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{{Short description|Scottish clergyman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
⚫
| name = Patrick Hamilton
|honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
|name = Patrick Hamilton
| image = Patrick Hamilton.jpg
⚫
| caption = Patrick Hamilton by [[John Scougal]], c. 1645-1730. This is the only known portrait of the martyr.
⚫
|image = Patrick Hamilton.jpg
⚫
| birth_date = c. 1504
⚫
|caption = Patrick Hamilton by [[John Scougal]], c. 1645-1730. This is the only known portrait of the martyr.
⚫
| death_date = 29 February 1528
⚫
|birth_date=c. 1504
| nationality = Scottish
⚫
|death_date=29 February 1528
|occupation=Churchman and [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]]
| occupation = Churchman and [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]]
| height = 2.1 meters
| mother = Catherine Stewart
| father = Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil
| relatives = Sister, Katherine Hamilton
Maternal Grandfather, Alexander, Duke of Albany
}}
}}
[[File:Patrick Hamilton Plaque, St Duthus Memorial Church, Tain (geograph 1864563).jpg|thumb|Patrick Hamilton Plaque, St Duthus Memorial Church, Tain]]
[[File:Patrick Hamilton Plaque, St Duthus Memorial Church, Tain (geograph 1864563).jpg|thumb|Patrick Hamilton Plaque, St Duthus Memorial Church, Tain]]
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[[File:Patrick Hamilton initials plaque, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.jpg|thumb|Patrick Hamilton initials plaque, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland]]
[[File:Patrick Hamilton initials plaque, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.jpg|thumb|Patrick Hamilton initials plaque, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland]]


'''Patrick Hamilton''' (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] churchman and an early Protestant [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] in Scotland. He travelled to Europe, where he met several of the leading reformed thinkers, before returning to Scotland to preach. He was tried as a heretic by Archbishop [[James Beaton]], found guilty and handed over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake in [[St Andrews]].
'''Patrick Hamilton''' (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] churchman and an early Protestant [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] in Scotland. He travelled to Europe, where he met several of the leading reformed thinkers, before returning to Scotland to preach. He was tried as a heretic by Archbishop [[James Beaton]], found guilty and handed over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake in [[St Andrews]] as Scotland's first martyr of the Reformation. Hamilton began preaching in Scotland in 1527 and was invited as a friend by Archbishop Beaton to a conference in St. Andrews. Once there, he was charged with heresy and burned. After Hamilton's death, others who had New Testaments or who professed Reformed doctrines were burned or sentenced to severe punishments, and some fled the country{{cn|date=August 2024}}.


==Early life==
==Early life==
He was the second son of Sir [[Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil]] and Catherine Stewart, daughter of [[Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany|Alexander, Duke of Albany]], second son of [[James II of Scotland]]. He was born in the diocese of [[Glasgow]], probably at his father's estate of [[Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire|Stanehouse]] in [[Lanarkshire]], and was most likely educated at [[Linlithgow]]. In 1517 he was appointed titular [[Abbot of Fearn|Abbot]] of [[Fearn Abbey]], [[Ross-shire]]. The income from this position paid for him to study at the [[University of Paris]], where he became a Master of the Arts in 1520.{{sfn|Dallmann|1918|p=2}} It was in Paris, where [[Martin Luther]]'s writings were already exciting much discussion, that he first learnt the doctrines he would later uphold. According to sixteenth century theologian [[Alexander Ales]], Hamilton subsequently went to [[Leuven]], attracted probably by the fame of [[Erasmus]], who in 1521 had his headquarters there.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}
Hamilton was the second son of Sir [[Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil]] and Catherine Stewart, daughter of [[Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany|Alexander, Duke of Albany]], second son of [[James II of Scotland]]. He was born in the diocese of [[Glasgow]], probably at his father's estate of [[Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire|Stanehouse]] in [[Lanarkshire]], and was most likely educated at [[Linlithgow]]{{cn|date=August 2024}}. In 1517 he was appointed titular [[Abbot of Fearn|Abbot]] of [[Fearn Abbey]], [[Ross-shire]]. The income from this position paid for him to study at the [[University of Paris]], where he became a Master of the Arts in 1520.{{sfn|Dallmann|1918|p=2}} It was in Paris, where [[Martin Luther]]'s writings were already exciting much discussion, that he first learnt the doctrines he would later uphold. According to sixteenth century theologian [[Alexander Ales]], Hamilton subsequently went to [[Leuven]], attracted probably by the fame of [[Erasmus]], who in 1521 had his headquarters there.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}


==Return and flight==
==Return and flight==
Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected [[St Andrews]], the Scottish capital of the church and of learning, as his residence. On 9 June 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the [[University of St Andrews]], and on 3 October 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the [[Humanism|humanist]] and [[logician]] [[John Major (philosopher)|John Mair]]. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted to conduct, as [[precentor]], a musical mass of his own composition in the [[St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews|cathedral]].{{sfn|Lorimer|1857}}
Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected [[St Andrews]], the capital of the [[Catholic Church in Scotland]] and of education, as his residence. On 9 June 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the [[University of St Andrews]], and on 3 October 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the [[Renaissance humanist]] and [[logician]] [[John Major (philosopher)|John Mair]]. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted, as [[precentor]], to conduct a [[Solemn High Mass]] based on music of his own composition at the [[St. Andrew's Cathedral, St. Andrews|St. Andrew's Cathedral]].{{sfn|Lorimer|1857}}


