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{{Short description|Genus of lichen}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Vulpicida canadensis 44260.jpg
| image = Vulpicida canadensis 44260.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Vulpicida canadensis''
| image_caption = ''Vulpicida canadensis''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| taxon = Vulpicida
⚫
| authority = Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| subdivisio = [[Pezizomycotina]]
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| ordo = [[Lecanorales]]
| familia = [[Parmeliaceae]]
| genus = '''''Vulpicida'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
| type_species = ''Vulpicida juniperinus''
| type_species = ''Vulpicida juniperinus''
| type_species_authority = (L.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =''[[Vulpicida canadensis|V. canadensis]]''<br>
| subdivision = ''[[Vulpicida canadensis|V. canadensis]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida juniperinus|V. juniperinus]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida juniperinus|V. juniperinus]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida pinastri|V. pinastri]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida pinastri|V. pinastri]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida tilesii|V. tilesii]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida tubulosus|V. tubulosus]]''<br>
''[[Vulpicida viridis|V. viridis]]''
''[[Vulpicida viridis|V. viridis]]''
}}
}}

'''''Vulpicida''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]ized [[fungi]] within the [[Parmeliaceae]] family. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in ''[[Cetraria]]'', the genus is widespread in [[Arctic]] to northern [[temperate]] regions, and contains six species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/>
'''''Vulpicida''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]ized [[fungi]] in the family [[Parmeliaceae]]. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in ''[[Cetraria]]'', the genus is widespread in [[Arctic]] to northern [[temperate]] regions, and contains six species.<ref name="Kirk 2008" /> The genus is characterized by the presence of the [[secondary metabolite]]s [[pulvinic acid]] and [[vulpinic acid]], compounds that when combined with [[usnic acid]], give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The genus was circumscribed by Jan-Eric Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in a 1993 ''[[Mycotaxon]]'' publication, to contain yellow species containing [[vulpinic acid|vulpinic]] and [[pinastric acid]]s and a broadly club-shaped [[ascus]].<ref name="Mattson 1993"/> Mattson published a [[monograph]] of the genus later that year.<ref name="Mattson 1993b"/> The group of species assigned to the genus were previously recognized as a distinct grouping by Finnish lichenologist [[Veli Räsänen]] in 1952, who [[classification (biology)|classified]] them in the genus ''[[Cetraria]]'', [[subgenus]] ''Platysma'', [[section (biology)|section]] ''Flavidae'', and subsection ''Cucullatae''.<ref name="Räsänen 1952"/> The [[type species]] is ''Vulpicida juniperinus'',<ref name="urlMycoBank: Vulcipida"/> originally ''Lichen juniperinus'' as described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the second volume of his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/>
The genus was circumscribed by Jan-Eric Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in a 1993 ''[[Mycotaxon]]'' publication, to contain yellow species containing [[vulpinic acid|vulpinic]] and [[pinastric acid]]s and a broadly club-shaped [[ascus]].<ref name="Mattson 1993" /> Mattson published a [[monograph]] of the genus later that year.<ref name="Mattson 1993b" /> The group of species assigned to the genus were previously recognized as a distinct grouping by Finnish lichenologist [[Veli Räsänen]] in 1952, who [[classification (biology)|classified]] them in the genus ''[[Cetraria]]'', [[subgenus]] ''Platysma'', [[section (botany)|section]] ''Flavidae'', and subsection ''Cucullatae''.<ref name="Räsänen 1952" /> The [[type species]] is ''Vulpicida juniperinus'',<ref name="urlMycoBank: Vulcipida" /> originally ''Lichen juniperinus'' as described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the second volume of his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref name="Linnaeus 1753" />


The generic name ''Vulpicida'' is derived from the [[Latin]] words ''vulpes'' ("fox") and -''cida'' ("who kills"); according to Swedish peasant folklore, the lichen, when consumed, kills foxes but not dogs or wolves.<ref name="Mattson 1993"/>
The generic name ''Vulpicida'' is derived from the [[Latin]] words ''vulpes'' ("fox") and -''cida'' ("who kills"); according to Swedish peasant folklore, the lichen, when consumed, kills foxes but not dogs or wolves.<ref name="Mattson 1993" />


