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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = File:Homalomena rubescens (Philippines) 01.jpg
|image = Homalomena rubescens (Philippines) 01.jpg
| caption = ''Homalomena rubescens''
|image_caption = ''Homalomena rubescens''
|display_parents = 2
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Homalomena
|taxon = Homalomena
|authority = [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |title=''Homalomena'' Schott |id=30057762-2 |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|authority = Schott
|diversity = c. 160 species
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=q/>
|diversity_link = List of Homalomena species
|synonyms = *''Homalonema'' <small>Endl.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
*''Spirospatha'' <small>Raf.</small>
|synonyms =
*''Cyrtocladon'' <small>Griff.</small>
*''Chamaecladon'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Chamaecladon'' <small>Miq.</small>
*''Adelonema'' <small>Schott</small>
* ''Curmeria'' <small>Linden & André</small>
*''Curmeria'' <small>Linden & André</small>
* ''Cyrtocladon'' <small>Griff.</small>
*''Diandriella'' <small>Engl.</small>
* ''Diandriella'' <small>Engl.</small>
* ''Spirospatha'' <small>Raf.</small>
}}
}}


'''''Homalomena''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants within the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. ''Homalomena'' are primarily found in southern [[Asia]] and the southwestern [[Pacific]], but there are a few species that are known to be [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to [[Latin America]].<ref name=q>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=99893 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Boyce, P.C. & Wong, S.Y. (2009). Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo IV: Homalomena specimens in the herbarium Beccarianum-Malesia (FI-B) of the Museo di Storia Naturale - Sezione Botanica "F.Parlatore" dell'Università di Firenze. Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 64: 169-173.</ref> Many ''Homalomena'' have a strong smell of [[anise]]. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as {{transl|ms|homalos}}, meaning flat, and ''mene'' = moon.
'''''Homalomena''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. ''Homalomena'' are native to tropical Asia and China.<ref name=POWO/><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Boyce, P.C. & Wong, S.Y. (2009). Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo IV: ''Homalomena'' specimens in the herbarium Beccarianum-Malesia (FI-B) of the Museo di Storia Naturale - Sezione Botanica "F.Parlatore" dell'Università di Firenze. Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 64: 169-173.</ref> Many ''Homalomena'' have a strong smell of [[anise]]. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as {{transl|ms|homalos}}, meaning flat, and ''mene'' = moon.


The plants of this genus are clump-forming evergreen perennials with mainly heart-shaped or arrowheaded shaped [[leaves]]. The [[flowers]] are tiny and without [[petals]], enclosed in a usually greenish [[spathe]] hidden by the [[leaves]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115676 Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 17, <big>千年健属</big> qian nian jian shu, ''Homalomena'' Schott in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 20. 1832. ]</ref>
The plants of this genus are clump-forming evergreen perennials with mainly heart-shaped or arrowheaded shaped leaves. The flowers are tiny and without petals, enclosed in a usually greenish [[spathe]] hidden by the leaves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115676 |title=Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 17, <big>千年健属</big> qian nian jian shu, ''Homalomena'' Schott in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 20. 1832. |access-date=2014-08-16 |archive-date=2013-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060010/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115676 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Some authors have proposed splitting the genus and moving all the [[neotropics|neotropical]] species of ''Homalomena'' to ''[[Adelonema]].''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aroid.org/genera/generapage.php?genus=homalomena |title=Aroid genera |access-date=2010-03-01 |archive-date=2010-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217022911/http://www.aroid.org/genera/generapage.php?genus=homalomena |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aroid.org/genera/130307uberlist.pdf |title=The Überlist of Araceae, 2013 |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705172714/http://www.aroid.org/genera/130307uberlist.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40032219 |title=Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2014-08-16 |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819094015/http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40032219 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://araceum.abrimaal.pro-e.pl/pages/sys.htm |title=The Systematics of Araceae |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119023820/http://araceum.abrimaal.pro-e.pl/pages/sys.htm |archive-date=2012-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Tamils knew of this plant for more than 3000 years. It is called '''merugu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: <big>மெருகு</big> ) and it is used for several purposes including curing stomach disorders, piles, and phlegm. Several oils like kumaraguru enney, merugulli enney, and merugu pachai enney are prepared to cure various type of diseases.<ref>Bown, Deni (2000). ''Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family'' [ILLUSTRATED]. Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-485-7}}</ref>

Some authors have proposed splitting the genus and moving all the [[neotropics|neotropical]] species of ''Homalomena'' to ''[[Adelonema]].''<ref>[http://www.aroid.org/genera/generapage.php?genus=homalomena Aroid genera]</ref><ref>[http://www.aroid.org/genera/130307uberlist.pdf The Überlist of Araceae, 2013]</ref> At the present time (August 2014), Tropicos, The Plant List, and the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families have opted not to accept this change.<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40032219 Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden]</ref><ref name=q/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://araceum.abrimaal.pro-e.pl/pages/sys.htm |title=The Systematics of ''Araceae'' |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119023820/http://araceum.abrimaal.pro-e.pl/pages/sys.htm |archive-date=2012-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:HomalomenaWallisii.jpg|thumb|''[[Homalomena wallisii]]'']]
[[File:Homalomena occulta - Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - DSC01251.JPG|thumb|''[[Homalomena occulta]]'']]
[[File:Homalomena occulta - Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - DSC01251.JPG|thumb|''[[Homalomena occulta]]'']]