The reforming doctrines had now obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen.{{sfn|M'Crie|1905|p=32-34}}
The reforming doctrines, however,
had obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen.{{sfn|M'Crie|1905|p=32-34}}
Early in 1527 the attention of [[James Beaton]], Archbishop of St Andrews, was directed to the [[heresy|heretical]] preaching of the young priest, whereupon he ordered that Hamilton should be formally tried. Hamilton fled to [[Germany]], enrolling himself as a student, under [[Francis Lambert|Franz Lambert]] of Avignon, in the new [[University of Marburg]], opened on 30 May 1527 by [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Philip of Hesse]]. Among those he met there were [[Hermann von dem Busche]], one of the contributors to the ''[[Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum]]'', [[John Frith]] and [[William Tyndale]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}
Early in 1527 the attention of [[James Beaton]], Archbishop of St Andrews, was directed to the [[heresy|heretical]] preaching of the young priest, whereupon he ordered that Hamilton should be formally tried. Hamilton fled to [[Germany]], enrolling himself as a student, under [[Francis Lambert|Franz Lambert]] of [[Avignon]], in the new [[University of Marburg]], opened on 30 May 1527 by [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Philip of Hesse]]. Among those he met there were [[Hermann von dem Busche]], one of the contributors to the ''[[Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum]]'', [[John Frith (martyr)|John Frith]] and [[William Tyndale]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}


Late in the autumn of 1527 Hamilton returned to Scotland, living up to his convictions. He went first to his brother's house at Kincavel, near Linlithgow, where he preached frequently, and soon afterwards he married a young lady of noble rank; her name is unrecorded. [[David Beaton]], the Abbot of Arbroath, avoiding open violence through fear of Hamilton's high connections, invited him to a conference at St Andrews.{{sfn|Lorimer|1857|p=139}} The reformer, predicting that he was going to "confirm the pious in the true doctrine" by his death,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}} accepted the invitation, and for nearly a month was allowed to preach and dispute.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}
Late in the autumn of 1527, Fr. Hamilton returned to Scotland, speaking openly of his convictions. He went first to his brother's house at Kincavel, near Linlithgow, where he preached frequently, and, soon afterwards, he renounced [[clerical celibacy]] and married a young lady of noble rank; her name is unrecorded. [[David Beaton]], the Abbot of Arbroath, avoiding open violence through fear of Hamilton's powerful protectors, invited him to a conference at St Andrews.{{sfn|Lorimer|1857|p=139}} The Young minister, predicting that he was going to "confirm the pious in the true doctrine" by his death,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}} accepted the invitation, and for nearly a month was allowed to preach and to debate.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}}


With the publication of ''Patrick's Places''<ref name="PP"><cite>''Patrick's Places'' (1528)</cite>[http://www.thereformation.info/patricks%20places.htm]</ref> in 1528, he introduced into Scottish theology [[Martin Luther]]'s emphasis of the distinction of [[Law and Gospel]].{{sfn|Wiedermann|1984|p=17-20}}
With the publication of ''Patrick's Places''<ref name="PP">[http://www.thereformation.info/patricks%20places.htm ''Patrick's Places''] (1528)</ref> in 1528, he introduced into Scottish theology [[Martin Luther]]'s emphasis of the distinction of [[Law and Gospel]].{{sfn|Wiedermann|1984|p=17-20}}


==Trial and execution==
==Trial and execution==
[[File:St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews.jpg|thumb|250px|St. Salvator's College and Chapel]]
[[File:St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews.jpg|thumb|250px|St. Salvator's College and Chapel]]
[[File:St Andrews - PH (Patrick Hamilton) at the entrance of St Salvator's Chapel.JPG|thumb|Patrick Hamilton's initials, set into paving at the place of his execution, to commemorate his martyrdom.]]
[[File:St Andrews - PH (Patrick Hamilton) at the entrance of St Salvator's Chapel.JPG|thumb|Patrick Hamilton's initials, set into paving at the place of his execution, to commemorate his martyrdom.]]
At length, he was summoned before a council of bishops and clergy presided over by the archbishop. There were thirteen charges, seven based on the doctrines affirmed in [[Philip Melanchthon]]'s ''[[Loci Communes]]'', the first theological exposition of Martin Luther's scriptural study and teachings in 1521. On examination Hamilton maintained their truth, and the council condemned him as a heretic on all thirteen charges. Hamilton was seized, and, it is said, surrendered to the soldiery on an assurance that he would be restored to his friends without injury.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}} However, the council convicted him, after a sham disputation with Friar Campbell, and handed him over to the secular power, to be [[Execution by burning|burnt at the stake]] as a heretic, outside the front entrance to [[St Salvator's Chapel]] in St Andrews. The sentence was carried out on the same day to preclude any attempted rescue by friends. He burnt from noon to 6 p.m.. His last words were "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit".{{sfn|Tjernagel|2015|p=6}} The spot is today marked with a [[monogram]] of his initials set into the cobblestones of the pavement of North Street.
At length, he was summoned before a council of bishops and clergy presided over by the archbishop. There were thirteen charges, seven based on the doctrines in [[Philip Melanchthon]]'s ''[[Loci Communes]]'', the first theological exposition of Martin Luther's scriptural study and teachings in 1521. On examination Hamilton expressed a belief in their truth and the council sentenced him to death on all thirteen charges. Hamilton was seized and allegedly surrendered to the soldiery based on an assurance that he would be restored to his friends without injury.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=887}} However, after a debate with Friar Campbell, the council handed him over to the secular power to be [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]] outside the front entrance to [[St Salvator's Chapel]] in St Andrews. The sentence was carried out on the same day to avoid rescue by his uncle and preclude any attempted rescue by friends. He burned from noon to 6 p.m. and his last words were "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit".{{sfn|Tjernagel|2015|p=6}} The spot is today marked with a [[monogram]] of his initials (PH) set into the cobblestones of the pavement of North Street, which students avoid stepping on to this day out of respect and to prevent poor marks on their exams.{{sfn|Moffat|2023|p=94}}