⚫
According to a 2009 [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] analysis using [[internal transcribed spacer]] data from five of the six known species, ''Vulpicida'' is supported as [[monophyletic]] (descended from a common evolutionary ancestor) when using [[Bayesian analysis]]. Using a different method for [[phylogenetic]] inference, PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony), the genus is [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]], as ''[[Allocetraria]]'' nests within the same [[clade]].<ref name="Thell 2009" />
==Phylogenetics==
⚫
According to a 2009 [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] analysis, ''Vulcipida'' is supported as [[monophyletic]] when using [[Bayesian analysis]] of [[internal transcribed spacer]] data. Using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony), the genus is paraphyletic, as ''[[Allocetraria]]'' nests within the same [[clade]].<ref name="Thell 2009"/>


==Description==
==Description==
The thallus (the vegetative body of the lichen) ranges in form from foliose ("leaf-like", with distinctly formed lobes) and forming rosettes, to somewhat fructicose (branch-like and bushy), with lobes usually [[dorsiventral]] with raised tips, sometimes even cylindrical or slightly tapering. The upper thallus surface is bright to dark yellow (resulting from [[usnic acid]]), sometimes greenish, often wrinkled or somewhat folded. The lower thallus surface is weakly yellow, with black central parts, and lacks [[pseudocyphellae]] (tiny pores on the outer surface). The rhizinae (black hair-like strands that attach the lichen to their [[substrate (biology)|substrate]]) are laminal (originating from all across the thallus surface), almost never close to the margin and rather sparse, and either simple or irregularly branched.<ref name="Mattson 1993"/>
The thallus (the vegetative body of the lichen) ranges in form from foliose ("leaf-like", with distinctly formed lobes) and forming rosettes, to somewhat fruticose (branch-like and bushy), with lobes usually [[dorsiventral]] with raised tips, sometimes even cylindrical or slightly tapering. The upper thallus surface is bright to dark yellow (resulting from [[usnic acid]]), sometimes greenish, often wrinkled or somewhat folded. The lower thallus surface is weakly yellow, with black central parts, and lacks [[pseudocyphellae]] (tiny pores on the outer surface). The rhizinae (black hair-like strands that attach the lichen to their [[substrate (biology)|substrate]]) are laminal (originating from all across the thallus surface), almost never close to the margin and rather sparse, and either simple or irregularly branched.<ref name="Mattson 1993" />


The [[apothecia]] (the fruit body of the lichen) are somewhat marginal (positioned on the edge or near the margin) or laminal, and comprise a brown disc with an often finely scalloped edge. The [[ascus|asci]] ([[spore]]-bearing cells) are broadly club-shaped, with a wide ocular chamber (a wide, finger-like protrusion of the epiplasm into the apical region of the ascus), and large axial body. The thallus often has a strong [[staining]] reaction in Lugol's solution. Spores are spherical or nearly so, and number eight per ascus. [[Pycnidia]] are typically abundant, with either a a marginal or laminal arrangement. They are generally conspicuous, black, situated on projections, and raised or immersed. The medulla is yellow to orange (from [[pinastric acid|pinastric]] and [[vulpinic acid]]s). The pycnidial wall contains some black pigment. The [[conidia]] are somewhat flask-shaped or lemon-shaped.<ref name="Mattson 1993"/>
The [[apothecia]] (the fruit body of the lichen) are somewhat marginal (positioned on the edge or near the margin) or laminal, and comprise a brown disc with an often finely scalloped edge. The [[ascus|asci]] ([[spore]]-bearing cells) are broadly club-shaped, with a wide ocular chamber (a wide, finger-like protrusion of the epiplasm into the apical region of the ascus), and large axial body. The thallus often has a strong [[staining]] reaction in Lugol's solution. Spores are spherical or nearly so, and number eight per ascus. [[Pycnidia]] are typically abundant, with either a marginal or laminal arrangement. They are generally conspicuous, black, situated on projections, and raised or immersed. The medulla is yellow to orange (from [[pinastric acid|pinastric]] and [[vulpinic acid]]s). The pycnidial wall contains some black pigment. The [[conidia]] are somewhat flask-shaped or lemon-shaped.<ref name="Mattson 1993" /> The genus is characterized by the presence of the [[secondary metabolite]]s [[pulvinic acid]] and [[vulpinic acid]], which are derived from the [[shikimic acid]] biosynthetic pathway. These compounds, combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.<ref name="Thell 2009" />


==Species==
==Species==
There are six species in ''Vulpicida''. They are all found in [[arctic]] or [[boreal]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name="Mattson 1993"/>
There are four species in ''Vulpicida,'' after a taxon merge in 2014.<ref name="saag 2014" /> They are all found in [[arctic]] or [[boreal climate|boreal]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]].<ref name="Mattson 1993" />