==Selected species==
;Species<ref name=q/>
{{Main|List of Homalomena species}}
#''[[Homalomena adiensis]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - western New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena aeneifolia]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Sulawesi
* ''[[Homalomena expedita]]'' <small>A.Hay & Hersc.</small> – [[Borneo]] ([[Sarawak]])
#''[[Homalomena agens]]'' <small>Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce</small> - Kalimantan Timur
* ''[[Homalomena philippinensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> – Philippines, Taiwan ([[Lanyu Island]])
#''[[Homalomena ardua]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena argentea]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo
#''[[Homalomena aromatica]]'' <small>(Spreng.) Schott</small> - Yunnan, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina
#''[[Homalomena asmae]]'' <small>Baharuddin & P.C.Boyce</small> - Perak
#''[[Homalomena asperifolia]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena atroviridis]]'' <small>Engl. & K.Krause</small> - Papua New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena atrox]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena batoeensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena bellula]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Java
#''[[Homalomena burkilliana]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena clandestina]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena cochinchinensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Yunnan, Guangdong
#''[[Homalomena confusa]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena consobrina]]'' <small>(Schott) Engl.</small> - Thailand, Borneo, Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena cordata]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Java, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
#''[[Homalomena corneri]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Jahore
#''[[Homalomena crinipes]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador
#''[[Homalomena cristata]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena curtisii]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Perak
#''[[Homalomena curvata]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Melaka
#''[[Homalomena davidiana]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena debilicrista]]'' <small>Y.C.Hoe</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena distans]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena doctersii]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena elegans]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena elegantula]]'' <small>A.Hay & Hersc.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena erythropus]]'' <small>(Mart. ex Schott) Engl.</small> - Costa Rica, northwestern Brazil
#''[[Homalomena expedita]]'' <small>A.Hay & Hersc.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena gadutensis]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena gaudichaudii]]'' <small>Schott</small> - New Guinea, Maluku, Philippines
#''[[Homalomena giamensis]]'' <small>L.S.Tung, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena gillii]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Sabah
#''[[Homalomena griffithii]]'' <small>(Schott) Hook.f.</small> - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena hainanensis]]'' <small>H.Li</small> - Hainan
#''[[Homalomena hammelii]]'' <small>Croat & Grayum</small> - Costa Rica
#''[[Homalomena hanneae]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena hastata]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena havilandii]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Sabah, Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena hendersonii]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Kelantan
#''[[Homalomena hooglandii]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena humilis]]'' <small>(Jack) Hook.f.</small> - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena impudica]]'' <small>Hersc. & A.Hay</small> - Papua New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena insignis]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena jacobsiana]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - Papua New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena josefii]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena kalkmanii]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena kelungensis]]'' <small>Hayata</small> - Taiwan
#''[[Homalomena kiahii]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Kelantan
#''[[Homalomena korthalsii]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena kualakohensis]]'' <small>Zulhazman, P.C.Boyce & Mashhor</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena kvistii]]'' <small>Croat</small> - Valle del Cauca in Colombia
#''[[Homalomena lancea]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena lancifolia]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand
#''[[Homalomena latifrons]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Borneo, Java, Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena lauterbachii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena lindenii]]'' <small>(Rodigas) Ridl.</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena longipes]]'' <small>Merr</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena magna]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - Papua New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena major]]'' <small>Griff.</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena matangae]]'' <small>Y.C.Hoe, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena megalophylla]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena melanesica]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands
#''[[Homalomena metallica]]'' <small>(N.E.Br.) Engl.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena minor]]'' <small>Griff.</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena minutissima]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Brunei
#''[[Homalomena moffleriana]]'' <small>Croat & Grayum</small> - Chocó region of Colombia
#''[[Homalomena monandra]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena montana]]'' <small>Furtado</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena nigrescens]]'' <small>(Schott) Engl.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena nutans]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> - Kelantan, Nicobar Islands
#''[[Homalomena obovata]]'' <small>Ridl. -</small> Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena obscurifolia]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena occulta]]'' <small>(Lour.) Schott</small> - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan
#''[[Homalomena ovalifolia]]'' <small>(Schott) Ridl.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena ovata]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena padangensis]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena palawanensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Palawan
#''[[Homalomena peekelii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena peltata]]'' <small>Mast.</small> - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia
#''[[Homalomena pendula]]'' <small>(Blume) Bakh.f.</small> - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands
#''[[Homalomena philippinensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Philippines, Lan Yü Islands of Taiwan
#''[[Homalomena picturata]]'' <small>(Linden & André) Regel</small> - Costa Rica, Panama, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guianas
#''[[Homalomena pineodora]]'' <small>Sulaiman & P.C.Boyce</small> - Perak
#''[[Homalomena pontederifolia]]'' <small>Griff. ex Hook.f.</small> - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena producta]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena pseudogeniculata]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong</small> - Brunei, Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena pulleana]]'' <small>Engl. & K.Krause</small> - western New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena punctulata]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Brunei, Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena pyrospatha]]'' <small>Bogner</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena robusta]]'' <small>Engl. & K.Krause</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena rubescens]]'' <small>(Roxb.) Kunth.</small> - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
#''[[Homalomena rusdii]]'' <small>M.Hotta</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena sarawakensis]]'' <small>Ridl.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena saxorum]]'' <small>(Schott) Engl.</small> - Sumatra, Borneo
#''[[Homalomena schlechteri]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena scortechinii]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena sengkenyang]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena silvatica]]'' <small>Alderw.</small> - Sumatra
#''[[Homalomena singaporensis]]'' <small>Regel</small> - Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena soniae]]'' <small>A.Hay -</small> New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena speariae]]'' <small>Bogner & Moffler</small> - Colombia
#''[[Homalomena steenisiana]]'' <small>A.Hay</small> - Papua New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena stollei]]'' <small>Engl. & K.Krause</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena striatieopetiolata]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena subcordata]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena symplocarpifolia]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena tenuispadix]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - New Guinea
#''[[Homalomena terajaensis]]'' <small>S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce</small> - Brunei
#''[[Homalomena treubii]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - Borneo
#''[[Homalomena truncata]]'' <small>(Schott) Hook.f.</small> - Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena vagans]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce</small> - Brunei, Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena vietnamensis]]'' <small>Bogner & V.D.Nguyen</small> - Vietnam
#''[[Homalomena vittifolia]]'' <small>Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce</small> - Sulawesi
#''[[Homalomena vivens]]'' <small>P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih.</small> - Sarawak
#''[[Homalomena wallichii]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Pulau Pinang in Malaysia
#''[[Homalomena wallisii]]'' <small>Regel</small> - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
#''[[Homalomena wendlandii]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
#''[[Homalomena wongii]]'' <small>S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce</small> - Brunei
#''[[Homalomena zollingeri]]'' <small>Schott</small> - Java