==Legacy==
His courageous bearing attracted more attention than ever to the doctrines for which he suffered, and greatly helped to spread the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation in Scotland]]. It was said that the "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon".{{sfn|Mitchell|1900|p=34}} His fortitude during martyrdom won over [[Alexander Ales]], who had been appointed to convince Hamilton of his errors, to the Lutheran cause.{{sfn|Jacobs|Haas|1899|p=212}} His [[martyr]]dom is unusual in that he was almost alone in Scotland during the Lutheran stage of the Reformation. His only known writings, based upon ''Loci communes'' and known as "Patrick's Places", echoed the doctrine of justification by faith and the contrast between the gospel and the law in a series of clear-cut propositions.'"Patrickes Places"' was not Hamilton's own title, but was given in the translation into English by John Fryth in 1564, and are presented in Book 8 of the 1570 edition of John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments".''[http://www.johnfoxe.org/index.php?realm=text&gototype=modern&edition=1570&pageid=1148]''.
Hamilton's execution attracted more interest than ever before to [[Lutheranism]] and greatly contributed to the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation in Scotland]]. It was said that the "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon".{{sfn|Mitchell|1900|p=34}} Hamilton's fortitude during his execution persuaded [[Alexander Ales]], who had been appointed to convince Hamilton of his errors, to enter into the Lutheran Church.{{sfn|Jacobs|Haas|1899|p=212}} His [[martyr]]dom is unusual in that he was almost alone in Scotland during the Lutheran stage of the Reformation. His only known writings, based upon ''Loci communes'' and known as "Patrick's Places", echoed the doctrine of justification by faith and the contrast between the gospel and the law in a series of clear-cut propositions.'"Patrickes Places"' was not Hamilton's own title, but was given in the translation into English by [[John Frith (martyr)|John Fryth]] in 1564, and are presented in Book 8 of the 1570 edition of John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments".''[http://www.johnfoxe.org/index.php?realm=text&gototype=modern&edition=1570&pageid=1148]''.


Students at the [[University of St Andrews]] traditionally avoid stepping on the monogram of Hamilton's initials outside [[St Salvator's Chapel]] for fear of being cursed and failing their final exams. To lift the curse students may participate in the annual May dip where they traditionally run into the North Sea at 05.00 to wash away their sins and bad luck.
Students at the [[University of St Andrews]] traditionally avoid stepping on the monogram of Hamilton's initials outside [[St Salvator's Chapel]] for fear of being cursed and failing their final exams. To lift the curse students may participate in the annual May dip where they traditionally run into the North Sea at 05.00 to wash away their sins and bad luck.
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According to the historian [[John Spottiswood]], Katherine was brought to trial for heresy before [[James V of Scotland|James V]] at [[Holyroodhouse]] in 1534, and her other brother James Hamilton of Livingston fled. The King was impressed by her conviction shown in her short answer to the prosecutor. He laughed and spoke to her privately, convincing her to abandon her profession of faith. The other accused also recanted for the time.<ref>Spottiswood, John, ''The History of the Church of Scotland'', (1668), Bk. 2, pp.65-66</ref>
According to the historian [[John Spottiswood]], Katherine was brought to trial for heresy before [[James V of Scotland|James V]] at [[Holyroodhouse]] in 1534, and her other brother James Hamilton of Livingston fled. The King was impressed by her conviction shown in her short answer to the prosecutor. He laughed and spoke to her privately, convincing her to abandon her profession of faith. The other accused also recanted for the time.<ref>Spottiswood, John, ''The History of the Church of Scotland'', (1668), Bk. 2, pp.65-66</ref>

A play about Katherine, with Patrick as a secondary character, was written by [[Rona Munro]], and performed on tour in 2024.