*''[[Vulpicida canadensis|V. canadensis]]'' (Räsänen) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
*''[[Vulpicida canadensis|V. canadensis]]'' (Räsänen) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
:Originally ''Cetraria junier'' var. ''canadensis'', published by Räsänen in 1933.<ref name="Räsänen 1933"/>
:Originally ''Cetraria junier'' var. ''canadensis'', published by Räsänen in 1933.<ref name="Räsänen 1933" />
*''[[Vulpicida juniperinus|V. juniperinus]]'' (L.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
*''[[Vulpicida juniperinus|V. juniperinus]]'' complex (L.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
:Originally ''Lichen juniperinus'', published by Linnaeus in 1753.<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/>
:Originally ''Lichen juniperinus'', published by Linnaeus in 1753.<ref name="Linnaeus 1753" />
:Composed of previously distinct groups of ''V. juniperinus, V. tilesii, and V. tubulosis.''
*''[[Vulpicida pinastri|V. pinastri]]'' ([[Scop.]]) J.-E.Mattsson
*''[[Vulpicida pinastri|V. pinastri]]'' ([[Scop.]]) J.-E.Mattsson
:Originally ''Lichen pinastra'', published by Scopoli in 1772.<ref name="Scopoli 1772"/>
:Originally ''Lichen pinastra'', published by Scopoli in 1772.<ref name="Scopoli 1772" />
*''[[Vulpicida tilesii|V. tilesii]]'' (Ach.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
:Originally ''Cetraria tilesii'', published by Acharius in 1814.<ref name="Acharius 1814"/>
*''[[Vulpicida tubulosus|V. tubulosus]]'' (Schaer.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
:Originally ''Cetraria juniperina'' (L.) Ach. var. ''tubulosa'', published by Schaerer in 1836.<ref name="Schaerer 1936"/>
*''[[Vulpicida viridis|V. viridis]]'' (Schwein.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
*''[[Vulpicida viridis|V. viridis]]'' (Schwein.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
:Originally ''Cetraria viridis'', published by Halsey, and attributed to Schweinitz in 1824.<ref name="Schweinitz 1824"/>
:Originally ''Cetraria viridis'', published by Halsey, and attributed to Schweinitz in 1824.<ref name="Schweinitz 1824" />


{| class="wikitable" style="width:640px; margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:640px; margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
Line 58: Line 47:
| [[File:Vulpicida pinastri 37905.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 500 / 750) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida pinastri 37905.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 500 / 750) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida viridis 83400.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 1414 / 1414) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida viridis 83400.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 1414 / 1414) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida juniperinus 84609.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 2009 / 1465) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida tilesii 100308.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 2048 / 1365) round 0}}px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vulpicida tilesii 100308.jpg|{{#expr: (150 * 2048 / 1365) round 0}}px|alt=]]
|-
|-
Line 64: Line 52:
| ''V. pinastri''
| ''V. pinastri''
| ''V. viridis''
| ''V. viridis''
| ''V. juniperinus''
| ''V. juniperinus'' complex
| ''V. tilesii''
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
⚫
<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=727 |isbn=978-0851998268}}</ref>

<ref name="Acharius 1814">{{cite book |author=Acharius E. |title=Synopsis Methodica Lichenum |location=Lundin, Sweden |publisher=Svanborg et Soc. |page=228 |language=Latin}}</ref>
<ref name="Linnaeus 1753">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |year=1753 |volume=2 |location= Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1147 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359168}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Mattson 1993">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattsson JE, Lai MJ |title=''Vulpicida'', a new genus in Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1993 |volume=46 |pages=425–8 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0046/0425.htm}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=727 |isbn=978-0851998268}}</ref>

<ref name="Linnaeus 1753">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |year=1753 |volume=2 |location= Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1147 |language=Latin |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359168}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Mattson 1993">{{cite journal |author=Mattsson JE, Lai MJ. |title=''Vulpicida'', a new genus in Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1993 |volume=46 |pages=425–8 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0046/0425.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Mattson 1993b">{{cite journal |author=Mattson J-E. |title=A monograph of the genus ''Vulpicida'' (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |year=1993 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=5–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00084.x}}</ref>
<ref name="Mattson 1993b">{{cite journal |author=Mattson J-E. |title=A monograph of the genus ''Vulpicida'' (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |year=1993 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=5–61 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00084.x}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Räsänen 1933">{{cite journal |author=Räsänen V. |title=Contribution to the lichen flora of North America |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1933 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7–21 |doi=10.2307/2394419|jstor=2394419 |s2cid=84511217 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/23684}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Räsänen 1933">{{cite journal |author=Räsänen V. |title=Contribution to the lichen flora of North America |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1933 |volume=20 |pages=7–21}}</ref>

