuumà
|-
| B, B.1, Bade Proper || [[ISO 639:ngi|Ngizim]] || kə́ɗə́n (counting), ɡàyí (enumat.) || ʃírín || kwán || fə́ɗú || vàaɗ || zə̀dù || ɡátkásà || dándàfə́ɗú (2 x 4) || kúɗkûvdà || ɡúmà
|-
| B, B.2 || [[ISO 639:dwa|Dira (Diri)]] || num || rɔp || mɪyaxkən || wupsɛ || nəmtəm || mukkə̀ || ŋyɪniŋɡì || wùzupsè (2 x 4) ? || vwanùm (10–1) ? || kwuɬ
|-
| B, B.2 || [[ISO 639:mkf|Miya]] || wútə̀ || tsə̀r || kìdi || fə̀ɗə || vàaɬə || màaha (5+1) ? || mààtsə̀r (5+2) || fə́rfəɗə (2 x 4) || kùcìyà || də́rɓitim
|-
| B, B.3 || [[ISO 639:dot|Dass (of Dott)]] || nə̀m || rwáp || mààɣí || wùupsí || nàmtám || màamaɣ / muumáɣ || wúsúrmàɣè || wúsúpsì (2 x 4) || nàturə́psi / nàtàrə́psi || zùp
|-
| B, B.3, Boghom || [[ISO 639:bux|Boghom]] || nyìm || ɓáap / pā́p / ɡbwàap || mói || múpsí || ndàuní / ndóoní || màak || nyàŋɡí || ɓóopsí || ʔáamsóyìm (10 -1) || ŋəmàs / wuur nyìm
|-
| B, B.3, Boghom || [[ISO 639:zns|Mangas]] || nim || ɓíin || mween || ùpsi || tùun || màɣà || nyíŋɡi || ɡàamzi || kúrúmsa || zúp
|-
| B, B.3, Eastern || [[ISO 639:jmi|Jimi]] || nintóo || rwá || mwaikán / mwenkán || ihyú || namtáŋ / namtám || máakoo || inkóo || ɡuhyú (2 x 4) || kə́skəníntoo / kə́zə̀kə̀níntò (10 -1) || ndəɓóo / ɗúbó
|-
| B, B.3, Guruntum || [[ISO 639:grd|Guruntum]] || ʃàak || raap || miyaŋ || ooso || kʸuwun || môon || nʸeene || ɡèesau || ɗáar || zùp
|-
| B, B.3, Guruntum || [[ISO 639:zah|Zangwal (Zangur)]] || nə́m || kwáap || màyà || wúusù || nàmtàm || màaɡa || nyínìɡì || ʔáasuʔáasù (2 x 4) || áatə̀nə̀n || súp
|-
| B, B.3, Zaar Proper || [[ISO 639:gji|Geji (Gyazi)]] (1) || nə̀m || lôp || mèkan || wupsì || nàmtan || mukkà || nitɡi || wùsupsì (2 x 4) ? || topsi || kuɬ
|-
| B, B.3, Zaar Proper || [[ISO 639:gji|Geji (Gezawa)]] (2) || nɨ̀m || lôp || mèkən || wupsì || nə̀mtəŋ || mukkə̀ || nininɡi || wùsupsì (2 x 4) ? || nə̀topsi || kuɬ
|-
| B, B.3, Zaar Proper || [[ISO 639:plj|Polci (Palci)]] || nɨ̀m || rǒp || miyèn || wupsɨ̀ || nə̀mtəm || maɣà || wusɨ̀rmìyen (4 + 3) ? || wɨsɨpsɨ̀ (2 x 4) ? || nàtoropsɨ̀ || zup
|-
|-
| B, B.3, Zaar Proper || [[ISO 639:say|Saya]] || nàmbə́ŋ || mbə̀ɬíŋ || máajìi || wúpsə̀ || nândə̀m || lîim || wátsə̀maí || tántán || tɔ́knándə́m || zúp
| [[Barawa languages|Barawa]] || B3 || [[Bauchi State]] ([[Toro, Nigeria|Toro]], [[Dass, Nigeria|Dass]], [[Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi|Tafawa Balewa]], [[Bauchi]] LGAs)
|}
|}


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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/ The Yobe Languages Research Project] by the late Russell G. Schuh of UCLA
*[http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/ The Yobe Languages Research Project] by the late Russell G. Schuh of UCLA
* [http://africanlanguages.org/chadic_west.html West Chadic resources] at africanlanguages.org
* [http://africanlanguages.org/chadic_west.html West Chadic resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524073609/http://www.africanlanguages.org/chadic_west.html |date=2011-05-24 }} at africanlanguages.org


{{West Chadic languages}}
{{West Chadic languages}}

Latest revision as of 18:11, 19 September 2024

West Chadic
Geographic
distribution		Niger, Nigeria
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologwest2785
West Chadic per Newman (1977)
Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria
Hausa-speaking areas in Nigeria and Niger
Roger Blench's (2020) classification of West Chadic B

The West Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They include Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and a major language of West Africa.