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
[[File:Patrick Hamilton by Stephen Miller.png|thumb|The death of Patrick Hamilton]]
For a more extensive bibliography see George M. Ella's book review.{{sfn|Ella|2009c}}
For a more extensive bibliography see George M. Ella's book review.{{sfn|Ella|2009c}}
<br>
<br>
Mackay's bibliography:
Mackay's bibliography:
*Knox's Hist, of the Reformation ;
*Knox's Hist, of the Reformation
*Buchanan and Lindsay of Pitscottie's Histories of Scotland ;
*Buchanan and Lindsay of Pitscottie's Histories of Scotland
*the writings of Alexander Alesius and the records of St. Andrews and Paris are the original authorities ;
*the writings of Alexander Alesius and the records of St. Andrews and Paris are the original authorities
*Life of Patrick Hamilton, by the Rev. Peter Lorimer, 1857, to which this article is much indebted ;
*Life of Patrick Hamilton, by the Rev. Peter Lorimer, 1857, to which this article is much indebted
*Patrick Hamilton, a poem by T. B. Johnston of Cairnie, 1873
*Patrick Hamilton, a poem by T. B. Johnston of Cairnie, 1873
* Rainer Haas, Franz Lambert und Patrick Hamilton in ihrer Bedeutung für die Evangelische Bewegung auf den Britischen Inseln, Marburg (theses) 1973
* Rainer Haas, Franz Lambert und Patrick Hamilton in ihrer Bedeutung für die Evangelische Bewegung auf den Britischen Inseln, Marburg (theses) 1973
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;Sources
;Sources
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor02ande/page/426
*{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationor02ande/page/426|chapter=Patrick Hamilton of Kincavel|title=The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland|volume=2|first=William|last=Anderson|author-link=William Anderson (Scottish writer)|publisher=A. Fullarton & co.|year=1877|page=427}}{{PD-notice}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=T. Ratcliffe |title=The makers of the kirk |date=1915 |publisher=[[T. N. Foulis]] |location=London, Edinburgh, Boston |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofkirk00barn/page/62 63]–68 |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofkirk00barn }}
|chapter=Patrick Hamilton of Kincavel
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Beveridge |first1=William |title=Makers of the Scottish church |date=1908 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |location=Edinburgh |pages=73–84 |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofscottish00beve/page/72 |access-date=30 July 2019 }}
|title=The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=James K. |title=Aspects of the Lutheran contribution to the Scottish Reformation |date=1984 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=1–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p1cameron |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
|volume=2
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Carslaw |first1=William Henderson |title=Six martyrs of the Scottish reformation (includes Patrick's Places) |date=1907 |publisher=A. Gardner, publisher by appointment to the late Queen Victoria |location=Paisley |pages=9–30, 183–191 |url=https://archive.org/details/sixmartyrsofscot00cars/page/n13 |access-date=20 July 2019 }}
|first=William |last=Anderson
|publisher=A. Fullarton & co. |year=1877|page=427}}{{PD-notice}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=T. Ratcliffe |title=The makers of the kirk |date=1915 |publisher=T. N. Foulis |location=London, Edinburgh, Boston |pages=63–68 |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofkirk00barn/page/62 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Beveridge |first1=William |title=Makers of the Scottish church |date=1908 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |location=Edinburgh |pages=73–84 |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofscottish00beve/page/72 |access-date=30 July 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=James K. |title=Aspects of the Lutheran contribution to the Scottish Reformation |date=1984 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=1–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p1cameron |access-date=31 July 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Carslaw |first1=William Henderson |title=Six martyrs of the Scottish reformation (includes Patrick's Places)|date=1907 |publisher=A. Gardner, publisher by appointment to the late Queen Victoria |location=Paisley |pages=9–30, 183–191 |url=https://archive.org/details/sixmartyrsofscot00cars/page/n13 |access-date=20 July 2019}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle = Hamilton, Patrick|volume=12|noicon=1}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle = Hamilton, Patrick|volume=12|noicon=1}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book|date=1918|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickhamiltonf00dall|title=Patrick Hamilton: The First Lutheran Preacher and Martyr of Scotland |last=Dallmann |first=William|access-date=2008-01-03}}
*{{cite book|date=1918|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickhamiltonf00dall|title=Patrick Hamilton: The First Lutheran Preacher and Martyr of Scotland|last=Dallmann|first=William|access-date=2008-01-03}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ella |first1=George M. |title=Patrick Hamilton: The Stephen of Scotland. The First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation, AD Publications, Dundee, 2009 By Joe Carvalho |url=http://evangelica.de/reviews/patrick-hamilton-the-stephen-of-scotland-the-first-preacher-and-martyr-of-the-scottish-reformation-ad-publications-dundee-2009-by-joe-carvalho/ |website=Biographia Evangelica |publisher=Book Review |access-date=31 July 2019|date=2009c}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ella |first1=George M. |title=Patrick Hamilton: The Stephen of Scotland. The First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation, AD Publications, Dundee, 2009 By Joe Carvalho |url=http://evangelica.de/reviews/patrick-hamilton-the-stephen-of-scotland-the-first-preacher-and-martyr-of-the-scottish-reformation-ad-publications-dundee-2009-by-joe-carvalho/ |website=Biographia Evangelica |publisher=Book Review |access-date=31 July 2019 |date=2009c |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731124948/http://evangelica.de/reviews/patrick-hamilton-the-stephen-of-scotland-the-first-preacher-and-martyr-of-the-scottish-reformation-ad-publications-dundee-2009-by-joe-carvalho/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|last1=Fischer |first1=Ernst Ludwig |title=The Scots in Germany: being a contribution towards the history of the Scots abroad |date=1902 |publisher=Otto Schulze & Co. |location=Edinburgh |pages=163–165 |url=https://archive.org/details/scotsingermanybe00fisc/page/162 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Ernst Ludwig |title=The Scots in Germany: being a contribution towards the history of the Scots abroad |date=1902 |publisher=Otto Schulze & Co. |location=Edinburgh |pages=163–165 |url=https://archive.org/details/scotsingermanybe00fisc/page/162 |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews |date=1887 |publisher="Fife Herald" Office |location=Cupar |pages=28–69 |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsandconfe00flemgoog/page/n39 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews |date=1887 |publisher="Fife Herald" Office |location=Cupar |pages=28–69 |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsandconfe00flemgoog/page/n39 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The Reformation in Scotland: causes, characteristics, consequences |date=1910 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |pages=185–190 |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationscotl00flemuoft/page/184 |access-date=29 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=David Hay |title=The Reformation in Scotland: causes, characteristics, consequences |date=1910 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |pages=185–190 |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationscotl00flemuoft/page/184 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Foxe |first1=John |chapter=The Condemnation of Master George Wisehart |editor1-last=Cattley |editor1-first=Stephen Reed |title=The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition |date=1837 |publisher=R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside |location=London |pages=625–636 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/actsmonumentsofj05foxe/page/624 |access-date=29 July 2019 |volume=8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foxe |first1=John |chapter=The Condemnation of Master George Wisehart |editor1-last=Cattley |editor1-first=Stephen Reed |title=The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition |date=1837 |publisher=R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside |location=London |pages=625–636 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/actsmonumentsofj05foxe/page/624 |access-date=29 July 2019 |volume=8 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Grub |first1=George |title=An ecclesiastical history of Scotland: from the introduction of Christianity to the present time |date=1861 |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |location=Edinburgh |pages=8–13 |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi02grub/page/8 |access-date=8 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grub |first1=George |title=An ecclesiastical history of Scotland: from the introduction of Christianity to the present time |date=1861 |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |location=Edinburgh |pages=8–13 |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi02grub/page/8 |access-date=8 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/10
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/10 |chapter=Patrick Hamilton |title=The Scots worthies |first1=John |last1=Howie |first2=W. H. |last2=Carslaw |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |year=1870 |pages=11–17 }}{{PD-notice}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Joseph |title=The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state, law, legislation, and literature, commerce, science, travel, and philanthropy |date=1881 |publisher=A. Gardner |location=Paisley |pages=200–201 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofscotsmenem00irviuoft/page/200 |access-date=11 July 2019 }}{{PD-notice}}
|chapter=Patrick Hamilton
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Jacobs |editor-first1=Henry Eyster |editor-last2=Haas |editor-first2=John A. W. |encyclopedia=The Lutheran cyclopedia |title=Hamilton, Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/lutherd00jaco/page/n225 |access-date=2019-07-30 |date=1899 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |page=212 }}
|title=The Scots worthies
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Robert |title=History of the affairs of church and state in Scotland, from the beginning of the reformation to the year 1568. By Robert Keith...with biographical sketch, notes, and index, by the editor |date=1844 |publisher=The Spottiswoode Society |location=Edinburgh |pages=13–16, 329–332 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofaffairs00keit/page/12 |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
|first1=John |last1=Howie |first2=W. H. |last2=Carslaw
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Kidd |first1=James |title=The Reformers: lectures delivered in St. James' Church, Paisley |date=1885 |publisher=J. Maclehose & Sons |location=Glasgow |pages=344–379 |chapter=Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reformerslecture00corb/page/344 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |year=1870|pages=11–17}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Joseph |title=The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state, law, legislation, and literature, commerce, science, travel, and philanthropy |date=1881 |publisher=A. Gardner |location=Paisley |pages=200–201 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofscotsmenem00irviuoft/page/200 |access-date=11 July 2019}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book |last1=Knox |first1=John |editor1-last=Dickinson |editor1-first=William Croft |title=History of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1949a |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. |location=London |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreforma01knoxuoft/page/n11 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Jacobs |editor-first1=Henry Eyster |editor-last2=Haas |editor-first2=John A. W.|encyclopedia=The Lutheran cyclopedia |title=Hamilton, Patrick |url= https://archive.org/details/lutherd00jaco/page/n225|access-date=2019-07-30 |date=1899 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |page=212 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Knox |first1=John |editor1-last=Dickinson |editor1-first=William Croft |title=History of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1949b |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. |location=London |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreforma02knoxuoft/page/n7 |access-date=29 July 2019 }}
⚫
*{{cite book|date=1857|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickhamiltonf00lori/page/n5|last=Lorimer|first=Peter|title=Patrick Hamilton, the First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation|publisher=Thomas Constable|place=Edinburgh}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Robert |title=History of the affairs of church and state in Scotland, from the beginning of the reformation to the year 1568. By Robert Keith...with biographical sketch, notes, and index, by the editor |date=1844 |publisher=The Spottiswoode Society |location=Edinburgh |pages=13–16, 329–332 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofaffairs00keit/page/12 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kidd |first1=James |title=The Reformers: lectures delivered in St. James' Church, Paisley |date=1885 |publisher=J. Maclehose & Sons |location=Glasgow |pages=344–379 |chapter=Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reformerslecture00corb/page/344 |access-date=29 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lorimer |first1=Peter |title=The Scottish Reformation: a historical sketch |date=1860 |publisher=Ricahrd Griffin & co. |location=London & Glasgow |pages=6–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishreformat00lori/page/n19 |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Knox |first1=John |editor1-last=Dickinson |editor1-first=William Croft |title=History of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1949a |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. |location=London |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreforma01knoxuoft/page/n11 |access-date=29 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=MacIntosh |first1=J. S. |title=The breakers of the yoke: sketches and studies of the men and scenes of the Reformation |date=1884 |publisher=Henry B. Ashmead |location=Philadelphia |pages=194–212 |url=https://archive.org/details/breakersofyokesk00maci/page/194 |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
⚫