<ref name="Räsänen 1952">{{cite journal |author=Räsänen V. |title=Studies of the species of the lichen genera ''Cornicularia'', ''Cetraria'' and ''Nephromopsis'' |journal=Kuopion Luonnon Ystäväin Yhdistyksen Julkaisuja B |year=1952 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1–53}}</ref>
<ref name="Räsänen 1952">{{cite journal |author=Räsänen V. |title=Studies of the species of the lichen genera ''Cornicularia'', ''Cetraria'' and ''Nephromopsis'' |journal=Kuopion Luonnon Ystäväin Yhdistyksen Julkaisuja B |year=1952 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1–53}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Schweinitz 1824">{{cite journal |author=Halsey A. |title=Synotpical view of the lichens growing in the vicinity of the city of New York |journal=Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York |year=1824 |volume=1 |pages=3–21 (see p. 16) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15913185}}</ref>

<ref name="Schaerer 1936">{{cite book |author=Schaerer LE. |title=Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium. Pars 1 |year=1836 |volume=7 |pages=320–81 |location=Bern, Switzerland |publisher=A.&nbsp;Haller}}</ref>
<ref name="Scopoli 1772">{{cite book |author=Scopoli JA. |title=Flora carniolica |edition=2nd |year=1772 |volume=2 |location=Vienna, Austria |publisher=J.P. Krauss |page=382 |language=la}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Thell 2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thell A, HöGnabba F, Elix JA, Feuerer T, Kärnefelt I, Myllys L, Randlane T, Saag A, Stenroos S, Ahti T, ((Seaward MRD)) |title=Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers |journal=The Lichenologist |year=2009 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=489–511 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909990090|hdl=1885/51099 |s2cid=84592469 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Vulcipida">{{cite web |title=''Vulpicida'' J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai 1993 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=98922&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |access-date=2012-10-17}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Schweinitz 1824">{{cite journal |author=Halsey A. |title=Synotpical view of the lichens growing in the vicinity of the city of New York |journal=Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York |year=1824 |volume=1 |pages=3–21 (see p. 16) |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15913185}}</ref>
<ref name="saag 2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lauri |last2=Mark |first2=Kristiina |last3=Saag |first3=Andres |last4=Randlane |first4=Tiina |date=December 2014 |title=Species delimitation in the lichenized fungal genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using gene concatenation and coalescent-based species tree approaches |url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.1400439 |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=2169–2182 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1400439 |pmid=25480713 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>

<ref name="Scopoli 1772">{{cite journal |author=Scopoli JA. |title=Flora carniolica |volume=2 |edition=2 |year=1772 |volume=2 |location=Vienna, Austria |publisher=J.P. Krauss |page=382 |language=Latin}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Thell 2009">{{cite journal |author=Thell A, HöGnabba F, Elix JA, Feuerer T, Kärnefelt I, Myllys L, Randlane T, Saag A, Stenroos S, Ahti T, Seaward MRD. |title=Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers |journal=The Lichenologist |year=2009 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=489–511 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909990090}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Vulcipida">{{cite web |title=''Vulpicida'' J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai 1993 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=98922&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref>

}}
}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q147335}}
==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|26312}}


[[Category:Parmeliaceae]]
[[Category:Parmeliaceae]]
[[Category:Lichens]]
[[Category:Lichen genera]]
[[Category:Lecanorales genera]]

[[Category:Taxa described in 1993]]
[[de:Vulpicida]]

Latest revision as of 09:18, 9 September 2024

Vulpicida
Vulpicida canadensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Vulpicida
Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
Type species
Vulpicida juniperinus
(L.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
Species

V. canadensis
V. juniperinus
V. pinastri
V. viridis

Vulpicida is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in Cetraria, the genus is widespread in Arctic to northern temperate regions, and contains six species.[1] The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, compounds that when combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus was circumscribed by Jan-Eric Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in a 1993 Mycotaxon publication, to contain yellow species containing vulpinic and pinastric acids and a broadly club-shaped ascus.[2] Mattson published a monograph of the genus later that year.[3] The group of species assigned to the genus were previously recognized as a distinct grouping by Finnish lichenologist Veli Räsänen in 1952, who classified them in the genus Cetraria, subgenus Platysma, section Flavidae, and subsection Cucullatae.[4] The type species is Vulpicida juniperinus,[5] originally Lichen juniperinus as described by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his 1753 Species Plantarum.[6]