Languages

[edit]

The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.[1]

In addition, Poki is purportedly West Chadic, but no data is available.

Internal structure

[edit]

George Starostin's (2010) internal classification of West Chadic[6] as presented in Blažek (2010):[7]

Roger Blench's (2021) internal classification of West Chadic:[8]

Distribution

[edit]

Distributions of West Chadic branches:[9]

Branch Code Primary locations
Distributions of West Chadic branches[9]
Hausa–Gwandara A1 Northern Nigeria and Niger
Bole–Tangale A2 Darazo LGA, Bauchi State; Yobe, Taraba, Gombe, Borno states
Angas A3 Shendam and Mangu LGAs, Plateau State
Ron A4 Mangu LGA, Plateau State
Bade B1 Bade LGA, Borno State
South Bauchi B2 Darazo and Ningi LGAs, Bauchi State
North Bauchi B3 Bauchi State (Toro, Dass, Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi LGAs)

History of dispersal

[edit]

Roger Blench (2022) suggests that West Chadic languages may have spread via a gradual agricultural dispersal in Central Nigeria, starting from 3,000–4,000 years ago. Blench notes that West Chadic morphology has been heavily influenced by Plateau languages, likely as a result of long-term intermarriage that occurred as West Chadic incomers took local wives who spoke Plateau languages.[10]

Reconstruction

[edit]

Although no full reconstruction of West Chadic has been published, reconstructions of numerals for West Chadic and its subgroups have been proposed by Václav Blažek (2018).[7]

Phonology

[edit]

The labial–velar consonants /kp/ and /gb/, widespread in Plateau and other Niger-Congo languages but uncommon in Chadic languages, can be found in Ron languages and in certain West Chadic A3 and Bole-Tangale languages. These consonants were borrowed from Plateau languages due to intensive long-term contact. However, other phonological features typical of Plateau and Niger-Congo languages such as ATR and vowel harmony are not found in West Chadic languages.[10]

Numerals

[edit]