*{{cite book|last1=Knox |first1=John |editor1-last=Dickinson |editor1-first=William Croft |title=History of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1949b |publisher=Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. |location=London |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreforma02knoxuoft/page/n7 |access-date=29 July 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite book|date=1857|url=https://archive.org/details/patrickhamiltonf00lori/page/n5|last=Lorimer|first=Peter |title=Patrick Hamilton, the First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation|publisher= Thomas Constable|place=Edinburgh}}
⚫
*{{cite book|last1=Lorimer |first1=Peter |title=The Scottish Reformation: a historical sketch |date=1860 |publisher=Ricahrd Griffin & co. |location=London & Glasgow |pages=6–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/scottishreformat00lori/page/n19 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite book|last1=MacIntosh |first1=J. S. |title=The breakers of the yoke: sketches and studies of the men and scenes of the Reformation |date=1884 |publisher=Henry B. Ashmead |location=Philadelphia |pages=194–212 |url=https://archive.org/details/breakersofyokesk00maci/page/194 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle = Hamilton, Patrick|last=Mackay|first=Aeneas James George|noicon=1}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle = Hamilton, Patrick|last=Mackay|first=Aeneas James George|noicon=1}}
*{{cite book|last1=M'Crie |first1=Thomas |title=Life of John Knox: containing illustrations of the history of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1905 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-school work |location=Philadelphia |pages=32–34 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjohnknoxcon00mcri/page/32 |access-date=30 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=M'Crie |first1=Thomas |title=Life of John Knox: containing illustrations of the history of the Reformation in Scotland |date=1905 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-school work |location=Philadelphia |pages=32–34 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjohnknoxcon00mcri/page/32 |access-date=30 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Merle d'Aubigné |first1=J. H. |translator-last1=Cates |translator-first1=William L. B. |title=History of the reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin |date=1877 |publisher=Robert Carter & brothers |location=New York |pages=12–70 |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreformat187706merl/page/11 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Merle d'Aubigné |first1=J. H. |translator-last1=Cates |translator-first1=William L. B. |title=History of the reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin |date=1877 |publisher=Robert Carter & brothers |location=New York |pages=12–70 |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofreformat187706merl/page/11 |author-link=Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné }}
*{{cite book|last1=Merle d'Aubigné |first1=J. H. |last2=Bulkley |first2=Charles Henry Augustus |title=D'Aubigné's Martyrs of the reformation |date=1882 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |location=Philadelphia |pages=363–418 |url=https://archive.org/details/daubignsmartyr00merl/page/362 |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Merle d'Aubigné |first1=J. H. |last2=Bulkley |first2=Charles Henry Augustus |title=D'Aubigné's Martyrs of the reformation |date=1882 |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |location=Philadelphia |pages=363–418 |url=https://archive.org/details/daubignsmartyr00merl/page/362 |author-link=Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné }}
*{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Alexander Ferrier |editor-last=Fleming|editor-first=David Hay|title=The Scottish Reformation: Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders and Distinctive Characteristics (Being the Baird Lecture for 1899)|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh |date=1900 |pages=19–33|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scottishreformat00mitc/page/n67|chapter=Patrick Hamilton}}
*{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Alexander Ferrier|editor-last=Fleming|editor-first=David Hay|title=The Scottish Reformation: Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders and Distinctive Characteristics (Being the Baird Lecture for 1899)|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons|location=Edinburgh|date=1900|pages=19–33|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scottishreformat00mitc/page/n67|chapter=Patrick Hamilton}}
*{{cite book|last1=Muller |first1=Gerhard |title=Protestant theology in Scotland and Germany in the early days of the reformation |date=1985 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=103–117 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p2muller |access-date=31 July 2019}}
* {{cite book | last=Moffat | first=Alistair | year=2023 | title=Scotland's Forgotten Past: A History of the Mislaid, Misplaced and Misunderstood | place=London | publisher=Thames & Hudson | isbn=978-0-50025-264-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Shaw |first1=Duncan |title=Zwinglian influences on the Scottish Reformation |date=1985 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=119–139 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p2shaw |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Gerhard |title=Protestant theology in Scotland and Germany in the early days of the reformation |date=1985 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=103–117 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p2muller |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=J. H. |last2=Hutchison |first2=Matthew |title=The martyr graves of Scotland |date=1903 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |pages=210–211 |url=https://archive.org/details/themartyrgraves00thomuoft/page/n229 |access-date=30 July 2019}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Duncan |title=Zwinglian influences on the Scottish Reformation |date=1985 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=119–139 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p2shaw |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=J. H. |last2=Hutchison |first2=Matthew |title=The martyr graves of Scotland |date=1903 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |pages=210–211 |url=https://archive.org/details/themartyrgraves00thomuoft/page/n229 |access-date=30 July 2019 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://wlsessays.net/handle/123456789/1650 |title=Patrick Hamilton: Precursor of the Reformation in Scotland |last=Tjernagel |first=Neelak S |date=2015|access-date=2007-10-11 }}
*{{cite web |last1=Wiedermann |first1=Gotthelf |title=Martin Luther versus John Fisher; some ideas concerning the debate on Lutheran theology at the University of St Andrews 1525-30 |date=1984 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=13–34 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p1wiedermann |access-date=31 July 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://wlsessays.net/handle/123456789/1650 |title=Patrick Hamilton: Precursor of the Reformation in Scotland |last=Tjernagel |first=Neelak S |date=2015 |access-date=2007-10-11 }}
*{{cite web |last1=Wiedermann |first1=Gotthelf |title=Martin Luther versus John Fisher; some ideas concerning the debate on Lutheran theology at the University of St Andrews 1525-30 |date=1984 |publisher=Scottish Church History Society |pages=13–34 |url=https://archive.org/details/rschsv022p1wiedermann |access-date=31 July 2019 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Patrick Hamilton}}
{{wikisource|The_Book_of_Martyrs/Chapter_XV|Patrick Hamilton}}
{{wikisource|The_Book_of_Martyrs/Chapter_XV|Patrick Hamilton}}