==See also==
==See also==
Line 158: Line 36:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.asiaticanursery.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.viewCategory/catID/66/index.htm Asiatica plant catalogue]
*[http://www.asiaticanursery.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.viewCategory/catID/66/index.htm Asiatica plant catalogue] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326234308/http://www.asiaticanursery.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.viewCategory/catID/66/index.htm |date=2010-03-26 }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2233221}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2233221}}


[[Category:Aroideae]]
[[Category:Araceae genera]]
[[Category:Araceae genera]]
[[Category:Homalomena| ]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1832]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]]

Latest revision as of 03:46, 8 September 2024

Homalomena
Homalomena rubescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe: Homalomeneae
Genus: Homalomena
Schott[1]
Diversity
c. 160 species
Synonyms[1]
  • Chamaecladon Miq.
  • Curmeria Linden & André
  • Cyrtocladon Griff.
  • Diandriella Engl.
  • Spirospatha Raf.

Homalomena is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. Homalomena are native to tropical Asia and China.[1][2][3] Many Homalomena have a strong smell of anise. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as homalos, meaning flat, and mene = moon.

The plants of this genus are clump-forming evergreen perennials with mainly heart-shaped or arrowheaded shaped leaves. The flowers are tiny and without petals, enclosed in a usually greenish spathe hidden by the leaves.[4]

Some authors have proposed splitting the genus and moving all the neotropical species of Homalomena to Adelonema.[5][6][7][8]

Homalomena occulta

Selected species

[edit]
Main article: List of Homalomena species

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Homalomena Schott". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  2. ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ Boyce, P.C. & Wong, S.Y. (2009). Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo IV: Homalomena specimens in the herbarium Beccarianum-Malesia (FI-B) of the Museo di Storia Naturale - Sezione Botanica "F.Parlatore" dell'Università di Firenze. Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 64: 169-173.
  4. ^ "Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 17, 千年健属 qian nian jian shu, Homalomena Schott in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 20. 1832". Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  5. ^ "Aroid genera". Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  6. ^ "The Überlist of Araceae, 2013" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
  7. ^ "Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden". Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  8. ^ "The Systematics of Araceae". Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
[edit]
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