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A, A.1 Gwandara da bi úkù / úɡú (Nimbia dialect) huru / furu (Nimbia dialect) bìyàri / bìyàr (Nimbia dialect) ʃídà / ʃídə́ (Nimbia dialect) bákwè / boʔo (Nimbia dialect) tákùʃì / táɡə́r (Nimbia dialect) tárà / tãrã (Nimbia dialect) ɡóm̀ / ɡóŋ̀ / ɡwóm (Nim. dialect)
A, A.1 Hausa ɗájá bíjú ʔúkù / ʔúkkù (West Hausa) fúɗú bìjár ʃídà / ʃíddà (West Hausa) bákwài tákwàs tárà ɡóːmà
A, A.2, Bole Bele móoɗì bòló kùnú fòɗɗó bàaɗì bàccímóoɗì báawùló ɓóorùɗó (2 x 4) ɓòowùnò bìmbáɗí
A, A.2, Bole, Karekare Karekare wáɗí bèːlú kúːnùː fèːɗú bàːɗú bàcóːɗì (5 + 1) bàcíbèːlú (5 + 2) fífèːɗú (2 x 4) ɓànnù mbáɗ
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Bole móoɗì bòláu kúnùm pòɗɗó bàɗì bàššimóoɗì báawúló póorɗó (2 x 4) ɓòonùm bìmbáɗí
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Bure (Bubure) móɗé máló kúnú ʄóɗó báɗé básúmé básùmáló (5+ 2) ʄórʄóɗó (2 x 4) ɓárdzìmóɗé (10–1) bárbáɗè
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Galambu múuri m̀bàál kúun páryá bòorí bɪ́címɪ́n bùcù m̀bàl (5+ 2) hórró bàryà múuri (10–1) bár
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Gera móóyi mbùlú kúnú fúɗú bàaɗì bèeshím bìccìmbùlú (5+ 2) húrɗú ɓànìnjà / barija bàrɗí / barr
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Geruma mô / mon m̀bàalú / mbàalúŋ kúnú / kúnúŋ fúɗú / húɗúŋ bàaɗì / bàalí bècə́m bàzə̀mbàalú (5+ 2) húrɗú / úrɗúŋ ɓár jà ɓáráɗì / ɓárári
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Kholok (Widala) ɗók pèlòw bùnùm pèeròw faàt / faàr foòròmìnì paàlìlàw bìrbìròw / pìrpìròw kómbóy ɓùmmò
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Kirfi (Giiwo) móoɗì mbàlú kúnú fáɗáu bòoɗ bìccúuni bìcímbàlu (5+ 2) fórfáɗó (2 x 4) bàr jà móoɗi (10–1) pàtà
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Maaka mōɗì bòllu kūǹ paɗɗu bà bìnkinù nɡā̀nù or bákwài (< Hausa) jìlai kwàlak bìmba
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Ngamo mòɗi bòlò kùnû hɔ̀ɗò bât bàʔàʃìmòɗi (5 + 1) babìlò (5 + 2) hɔɔrɗò (2 x 4) ɓònù bimbaɗ (2 x 5) ?
A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper Nyam mɔ̀dɔ́ fùllúk kùnúŋ hɔ̀dúk hwàt fármé fáró fùllúk (5 + 2) húrú ɡùdùk (2 x 4) láɡó mɔ̀dɔ́ (10–1)  ? kùumò (litː ' kumo ' = ear)
A, A.2, Tangale, Dera Dera (Kanakuru) ɗuwey rap kunu paraw bât byême bwelà torìmen wanɗumwe (10–1) ɡûm
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Kupto (Kutto) ɗékkíré fáláw/ páláw kùnùŋ fàɗàw / pàɗàw fáat / páat fáyɗìn / páyɗìn fáyláw / páyláw fàrfìɗòw lèbìɗà kómó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Kushi ɗòk pə̀llòw tàat péeròw fwàt / fúwàt fàràɡbànàŋ fàrlów pìdiɗòw fɔ̀jèràw kpèmù
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Kwaami múndí póllów / fóllów kúnúm póɗòw / fóɗòw páaɗí / fáaɗí páyíndì / fáyíndì (5 + 1) pópíllów / fófíllów (5 + 2) pówùrɗòw / fówùrɗòw (2 x 4) ? làmbáɗà kúmó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Pero (Pipero) ɗók bélòw ɡ͡bónòŋ béeɗòw púat / fwát páttira múndi páttira bélòw bídìdow kómpòy / kómvòy kó / k͡púmmò
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Piya mùndí pèelów ɡbùnùm pèeɗòw fàat pàtìrà mùndí (5 + 1) pàtìrà pèelów (5 + 2) pèdìpìɗów (2 x 4) ??? kòmbòy kùmmó
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Po Tangale (1) dɔk ràp kúnuŋ pàdàó fùwàt pàíndì pèláù pàpádà (2 x 4) làmbùdà ɡ͡bɔmɔ
A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper Tangale (Shongom) (2) dɔ́k ráp kúnúŋ sɛ́rɛɪ̀ pʊ́wàd páyɪ̀nɗɪ́ péelòu párpàɗá (2 x 4) lámɓɗà ɡ͡bɔ́mɔ́
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Angas (Ngas) ɡàk báp kʷán fír pɛ̀t pìmí (5 + 1) pòbáp (5 + 2) pòkʷún (5 + 3) pòfár (5 + 4) sàr
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Kofyar mé vəl kún féer paàt pèmə (5 + 1) pòɡòvəl (5 + 2) pòɡòkun (5 + 3) pòɡòfár (5 + 4) sàr
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Miship (Chip) (1) kəme vəl kun feer baat pemee (5+ 1) pokvəl (5+ 2) pokkun (5+ 3) pokfaar (5+ 4) sár