The generic name Vulpicida is derived from the Latin words vulpes ("fox") and -cida ("who kills"); according to Swedish peasant folklore, the lichen, when consumed, kills foxes but not dogs or wolves.[2]

According to a 2009 molecular analysis using internal transcribed spacer data from five of the six known species, Vulpicida is supported as monophyletic (descended from a common evolutionary ancestor) when using Bayesian analysis. Using a different method for phylogenetic inference, PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony), the genus is paraphyletic, as Allocetraria nests within the same clade.[7]

Description

[edit]

The thallus (the vegetative body of the lichen) ranges in form from foliose ("leaf-like", with distinctly formed lobes) and forming rosettes, to somewhat fruticose (branch-like and bushy), with lobes usually dorsiventral with raised tips, sometimes even cylindrical or slightly tapering. The upper thallus surface is bright to dark yellow (resulting from usnic acid), sometimes greenish, often wrinkled or somewhat folded. The lower thallus surface is weakly yellow, with black central parts, and lacks pseudocyphellae (tiny pores on the outer surface). The rhizinae (black hair-like strands that attach the lichen to their substrate) are laminal (originating from all across the thallus surface), almost never close to the margin and rather sparse, and either simple or irregularly branched.[2]

The apothecia (the fruit body of the lichen) are somewhat marginal (positioned on the edge or near the margin) or laminal, and comprise a brown disc with an often finely scalloped edge. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are broadly club-shaped, with a wide ocular chamber (a wide, finger-like protrusion of the epiplasm into the apical region of the ascus), and large axial body. The thallus often has a strong staining reaction in Lugol's solution. Spores are spherical or nearly so, and number eight per ascus. Pycnidia are typically abundant, with either a marginal or laminal arrangement. They are generally conspicuous, black, situated on projections, and raised or immersed. The medulla is yellow to orange (from pinastric and vulpinic acids). The pycnidial wall contains some black pigment. The conidia are somewhat flask-shaped or lemon-shaped.[2] The genus is characterized by the presence of the secondary metabolites pulvinic acid and vulpinic acid, which are derived from the shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway. These compounds, combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.[7]

Species

[edit]

There are four species in Vulpicida, after a taxon merge in 2014.[8] They are all found in arctic or boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[2]

Originally Cetraria junier var. canadensis, published by Räsänen in 1933.[9]
Originally Lichen juniperinus, published by Linnaeus in 1753.[6]
Composed of previously distinct groups of V. juniperinus, V. tilesii, and V. tubulosis.
Originally Lichen pinastra, published by Scopoli in 1772.[10]
Originally Cetraria viridis, published by Halsey, and attributed to Schweinitz in 1824.[11]
Species
V. canadensis V. pinastri V. viridis V. juniperinus complex

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 727. ISBN 978-0851998268.
  2. ^ a b c d e Mattsson JE, Lai MJ (1993). "Vulpicida, a new genus in Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 46: 425–8.
  3. ^ Mattson J-E. (1993). "A monograph of the genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 13 (4): 5–61. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00084.x.
  4. ^ Räsänen V. (1952). "Studies of the species of the lichen genera Cornicularia, Cetraria and Nephromopsis". Kuopion Luonnon Ystäväin Yhdistyksen Julkaisuja B. 2 (6): 1–53.
  5. ^ "Vulpicida J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai 1993". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  6. ^ a b Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1147.
  7. ^ a b Thell A, HöGnabba F, Elix JA, Feuerer T, Kärnefelt I, Myllys L, Randlane T, Saag A, Stenroos S, Ahti T, Seaward MRD (2009). "Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers". The Lichenologist. 41 (5): 489–511. doi:10.1017/S0024282909990090. hdl:1885/51099. S2CID 84592469.
  8. ^ Saag, Lauri; Mark, Kristiina; Saag, Andres; Randlane, Tiina (December 2014). "Species delimitation in the lichenized fungal genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using gene concatenation and coalescent-based species tree approaches". American Journal of Botany. 101 (12): 2169–2182. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400439. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 25480713.
  9. ^ Räsänen V. (1933). "Contribution to the lichen flora of North America". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 20 (1): 7–21. doi:10.2307/2394419. JSTOR 2394419. S2CID 84511217.
  10. ^ Scopoli JA. (1772). Flora carniolica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Vienna, Austria: J.P. Krauss. p. 382.
  11. ^ Halsey A. (1824). "Synotpical view of the lichens growing in the vicinity of the city of New York". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 1: 3–21 (see p. 16).
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