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[[Category:16th-century executions by Scotland]]
[[Category:16th-century executions by Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Reformation]]
[[Category:Scottish Reformation]]
[[Category:Scottish evangelicals]]
[[Category:Protestant martyrs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Protestant martyrs of Scotland]]

Revision as of 18:04, 13 September 2024

Patrick Hamilton
Patrick Hamilton by John Scougal, c. 1645-1730. This is the only known portrait of the martyr.
Bornc. 1504
Died29 February 1528
NationalityScottish
Occupation(s)Churchman and Reformer
Height2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)
Parents
  • Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil (father)
  • Catherine Stewart (mother)
RelativesSister, Katherine Hamilton Maternal Grandfather, Alexander, Duke of Albany
Patrick Hamilton Plaque, St Duthus Memorial Church, Tain
The Martyrs' Monument, St Andrews, which commemorates Hamilton and three other martyrs: Henry Forrest, George Wishart And Walter Mill
Patrick Hamilton initials plaque, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland

Patrick Hamilton (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland. He travelled to Europe, where he met several of the leading reformed thinkers, before returning to Scotland to preach. He was tried as a heretic by Archbishop James Beaton, found guilty and handed over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake in St Andrews as Scotland's first martyr of the Reformation. Hamilton began preaching in Scotland in 1527 and was invited as a friend by Archbishop Beaton to a conference in St. Andrews. Once there, he was charged with heresy and burned. After Hamilton's death, others who had New Testaments or who professed Reformed doctrines were burned or sentenced to severe punishments, and some fled the country[citation needed].

Early life

Hamilton was the second son of Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil and Catherine Stewart, daughter of Alexander, Duke of Albany, second son of James II of Scotland. He was born in the diocese of Glasgow, probably at his father's estate of Stanehouse in Lanarkshire, and was most likely educated at Linlithgow[citation needed]. In 1517 he was appointed titular Abbot of Fearn Abbey, Ross-shire. The income from this position paid for him to study at the University of Paris, where he became a Master of the Arts in 1520.[1] It was in Paris, where Martin Luther's writings were already exciting much discussion, that he first learnt the doctrines he would later uphold. According to sixteenth century theologian Alexander Ales, Hamilton subsequently went to Leuven, attracted probably by the fame of Erasmus, who in 1521 had his headquarters there.[2]

Return and flight

Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected St Andrews, the capital of the Catholic Church in Scotland and of education, as his residence. On 9 June 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the University of St Andrews, and on 3 October 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the Renaissance humanist and logician John Mair. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted, as precentor, to conduct a Solemn High Mass based on music of his own composition at the St. Andrew's Cathedral.[3]

The reforming doctrines, however, had obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen.[4] Early in 1527 the attention of James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews, was directed to the heretical preaching of the young priest, whereupon he ordered that Hamilton should be formally tried. Hamilton fled to Germany, enrolling himself as a student, under Franz Lambert of Avignon, in the new University of Marburg, opened on 30 May 1527 by Philip of Hesse. Among those he met there were Hermann von dem Busche, one of the contributors to the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, John Frith and William Tyndale.[2]

Late in the autumn of 1527, Fr. Hamilton returned to Scotland, speaking openly of his convictions. He went first to his brother's house at Kincavel, near Linlithgow, where he preached frequently, and, soon afterwards, he renounced clerical celibacy and married a young lady of noble rank; her name is unrecorded. David Beaton, the Abbot of Arbroath, avoiding open violence through fear of Hamilton's powerful protectors, invited him to a conference at St Andrews.[5] The Young minister, predicting that he was going to "confirm the pious in the true doctrine" by his death,[2] accepted the invitation, and for nearly a month was allowed to preach and to debate.[2]

With the publication of Patrick's Places[6] in 1528, he introduced into Scottish theology Martin Luther's emphasis of the distinction of Law and Gospel.[7]

Trial and execution

St. Salvator's College and Chapel
Patrick Hamilton's initials, set into paving at the place of his execution, to commemorate his martyrdom.