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Miship (Chip) (2) me vɨl kun fɛr paàt pemɛ (5+ 1) pɔ̀ɡɔ̀vɨl (5+ 2) pɔ̀ɡɔ̀kun (5+ 3) pɔ̀ɡɔ̀far (5+ 4) sə̀r
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Cakfem-Mushere kume vel kun feer paat peemee (5+ 1) feermeekum (4+ 3) ?? feertiit (4 x 2) ?? paatmeefeer (5+ 4) kakapaat (5 x 2) ??
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 Mwaghavul (Mupun / Sura) mə́ndòŋ və́l kún féer páat péemè (5 + 1) póvə̀l (5 + 2) pòkún (5 + 3) pòféer (5 + 4) kàapàt və́l (5 x 2)  ???
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 Goemai (Ankwe) mée, ɡə̀mée və́l kún fə́r pʰá:t pʰə̀mə́ (5 + 1) pʰə̀və́l (5 + 2) pʰùkún (5 + 3) pʰə̀fár (5 + 4) sár
A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 Tal [mɛ́nɛ] [vɨ́ɛ́l] [kún] [fɛi] [pàːt] [pɨ̀mɛ́] [mɛ́fɛ́imɛ́kúːn] [pàːfɛ́i] [mɛ́ːpàː] [sár]
A, A.4, Ron Proper Ron (Daffo) ɗaŋɡât ful / fulál yuhún púʔ hárá makoŋ melok mafwaráʔ yèlâm hùrè
B, B.1, Duwai Duwai ɡùɗìyò ʃirì kô fə̀ɗú vā̀ɗ ə̀jdə̀ɡərma sə̀və̀sə̀ri / tlə̀və̀sə̀ri ə̀jldàakò wā̀rìyà ɡùumà
B, B.1, Bade Proper Bade ɡàɗi sərən kwan fəɗu vàɗì ə̀zdù ɡatkasà ɬədàakwà warayà ɡuumà
B, B.1, Bade Proper Ngizim kə́ɗə́n (counting), ɡàyí (enumat.) ʃírín kwán fə́ɗú vàaɗ zə̀dù ɡátkásà dándàfə́ɗú (2 x 4) kúɗkûvdà ɡúmà
B, B.2 Dira (Diri) num rɔp mɪyaxkən wupsɛ nəmtəm mukkə̀ ŋyɪniŋɡì wùzupsè (2 x 4) ? vwanùm (10–1) ? kwuɬ
B, B.2 Miya wútə̀ tsə̀r kìdi fə̀ɗə vàaɬə màaha (5+1) ? mààtsə̀r (5+2) fə́rfəɗə (2 x 4) kùcìyà də́rɓitim
B, B.3 Dass (of Dott) nə̀m rwáp mààɣí wùupsí nàmtám màamaɣ / muumáɣ wúsúrmàɣè wúsúpsì (2 x 4) nàturə́psi / nàtàrə́psi zùp
B, B.3, Boghom Boghom nyìm ɓáap / pā́p / ɡbwàap mói múpsí ndàuní / ndóoní màak nyàŋɡí ɓóopsí ʔáamsóyìm (10 -1) ŋəmàs / wuur nyìm
B, B.3, Boghom Mangas nim ɓíin mween ùpsi tùun màɣà nyíŋɡi ɡàamzi kúrúmsa zúp
B, B.3, Eastern Jimi nintóo rwá mwaikán / mwenkán ihyú namtáŋ / namtám máakoo inkóo ɡuhyú (2 x 4) kə́skəníntoo / kə́zə̀kə̀níntò (10 -1) ndəɓóo / ɗúbó
B, B.3, Guruntum Guruntum ʃàak raap miyaŋ ooso kʸuwun môon nʸeene ɡèesau ɗáar zùp
B, B.3, Guruntum Zangwal (Zangur) nə́m kwáap màyà wúusù nàmtàm màaɡa nyínìɡì ʔáasuʔáasù (2 x 4) áatə̀nə̀n súp
B, B.3, Zaar Proper Geji (Gyazi) (1) nə̀m lôp mèkan wupsì nàmtan mukkà nitɡi wùsupsì (2 x 4) ? topsi kuɬ
B, B.3, Zaar Proper Geji (Gezawa) (2) nɨ̀m lôp mèkən wupsì nə̀mtəŋ mukkə̀ nininɡi wùsupsì (2 x 4) ? nə̀topsi kuɬ
B, B.3, Zaar Proper Polci (Palci) nɨ̀m rǒp miyèn wupsɨ̀ nə̀mtəm maɣà wusɨ̀rmìyen (4 + 3) ? wɨsɨpsɨ̀ (2 x 4) ? nàtoropsɨ̀ zup
B, B.3, Zaar Proper Saya nàmbə́ŋ mbə̀ɬíŋ máajìi wúpsə̀ nândə̀m lîim wátsə̀maí tántán tɔ́knándə́m zúp

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Blench, Roger. 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
  2. ^ Blench, Roger (2019). "Jakato: an undocumented language of Central Nigeria".
  3. ^ a b Blench, Roger. 2017. Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages.
  4. ^ Blench, Roger. Comparative Ron wordlist.
  5. ^ Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic and cultural background to the North Bauchi region and the Wiihə people.
  6. ^ Starostin, George. 2010. Afroasiatic classification: preliminary results of the modified glottochronological test. Manuscript.
  7. ^ a b Blažek, Václav. 2018. The numerals of West Chadic. Topics in Chadic Linguistics IX. Papers from the 8th Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages, Bayreuth, February 4–5, 2016.
  8. ^ Blench, Roger. 2021. The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench. WOCAL, Leiden.
  9. ^ a b Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  10. ^ a b Blench, Roger (2022). Contact between West Chadic and Plateau languages: new evidence languages: new evidence. 11–12 November 2022, presentation given at Universität Wien.
  11. ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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