At length, he was summoned before a council of bishops and clergy presided over by the archbishop. There were thirteen charges, seven based on the doctrines in Philip Melanchthon's Loci Communes, the first theological exposition of Martin Luther's scriptural study and teachings in 1521. On examination Hamilton expressed a belief in their truth and the council sentenced him to death on all thirteen charges. Hamilton was seized and allegedly surrendered to the soldiery based on an assurance that he would be restored to his friends without injury.[2] However, after a debate with Friar Campbell, the council handed him over to the secular power to be burned at the stake outside the front entrance to St Salvator's Chapel in St Andrews. The sentence was carried out on the same day to avoid rescue by his uncle and preclude any attempted rescue by friends. He burned from noon to 6 p.m. and his last words were "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit".[8] The spot is today marked with a monogram of his initials (PH) set into the cobblestones of the pavement of North Street, which students avoid stepping on to this day out of respect and to prevent poor marks on their exams.[9]

Legacy

Hamilton's execution attracted more interest than ever before to Lutheranism and greatly contributed to the Reformation in Scotland. It was said that the "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon".[10] Hamilton's fortitude during his execution persuaded Alexander Ales, who had been appointed to convince Hamilton of his errors, to enter into the Lutheran Church.[11] His martyrdom is unusual in that he was almost alone in Scotland during the Lutheran stage of the Reformation. His only known writings, based upon Loci communes and known as "Patrick's Places", echoed the doctrine of justification by faith and the contrast between the gospel and the law in a series of clear-cut propositions.'"Patrickes Places"' was not Hamilton's own title, but was given in the translation into English by John Fryth in 1564, and are presented in Book 8 of the 1570 edition of John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments".[1].

Students at the University of St Andrews traditionally avoid stepping on the monogram of Hamilton's initials outside St Salvator's Chapel for fear of being cursed and failing their final exams. To lift the curse students may participate in the annual May dip where they traditionally run into the North Sea at 05.00 to wash away their sins and bad luck.

A school in Auckland, New Zealand called 'Saint Kentigern College' has a house named after Patrick Hamilton

Katherine Hamilton

Patrick's sister, Katherine Hamilton, was the wife of the Captain of Dunbar Castle and also a committed Protestant. In March 1539 she was forced in exile to Berwick upon Tweed for her beliefs. She had been in England before and met the Queen, Jane Seymour.[12]

According to the historian John Spottiswood, Katherine was brought to trial for heresy before James V at Holyroodhouse in 1534, and her other brother James Hamilton of Livingston fled. The King was impressed by her conviction shown in her short answer to the prosecutor. He laughed and spoke to her privately, convincing her to abandon her profession of faith. The other accused also recanted for the time.[13]

A play about Katherine, with Patrick as a secondary character, was written by Rona Munro, and performed on tour in 2024.

Bibliography

The death of Patrick Hamilton

For a more extensive bibliography see George M. Ella's book review.[14]
Mackay's bibliography:

  • Knox's Hist, of the Reformation
  • Buchanan and Lindsay of Pitscottie's Histories of Scotland
  • the writings of Alexander Alesius and the records of St. Andrews and Paris are the original authorities
  • Life of Patrick Hamilton, by the Rev. Peter Lorimer, 1857, to which this article is much indebted
  • Patrick Hamilton, a poem by T. B. Johnston of Cairnie, 1873
  • Rainer Haas, Franz Lambert und Patrick Hamilton in ihrer Bedeutung für die Evangelische Bewegung auf den Britischen Inseln, Marburg (theses) 1973
  • The most recent biography in almost 100 years Patrick Hamilton – The Stephen of Scotland (1504-1528): The First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation, by Joe R. D. Carvalho, AD Publications, Dundee 2009.

See also

References

Citations
  1. ^ Dallmann 1918, p. 2.
  2. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 887.
  3. ^ Lorimer 1857.
  4. ^ M'Crie 1905, p. 32-34.
  5. ^ Lorimer 1857, p. 139.
  6. ^ Patrick's Places (1528)
  7. ^ Wiedermann 1984, p. 17-20.
  8. ^ Tjernagel 2015, p. 6.
  9. ^ Moffat 2023, p. 94.
  10. ^ Mitchell 1900, p. 34.
  11. ^ Jacobs & Haas 1899, p. 212.
  12. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4 cont. (1836), p.155 & note
  13. ^ Spottiswood, John, The History of the Church of Scotland, (1668), Bk. 2, pp.65-66
  14. ^ Ella 2009c.
Sources

Attribution

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